Libro Anh Eafit

TUMACO BASIN
(Pacific Realm)
AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL
ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS
Chocó (Panamá) Arc, Colombia
TUMACO BASIN
(Pacific Realm)
TUMACO BASIN
(Pacific Realm)
First Edition: January 2010
UNIVERSITY EAFIT
Department of Geology
Medellin, Colombia
Executive Director: Geovany Bedoya, Msc.

Authors: Fabio Cediel, Ph.D
Isabel Restrepo, Msc.
María I. Marín-Cerón, Ph.D
Hermman Duque-Caro, PhD
Carlos Cuartas, MSc.
Cesar Mora, MSc.
Gustavo Montenegro
Edgar García
Diego Tovar
Guillermo Muñoz
Scientific Advisors: Iván Dario Correa, Ph.D.

Michel Hermelin, MSc.
José Ignacio Martínez, Ph.D.
Gloria Sierra, MSc.
Gloria Elena Toro, Ph.D.
Juan Dario Restrepo, Ph.D.
Please cite as: Cediel F., Restrepo I., Marín-Cerón M.I., Duque-Caro H.,
Cuartas C., Mora C., Montenegro G., García E., Tovar D., Muñoz G.,
(2009), Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential, Atrato and San Juan
Basins, Chocó (Panamá) Arc. Tumaco Basin (Pacific Realm),
Colombia.
Designed by: María Elena Uribe Alzate
ISBN: 978-958-720-052-2
Printed in Medellín - Colombia
Fondo Editorial Universidad EAFIT. Medellín, Colombia 172 pp.

President of the Republic of Colombia
ÁLVARO URIBE VÉLEZ
Minister of Mines and Energy

HERNÁN MARTÍNEZ TORRES
AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS
General Director ANH

JOSÉ ARMANDO ZAMORA REYES
Technical Sub-director
CAROLYNNA ARCE HERNÁNDEZ
Chief Geologist
CLEMENCIA GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ
FOREWORD
Regional geology and basin analysis constitutes an important tool in the search
for hydrocarbons. Our geological knowledge of the pacific basins of Colombia is
still in a preliminary stage; notwithstanding, significant field data and local
geophysical and geochemical data collected over the last five decades allows a
new tecto-sedimentary evaluation. The results of this exercise are encouraging,
open new questions and challenges our exploration capabilities.
The Atrato and San Juan Basins within the Chocó-Panamá Arc and the Tumaco
Basin in the Pacific geological realm are frontier exploration basins, where oil
and gas shows recorded in eight exploration wells and numerous oil seeps
attest to active petroleum systems.
The Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos is commited to improve the geological

knowledge in frontier basins. Nowadays, we are shooting new seismic
programs and drilling stratigraphic wells. I invite you to enjoy this travel through
new promising areas in Colombia.
José Armando Zamora Reyes

GENERAL DIRECTOR ANH
Universidad EAFIT and its
Geology Department
express their gratitude to the Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
(ANH) to have given the opportunity to participate in the
exploratory effort of the agency and thus to contribute to mutual
benefit and progress toward scientific and applied knowledge of
the geology and the resources of the country.
Chairman:
Geovany Bedoya, Msc
Faculty members:
Michel Hermelin, MSc., Iván Dario Correa, Ph.D,
José Ignacio Martínez, Ph.D, Gloria Sierra, Msc.,
Gloria Elena Toro, Ph.D, Juan Dario Restrepo, Ph.D
PART ONE
1. Atrato Basin: Cenozoic Fore-Arc Basin
2. San Juan Basin: Cenozoic Paleodelta
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 17
1.1. Location 18
1.2. Exploration History 18
2. GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 21
2.1. Tectonic Setting 24
2.2. Surface Structural Expression 27
2.3. Structural Cross-Sections 28
2.4. Gravimetric and Magnetometric Interpretation 30
2.4.1. Basement Map 32
2.5. The Istmina-Condoto High 40
3. STRATIGRAPHY AND FACIES 43

3.1. General Statement 44
3.2. The Atrato Basin 46
3.2.1. Exploratory wells in the Atrato Basin 46
3.3. The San Juan Basin 48
3.3.1. Exploratory wells in the San Juan Basin 51
3.3.2.The San Juan Delta. A Geological Model for the Cenozoic San Juan Basin 51
4. SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 55
4.1. Introduction 56
4.2. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Interpretation of the Atrato Basin 57
4.2.1. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Unit 1 (Clavo Formation) 58
4.2.2. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Unit 2 (Salaquí-Uva-Napipí Formations) 58
4.2.3. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Unit 3 (Sierra Formation) 59
4.2.4. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Unit 4 (Quibdó Formation) 60
4.3. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Interpretation of the San Juan Basin 60
4.3.1. Tectonic Stratigraphic Unit 1 (Iró, Istmina Formations) 60
4.3.2. Tectonic Stratigraphic Unit 2 (La Mojarra Conglomerates Condoto Formation) 62
4.4. Sub-Surface Structural Maps 63
4.4.1. Structural Map Top Clavo Formation 63
4.4.2. Structural Map Top Salaquí Formation 64
4.4.3. Structural Map Top Uva Formation 65
4.4.4. Structural Map Top Napipí Formation 66
4.4.5. Structural Map Top Sierra Formation 67
4.4.6. Structural Map Top Basement 68
4.4.7. Structural Map Top Iró Formation 69
4.4.8. Structural Map Top Istmina Formation 70
4.4.9. Structural Map Top Condoto Formation 71
5. PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION 73
5.2. Objectives 74
5.3. Available Data and Quality Control 74
5.3.1. Core Data 74
5.4. Shale Content 74
5.5. Porosity Determination 76
5.6. Hydrocarbon Saturation 76
CONTENTS
5.6.1. Temperature 76
5.7. Salinity and Rw 76
5.8. Sw from Resistivity 77
5.9. Permeability 77
5.10. Results 77
5.10.1. Sums and Averages 77
5.11. Graphics 78
5.12. Digital Data 78
5.13. Conclusions 78
6. GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION AND MODELING 83

6.2. Objectives 85
6.2.1. Atrato Basin 85
6.2.2. San Juan Basin 85
6.3. Atrato Basin 85
6.3.1. Clavo Formation 85
6.3.2. Geochemical Characterization 85
6.3.3. Thermal Maturity 85
6.3.4. Organic Content 85
6.3.5. Kerogen Type 87
6.3.6. Generating Potential 87
6.3.7. Oil-Rock Correlation 87
6.3.8. Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion Simulation 87
6.3.8.1. Thermal Model 88
6.3.8.2. Geochemical Model 90
6.3.8.3. Generation and Expulsion Model 91
6.4. San Juan Basin 92
6.4.1. Geochemical Characterization 92
6.4.1.1. Interpreting Parameters 92
6.4.2. Thermal Maturity 93
6.4.3. Organic Content 94
6.4.4. Kerogen Type 94
6.4.5. Generating Potential 96
6.4.6. Oil Rock Correlation 96
6.4.6.1. Determining Biodegradation in Oil Seeps 97
6.4.6.2. Determining Sedimentation Environment 97
6.4.6.3. Oxic vs. Anoxic Conditions 98
6.4.7. Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion Simulation 99
6.4.7.1. Thermal Model 100
6.4.7.2. Geochemical Model 101
6.4.7.3. Generation and Expulsion Model 102
6.5. Conclusions 103
7. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (Summary) 105

7.1. General Statement 106
7.2. Traps 106
7.3. Source Rocks 106
7.4. Generation and Migration 106
7.5. Timing 107
7.6. Resources to be Discovered 107
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Geological situation of the Atrato and San Juan Basins 19
Figure 2. Base map. Location of source data used in this study 20
Figure 3. Geological Map, Chocó Arc; Atrato and San Juan Basins 22
Figure 4. Sequence of major tectonic events in the Chocó Arc 24
Figure 5. SW-NE to SE-NW rotation of fold axes in the Chocó Arc 26
Figure 6. Surface structural map 27
Figure 7. Restored structural cross-sections 29
Figure 8. Location of aerogravimetric and aeromagnetometric data used for geophysical modeling 30
Figure 9. Bouguer Anomalies map 31
Figure 10. Gravimetric Basement map of the San Juan and Atrato Basins 33
Figure 11. Total Magnetic intensity maps 34
Figure 12. TMI first directional derivate map (TMIFD) 35
Figure 13. Focused TMI along the Baudó Range 36
Figure 14. Magnetic profiles along Baudó Range 36
Figure 15. Geophysical modeling in Atrato Basin 37
Figure 16. Geophysical modeling in San Juan Basin 38
Figure 17. Schematic profile along parallel 6.0°N 39
Figure 18. The Istmina-Condoto High (geological map) 41
Figure 19. General lithostratigraphic sequence in the Atrato and San Juan Basins 44
Figure 20. Chronostratigraphic chart and deposit environment. Atrato Basin 45
Figure 21. Lithostratigraphic correlation chart. Atrato Basin 47
Figure 22. Chronostratigraphic chart and deposit environment. San Juan Basin 49
Figure 23. Schematic cross-section along the San Juan Basin. Slightly modified after Petrobras, 1990. 50
Figure 24. Structural map. Off-shore San Juan Basin 52
Figure 25. Geoseismic profiles across the off-shore San Juan Basin 53
Figure 26. Distribution of seismic data on the study area 56
Figure 27. Seismic sequence underneath the Clavo Formation. The figure corresponds to the seismic line QA-82-20 58
Figure 28. Seismic configuration of the Salaquí Formation 58
Figure 29. Seismic configuration of the Uva Formation. Seismic line L-72-B 59
Figure 30. Seismic configuration of the Napipí Formation. Seismic line ANH-2005-04 59
Figure 31. Seismic configuration of the Sierra Formation. Seismic line QA-82-20 59
Figure 32. Mud diapirism is associated with tectonic events in Quibdó time. Seismic line L-72-J 60
Figure 33. Seismic configuration of Tectonic-Stratigraphic Unit 1 61
Figure 34. Carbonate build-ups (patch reefs) in the Tectonic-Stratigraphic Unit 1. Line SJ-81-1400 61
Figure 35. Seismic configuration of the Istmina Formation (green color). Seismic line SJ-81-2200 62
Figure 36. Seismic configuration of La Mojarra Conglomerates (green color). Seismic line TB-91-1130 62
Figure 37. Seismic configuration of the Condoto Formation (green color). Line SJ-81-2400 62
Figure 38. Structural Map Top Clavo Formation 63
Figure 39. Structural Map Top Salaquí Formation 64
Figure 40. Structural Map Top Uva Formation 65
Figure 41.Structural Map Top Napipí Formation 66
Figure 42. Structural Map Top Sierra Formation 67
Figure 43. Structural Map Top Basement 68
Figure 44. Structural Map Top Iró Formation 69
Figure 45.Structural Map Top Istmina Formation 70
Figure 46. Structural Map Top Condoto Formation 71
Figure 47. Pickett crossplot Nécora-1 well 79
Figure 48. Pickett crossplot Pacurita-1 well 79
Figure 49. Pickett crossplot Opogadó-1 well 80
Figure 50. Pickett crossplot Urodó-1 well 80
Figure 51. Pickett crossplot Buchadó-1 well 81
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 52. Geochemical source data available for the evaluation and modeling of the Atrato and San Juan Basins 84
Figure 53. Location map of outcrop rock samples 86
Figure 54. Location of seismic line selected 87
Figure 55. Location of Atrato pseudowell projected toward the center of the Basin 88
Figure 56. Seismic line QA-1982-20 interpreted with south-westerly projection 88
Figure 57. Heat flow history 88
Figure 58. BHT data and thermal gradient calculation 89
Figure 59. Calibration, temperature, and maturity in time curves 90
Figure 60. Geochemical model input data 90
Figure 61. Input data of the geological model 91
Figure 62. Burial history vs. thermal maturity 91
Figure 63. Transformation percentage and main generation peaks 92
Figure 64. Tmax Diagram vs. Hydrogen Index 93
Figure 65. Organic content geochemical profile 94
Figure 66. Van Krevelen Diagram 94
Figure 67. Genetic potential (S1+S2) Vs. % TOC 95
Figure 68. Location of oil seeps and rock samples 96
Figure 69. Triangular diagram of crude oil factions 97
Figure 70. Relations of biomarkers indicating sedimentation environment 97
Figure 71. Relations of biomarkers indicating sedimentation environment 98
Figure 72. Ratios of anoxia-indicating biomarkers 98
Figure 73. Ratios of anoxia-indicating biomarkers 99
Figure 74. Location of San Juan Pseudowell 99
Figure 75. Interpreted seismic line TB-91-1130 100
Figure 76. Heat flow history 100
Figure 77. BHT data and thermal gradient calculation 100
Figure 78. Calibration, temperature and maturity along time curves 101
Figure 79. Geochemical model input data 101
Figure 80. Geologic model input data 102
Figure 81. Burial history vs. thermal maturity 102
Figure 82. Transformation percentage and main generation peaks 103
Figures 83 and 84. Summarize the sequence of events for each of the basins, Atrato and San Juan 107
TABLES
Table 1. Control points used to obtain the basement map Z values are depths, in meters 32
Table 2. Tops of the lithostratigraphic units as defined in the Buchadó-1 well 46
Table 3. Tops of lithostratigraphic units as defined in the Urodó-1 and Opogadó-1 wells 48
Table 4.Tops of lithostratigraphic units as defined in the Pacurita-1 and Nécora-1 wells 48
Table 5. Lithostratigraphic units as defined in the Tambora-1 well 51
Table 6. Inventory of Seismic data 57
Table 7. Well log inventory 75
Table 8. Geochemical parameters describing oil-producing potential (quantity) of immature rock 92
Table 9. Geochemical Parameters describing kerogen type (quality) 93
Table 10. Geochemical parameters describing thermal maturity level 93
References. Published works 109

1. INTRODUCTION
GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 19
Gansser et.al. (1945)
Barlow (1981)
Dunia Consultores Ltda. (2006)
Earth Satellite Corporation (1999)
Ojeda y Calife (Petrobras) (1987)
Ingeominas-BGR de Alemania (2005)
Fischborn y Carrillo (1983)

Haffer (1967)
Suárez (Ecopetrol) (1990)

Rojas (1967)
Petrobras - Ecopetrol (2002)
Bouman (1965)
Mera y Piragua (2000 y 2001)
Richfield Company (1954)

Texas Petroleum Company (1988, 1989, 1990)
Figueroa y Nuñez (1990)
Sismic line
Figure 2. Location of source data used in this study

20 GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS
2. GEOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK
2. GEOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK
Figure 3.
Geological Map, Chocó Arc;
Atrato and San Juan Basins

AGE (Ma)
San Juan Basin Istmina - Condoto High Atrato Basin

Holo -
cene
0.01 Qall Qat Qaf Qtf Qb Qsb

Quaternary
Pleistocene
Alluvial deposits Alluvial terrace Alluvial fan Tidal flat Beach Sand bar
1.8
Mayorquín Formation Qui Quibdó Formation
Pliocene
My
Rp Raposo Formation
Siu Upper Sierra Formation
8.3
Si Sierra Formation
U
Neogene
Sil Lower Sierra Formation

11.6
Miocene
? Volcanic Necks
M Na Napipí Formation
Co Condoto Formation Co Condoto Formation
Cenozoic
15.9
La Mojarra Conglomerates La Mojarra Conglomerates
Mj Mj
L Formation Formation
Istmina Pa AC
Is Istmina Formation Is Uv Uva Formation
23 Formation Andesitic Ultramafic
Oligocene
U Porphyry Alto Condoto

Complex ? Ds
L Age: K/Ar
Ma
33.9 Dioritic Stocks
21-19 Ma Mandé Batholith
U Sa Salaquí Formation
Eocene
M 40.4 ? Eq ? SC ? EqSC
Paleogene
Cl Clavo Formation La Equis Santa La Equis/

Volcanic Cecilia Santa
L Ir Iró Formation Ir Iró Formation Complex Volcanic Cecilia
55.8 Complex metamorphics
Paleocene
61.7
L
65.5
? Dr Bc ? Um CAÑASGORDAS GROUP CAÑASGORDAS GROUP
Dioritic Baudó Ultramafic Pen Peu Pen Peu

Rocks Complex Rocks
Penderisco Penderisco Penderisco Penderisco
Upper
Age: Formation Formation Formation Formation

DAGUA GROUP
Whole rock Nutibara Urrao Nutibara Urrao
Cretaceous
Group Group Group Group

Mesozoic
Ar - Ar (plagioclas) Ci Es DC
from 73.6 +/-0.8
to 77.9 +/ 1.0 Ma Cisneros Espinal Diabasic
Formation Formation Formation
99.6 Br Gb Br
Barroso Gabbro & Barroso
Lower
Formation gabbroic Formation

rocks
A question mark (?) preceding a lithostratigraphic name

indicates uncertain age assignment.
Sources:
IGAC - INGEOMINAS 2006. Investigación Integral del Andén Pacífico Fault Syncline
Colombiano. Cartografía Geológica en escala 1:100.000
Inferred Fault
Schmidt - Thomé, M., Feldhaus, L., Salazar, G., Muñoz, R., 1992. Anticline
Explicación del mapa geológico, escala 1:250.000, del flanco oeste
de la cordillera occidental entre los Ríos Andágueda y Murindó, Thrust Fault
Departamentos de Antioquia y Chocó, República de Colombia.
Wrench Fault
Utah Minerals, 1980. Geological Map of the Atrato - San Juan Basins
and Surrounding Areas. Scale: 1:500.000 (unpublished)
Figure 3. continuation
Geological Map, Chocó Arc; Atrato and San Juan Basins

Garrapatas - Dabeiba Suture
1 Post Maastrichtian
San Juan - Sebastián Suture
2 Eocene
Baudó Event
3 Collision 6 - 4 Ma
Colombian Trench
4 4 Ma
Sample site for

paleomagnetic
analysis (Estrada, 1995)
b. The San Juan-Sebastián Suture (Eocene)
The second tectonic event of regional importance involves the collision and accretion of the El Paso Terrane along the San Juan-
Sebastian Suture. The Mandé Magmatic Arc, dated between 54 and 49 Ma, was generated via Chilean-type subduction
processes. At the same time as the San Juan-Sebastián Suture was formed, the Atrato Forearc Basin developed, open to a western
sea, the Pacific Ocean.
c. The Baudó Event (? 8-4 Ma)
The third event, of poorly defined age, involves the appearence of the Baudó Range. The mechanisms responsible for this
appearance remain uncertain, however, they led to the formation of the western margin and closure of the Atrato Basin.
Presently available data are insufficient to fully explain the kinematics of Baudó Range emplacement. The following possible
explanation for the geological evolution of the Baudó Range is offered:
Baudó is without doubt an assemblage of allochtonous oceanic rocks emplaced along the continental margin by the
continuous interaction of an oceanic plate with the NW corner of the South American continent. The subduction of the oceanic
plate (El Paso?) and related Mandé magmatism developed until the relationship between density and buoyancy of the various
plates curbed the process, substantially diminishing the rate of subduction. Continued compression produced a positive flexure
in the oceanic plate, leading to the uplift of today ?s Baudó Range. This mechanism was enhanced by a rapid increase in
sedimentary / lithostatic load in the forearc basin.
The following facts, support the postulated sequence of tectonic event s (see figure 4):
1. San Juan Basin basement is formed by the Cañasgordas Terrane, or alternatively by the Gorgona Terrane (in the case that
paleogeographic interpretations by Estrada (1995), are correct), as it shows a distinct gravimetric and magnetometric texture
with respect to the one observed in the basement of the Atrato Basin.
2. The Atrato Basin basement is formed by the El Paso Terrane (Baudó Complex?), which outcrops in a tectonic window in the
Istmina-Condoto High (along the San Juan Suture).
3. The San Juan Basin is limited by two important sutures / subparallel transcurrent fault systems (the Garrapatas-Dabeiba Suture
and the San Juan- Sebastián Suture). These structures controlled sedimentation since the Oligocene (?), and gave rise to a deltaic
system which prograded in a NE to SW direction.
4. It is evident that the initial approach and collision of both the Cañasgordas Terrane and the El Paso Terrane were orthogonal.
During subsequent tectonic migration a NW rotation occurred, liberating part of the collisional energy and leading to the
morpho-structural development of the present-day Panamá-Chocó Arc. This rotation is inferred from the existence of tear faults
and E-W trending lineaments, and from the progressive SW-NE to SE-NW orientation of fold axes mapped along the western
flank of the Atrato Basin and in it's extensions into Panamá (Figure 5)
5. The allochtonous character of the Cañasgordas Terrane and of the Baudó Range has been demonstrated using paleomagnetic
evidence by Estrada (1995). Paleomagnetic data have significantly improved knowledge of the paleogeography and
paleotectonics of the Chocó Arc. Some of the important conclusions of Estradas's work are summarized below:
There are at least three distinct latitudinal provinces and ages for the rock assemblages in this region, including the Baudó
Arc, Cañasgordas Terrane and Gorgona Terrane (the Chocó Terrane, Western Cordillera Terrane and Gorgona Terrane,
respectively, Estrada, 1995). The paleolatitudinal origins of these assemblages are directly associated with the tectonic
evolution of the eastern Pacific plates. In this sense, it is known that since the Late Cretaceous, plate interactions along NW
South America have been dominated by subduction of the Farallón Plate (Pardo-Casas and Molnar, 1987, in Estrada 1995). In
these and others reconstructions the Farallón plate moved along a north-directed vector up to the Paleogene, when
motion shifted to mainly SW to NE. The relative motion of the Farallón plate suggests that terranes accreted against the
western edge of South America were transported from southern latitudes.
The Gorgona terrane is composed of a sequence of Mesozoic mafic and ultramafic rocks, including komatiitic flows.
Paleomagnetic data indicates that the El Horno basalt (86 +/- 3 Ma) was located at about 25 S relative to South America in
Late Cretaceous time. The longitude cannot be precisely fixed by paleomagnetic methods. However Estrada (1995)
presented some reconstructions and possible trajectories that suggest a longitude of origin of 135º W. The accretion of the

Gorgona Terrane is considered to be pre-Miocene (McGeary and Ben-Abraham, 1989 in Estrada, 1995), and was possibly
followed by strike-slip faulting along the Buenaventura fault zone, resulting in the break up of the original terrane.
Paleomagnetic data from the Gorgona Terrane doesn´t have any clear correlation with data from the Caribbean Plate.
The Cañasgordas Terrane and the Baudó Arc, present two groups of paleomagnetic data with the main group having a mean
of about 10, suggesting equatorial paleolatitudes of origin.
Based upon preliminary geological mapping, the Baudó Arc, is comprised of oceanic basalts with interbedded sediments of
late Mesozoic-early Cenozoic age. Samples recorded two sets of data, one compatible with a 15 paleolatitude origin, and a
second with 5 to 10 equatorial paleolatitudes. The nature of the paleomagnetic data is not conclusive but the geological
framework favors a southern provenance.
Figure 5. SW-NE to SE-NW rotation

of fold axes in the Choco Arc

Balanced and Restored
Geoseismic Sections (*)
16 Sub - Pliocene
14 Sub - Upper Miocene
11 Sub - Lower Miocene
10 Sub - Oligocene
Fault
(*) After SEISMIC ATLAS OF COLOMBIA,
Cediel, et al. 1998
0 40 80
km
Figure 7. Restored structural cross-sections

The results of the above mentioned exercises are summarized in Figure 7 Based upon these results we conclude that:
The formation of conjugate high angle faults with short vertical displacements and the absence of fault-related folds, as
well as the simultaneous presence of normal and reverse faults, together with faults forming negative flower structures
(see seismic line SJ-81-1200) has been interpreted to represent a regional tectonic regime dominated by transcurrent
movements.
Toward the eastern flank of the basin, faults observed in seismic lines QA-81-10 and QA-81-04 affect only reflector 10
(Sub-Oligocene). Progressive restoration shows that the inclination of reflector 10 has increased from the flattening of
reflector 11 to the present deformed state. It is concluded that at the same time as sediments were deposited, the basin
tilted westwards.
The western slope observed in seismic line SJ-81-2600 shows a lesser inclination to that observed on the eastern slope,
with reverse faults verging westward; these faults controlled the deposition of lithological units underlying
unconformity 11 (Sub-Lower Miocene) and unconformity 14 (Sub-Upper Miocene).
Normal faults seen in seismic line SJ-81-1200 affect all the units from the basement to reflector 16 (Sub-Pliocene
unconformity), and even affect some overlying strata. On the other hand, reverse faults found in lines SJ-81-2200 and SJ-
81-2600 affect reflectors 10, 11 and 14 but don't reach reflector 16. We therefore infer that normal faulting is more recent
that reverse faulting (despite the fact than transcurrent regime is still active).
2.4 Gravimetric and Magnetometric Interpretation
Through the interpretation of aerial gravimetric and magnetic data, a geophysical model of the basin was built. The
characterization of the basement proved to be critical to the understanding of basin evolution. The basement map shows that
the two basins -Atrato and San Juan- have significant different gravimetric and magnetometric textures.
Data Sources
Aeromagnetic and aerogravimetric data were provided by the
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) and by Ecopetrol (at ANH's
request). ANH data were collected in 2005 by Carson Helicopters
Ltd., and cover the Atrato basin area. Survey lines were flown at two
altitudes, 1,280 m and 3,300 m, with a flight pattern covering 7.5 km
by 10 km. Ecopetrol data were collected by the same company in
1999, with a flight altitude at 2,257 m and cover the San Juan Basin
(Fig. 8). Digital files were received in ASCII format with Magna
coordinates for the Atrato Basin and with Bogota-West coordinates
for the San Juan Basin.
San Juan
Delta
Figure 8 Location of two

aerogravimetric and aeromagnetometric
data sets, used for geophysical modeling.

Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) values and Bouguer Gravimetric Anomaly (BGA) values found in the data bases were used for the
generation of Bouguer anomaly, gravimetric basement and total magnetic intensity maps presented in this report. No altitudinal
correction was made before merging the data.
Methodology
Bouguer anomalies map (BGA) (Fig. 9)
BGA data (P = 2.67 gr/cm3) from both databases

were integrated. Two BGA maps were
elaborated, one with the Krigging interpolation
method and the other one with minimum
cur vature. The first was selected for
interpretation, with a cell size of 5 km.
The interpretation of the BGA data was

complemented with gravimetric profiles to
which an inverse modeling was applied, in order
to determine the gravimetric basement profiles
which fit better the observed values. Inverse
modeling was carried using a non-commercial
program. This program is based on the
determination of the Fourier Transform for a set of
(x,z) data following the equation proposed by
Parker (1973) and improved by Oldenburg
(1974), in order to make it more iterative. This
equation enables the calculation of the shape of
a body based upon it's anomaly. The program
builds a relief function which is best adjusted to
the BGA profile, based upon the previous
determination of parameters including density
contrast, input data separation and topographic
level of inversion (zo).
Figure 9. Bouguer Anomaly map.

This map suggests the presence of only one basin;
it is necessary to remove the topographic influence
(Graterol and Gummert, 1998)
to see a better configuration like
the on shown in Figure 10

2.4.1. Basement Map
It is possible to draw a basement map through gravimetric inversion of the BGA data applying analytical continuation to 2 km
depth and using surface and subsurface basement control points (Table 1). As a preliminary step, the signal produced by the
regional trend should be separated in the BGA map from the signal produced by residual affects. This separation was made in a
quantitative way, following the methodology proposed by Graterol and Gumert (1998). Once the signals are separated, the
residual map is inverted using proper software (Bhaskara Rao & Rameshu Babu, 1991). This inversion produces a controlled
gravimetric basement map (figure 10)with depths expressed in kilometers.
Basin geometry is interpreted from the Basement map. Low-density values reflected through negatives anomalies in the Figure
9, correspond to the sedimentary sequence. West to the coastline, off-shore, the modeled map shows a pseudo “positive” relief
which means that The Serranía del Baudó has a strong gravimetric anomaly and the model used was insufficient to filter this
signal. The methodology used in this model applies control over the sedimentary sequence, only. Additional geophysical
treatment is necessary to model the crystalline bodies.
t X Y Z
sup6 654812 1076322 179
sup2 619627 1326335 1000
sup0 635514 1259938 378
qa-81-10-400 726795 1162894 36
qa-81-10-250 719516 1161036 2790.5
qa-81-10-150 714689.9 1159805.8 4194
qa-81-04-550 734448.3 1131329.5 180
qa-81-04-385 726889.4 1129194.5 2440
qa-81-04-180 716907.3 1126318 6013
bv9 719384.4 1000166 0
bv7 707538.3 1038255 5060
bv6 704431.3 1014744 2942
bv3 679056.4 927491.9 4193
bv26 607403.2 1040711 2000
bv25 607228.3 1000637 2400
bv24 686704.9 1024833 2880
bv23 685131.5 1008319 1820
bv22 685095.5 999809.1 2016
bv21 684800 989047.1 2657
bv 20 682757.4 979042.9 3334
bv18 708790.7 1038500 5199
bv17 706242.3 1028251 3570
bv15 700386.3 1005251 3598
bv14 697483.6 995751.1 4449
bv13 694299.4 986004.6 3932
bv12 692258.7 976501.8 4484
bv11 687220 968261.9 4757
Table 1. Control points used to obtain the basement map Z values are depths expressed in meters.
Negative values represent values above sea level where the basement crops out . Control point
prefixes were obtained from Carson's (2006) report and were corroborated with the seismic lines.

Figure 10. Gravimetric Basement map of the San Juan and Atrato Basins.
Two distinct gravimetric patterns clearly distinguish show two different basins.

• Total magnetic intensity map (TMI)
The integration of TMI values required a previous procedure known as “demeaning”, used when it is clear that values are
calibrated on the basis of two different data sets. Once the datum was standardized, interpolation was carried out with both
Krigging and the minimum curvature methods. The best model was obtained by using Krigging, with a cell size of 5 km. The TMI
map shows a very high magnetometric anomaly between the San Juan Basin and the Atrato Basin (close to or in the Istmina-
Condoto High). This anomaly was masked in the grid, so a new map was generated to allow more contrast in the magnetic
response in the rest of the study area. This procedure permits us to distinguish six magnetic provinces (see Fig. 11)
Figure 11. Total Magnetic Intensity maps. At right TMI shows a high anomaly whilst at left the anomaly is masked. At left,
Roman numerals show six magnetometric provinces:(I) Uraba Basin, (II,III) Western flank of the Western
Cordillera, (IV) magnetometric basement of the Atrato Basin, (V) Baudó Range, and (VI) magnetometric
basement of the San Juan Basin. Gray lines depict two principal lineaments named the Baudó Structure
(left) and the San Juan-San Sebastián Suture (right curved line). More structures are suggested between
provinces, but aren't drawn.

• TMI first directional derivate map (TMIFD)
In this TMI map (figure 12) it is possible to see conspicuous limits between different areas with specific magnetic patterns, which
suggests the presence of basement faults. Two first derivative maps (E-W and N-S) were created in order to reveal the principal
structures in two directions.
Figure 12. TMI first directional derivate map (TMIFD). The N-S directional derivative at left clearly shows the normal
inverse magnetometric pattern in Baudó Range (detailed in Figure 13). At right, the E-W directional derivative
highlights N-S-oriented structures and lithological contacts.

• Magnetometric profiles along the Baudó Range (Figure 13 and 14). TMI map of the Baudó Range generated by masking the rest
of the study area. Next, four N-S profiles were obtained removing the geometric mean (31,000 nT) in order to analyze local
magnetometric variations (Fig. 14).
Figure 13. Detailed TMI along the Baudó Range. The red lines
show the four profiles shown in Figure 14.
1 2 3 4
Figure 14. North-south magnetic profiles along the Baudó Range.

Results
Once the above outlined maps were completed, geophysical

modeling was carried out for each basin, including the Atrato
(Fig.15), and the San Juan (Fig. 16). Profiles used for geophysical
basin modeling are located perpendicular to the basin axis.
Some of them coincide with seismic lines.
Atrato Basin
This elongated, asymmetric basin, has a general N1OW

orientation. The gentle slope of it's west flank dominates the
geometry of the basin. The Atrato basin has depths which reach
10 km. The BGA map outlines lower anomaly values and the TMI
map reveals relatively homogeneous characteristics in the
central part of the basin. Toward the flanks, TMI values are
irregular due to the presence of faults and the contacts with
lithologies of higher magnetic susceptibility (Fig. 15)
PROFILE 7N PROFILE 8N PROFILE 5N

m.s.n.m.
350 m
(m)
350
800 m
(m)
8 0 0
600 m 6 0 0
7 0 0
300
5 0 0
6 0 0 250
4 0 0 5 0 0
200
TOPOGRAFIC
3 0 0
4 0 0
150
PROFILE
2 0 0
3 0 0
100
(m)
2 0 0
1 0 0
50
1 0 0
0
0 0 (m )
0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 ( m )
0 120 km 0
0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
120 km 0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
140 km
(mg)
120 1mg
20
90 mg
90
100 120 mg
120
70 80 100
50
60 80 BOUGUER
40 GRAVIMETRIC
30
20
60
ANOMALIES .
40
(p=2.67 gr/cm3;
(mg)
10 00
0 -2 0
20
mg)
-1 0
-4 0 00
-30
-3 0
-60
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
(m )
140000
-6 0 (m ) -20
-2 0
0 120 km 0
0
20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
140 km
160000 0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
140 km1 6 0 0 0 0
(nT)
P E R F IL M A G N E T O M E T R IC O 7 N PER FIL M A G N ETO M ETR ICO 8N PERFIL MAGNETOMETRICO 5N

31160
31160 31300
31300
31200
31200
(nT)
(nT)
nT nT
3 1 1nT
40 31250
31150
31120 31200
31100
31150
31080
31100 TOTAL MAGNETIC
31100
31060
INTENSITY PROFILE
31040
31050 31050
(nT)
31000
31020
31000
30950
31000
30980
30980 30900
30900 30950
30950
(m)
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 (m )
0
0
20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 1 2 0 0 0 0(m )
120 km 0 140 km 00 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140 km
M O D . G R A V IM E T R ÍC O D E L B A S A M E N T O M O D . G R A V IM E T R ÍC O D E L B A S A M E N T O M O D . G R A V IM ETR ÍCO D EL B A SA M EN TO
(km)
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0
(km)
0 2 0 40 6 0 8 0 10 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

(km)
(k m )
-4 km
(k m ) (k m )
-4
0 km0 -3 km
-3
1
-2 -1
2
0 GRAVIMETRIC
00 3 1
2
4
3 BASEMENT MODEL
5
6 5
(Inverse modeling;
4
7
7
km)
6 8
9 99
88 10
1 0
0 120 km 0 140 km 0 140 km
Figure 15 Geophysical modeling in the Atrato Basin. Note the corresponding normal-
reverse magnetometric pattern along each line and between lines.

PROFILE 1S PROFILE 2S PROFILE 3S
400 m
(m)
4 0 0
1200 m 1000 m
1 0 0 0
(m)
1 2 0 0
3 5 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0
8 0 0
2 5 0
8 0 0
TOPOGRAFIC
2 0 0
6 0 0
6 0 0
PROFILE
1 5 0 4 0 0 (m)
4 0 0
1 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
5 0
0 (m ) 0 (m ) 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0
90 km 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
120 km 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
120 km
1 4 0 0 0 0
0 mg 60 mg 40 mg
BOUGUER
0
GRAVIMETRIC
ANOMALIES
(p=267 gr/cm3;
mg)
-90 -80
0 90 km 0 120 km 0 100 km
31080 32200 31150

nT nT nT
TOTAL MAGNETIC
INTENSITY PROFILE
(nT)
30940 30600 30650

0 0 120 km 0 120 km
M O D . G R A V IM E T R ÍC O D E L B A S A M E N T O M O D - G R A V IM ÉTR ICO B A SA M EN TO M O D - G R A V I M É T R I C O B A S A M E N T O
(k m ) (k m )
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
(km)
(k m ) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0
-1 km
-1
-4 km
(Km)
-4 -4 km
-4
(km)
(km)
00 -2 -2
1
2 00 0
0 GRAVIMETRIC
3 2 2 BASEMENT MODEL
4
4 4
(Inverse modeling;
5 km)
6 6
6
77 88 88
0 80 km 0 120 km 0 120 km
Condoto Formation
Sierra Formation
Napipí Formation
Uva Formation 0 25 Km
Gravimetric basement profile projection
Figure 17. Schematic profile along parallel 6.0°N
GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS

39
ISTMINA
Alluvial deposits
Multiple
Dejection Cone.
? Lower Miocene
Fault
Syncline
Inferred Fault
Thrust Fault Anticline
Figure 18. The Istmina-Condoto High (geological map)

3. STRATIGRAPHY
AND FACIES
3. STRATIGRAPHY
AND FACIES
3.1. General Statement
The so called Chocó Pacific Basin (ANH - 2007) is characterized by marine to continental deposits resting on an igneous
sedimentary basement. However, stratigraphic characteristics recognized during the present revision, and the evaluation of
available information, allow the differentiation of two distinct sedimentary basins: Atrato and San Juan. (Fig. 19)
PLEISTO-
CENE
Istmina
Figure 19. General lithostratigraphic sequence in the

Atrato and San Juan Basins

Formation Lithology Fossil Content Environment
Bluish grey mudstone, at times Foraminifera are scarce compared to plant remains that are Marine shallow water to
slightly sandy to silty. Plant common. coastal lagoons with restricted
remains. Thick basal communication to the sea.
conglomerate composed of Bent. Forams.: Cassidulinella pliocenica, Ammonia cf.
? QUIBDÓ
gravel size clasts, most of them beccarii Paleobathymetry: Inner neritic;
HOLOCENE basaltic. Plank. Forams.: Orbulina cf. universa ~ 0 to 30 m.
0.01
Tarantian (Upper) Thickness: 200 to 750 m.
0.1
Ionian (Middle) SIERRA Silty, slightly carbonaceous Bent. Forams.: Valvulineria inaequalis lobata, Valvulineria Basin edge where oxygen
PLEISTOCENE 0.7
Calabrian mudstones towards the top, and venezuelana, content was apparently low.
1)
(Lower) 99 loose fine to medium grain-size Plank. Forams.: Globigerina bulloides, Globigerina
1.8 ,1
QUATERNARY
e sandstones which are calcareous Paleobathymetry: Outer neritic
u qu venezuelana, Globigerinella aequilateralis.
U Gelasian (D
2.5 o at places. to bathyal (upper slope) ~100
id SIERRA
M gu to 1000 m
Piacenzian un
PLIOCENE 3.6 .M Thickness: 300 to 1800 m
Zanclean Fm
L
5.3
Dark grey to black, fossiliferous, Bent. Forams.: Bulimina carme-nesis, Eponides crebbsi, High productivity environment
Messinian
7.2 calcareous mudstone partly Uvige-rina subperegrina, Gyroidinoides venezuelana, which favored the preservation
U
Tortonian nodular, with calcareous Cassidulina crassa , Globobulimina pacifica, Bolivina of organic matter.
11.6 NAPIPÍ concretions imporcata, Uvigerina isidroensis, Nonion costiferum.
Serravallian Plank. Forams.: Globigerinoides obliqua, Globigerinoides Paleobathymetry: Middle neritic
M 13.8 Thickness: 150 to 2200 m triloba ,Globorotalia praemenardii, Globigerinoides cf. triloba, to upper bathyal (?) ~ 30 to
MIOCENE
NEOGENE
Langhian Globigerina cf. juveniles. 1000 m.
15.9
Burdigalian
I 20.4
CENOZOIC
Calcareous mudstones, detritic Plank. Forams.: Globigerina yeguaensis, Globigerina Oxygenated waters
Aquitanian
limestone and calcareous tripartita tapuriensis, Globigerinita pera (Blow & Banner),
23
sandstones. Turborotalia mayeri, Globigerinoides triloba, Globoquadrina Paleobathymetry: Outer neritic
U Chattian
28.4 rohri, Globigerina trilocularia, Globoquadrina altispira to lower bathyal (?) ~130 to
OLIGOCENE UVA
Rupelian Thickness: 600 to 2300 m altispira, Orbulina suturali, Orbulina universa. 3000 m ?
L
33.9
U Priabonian ?
37.2
Bartonian
EOCENE M 40.4 Well stratified (5 to 20 cm layers) of Plank. Forams.: Globorotalia crassata crassata, Well oxygenated and
Lutetian siliceous limestones. At Murrí River Globorotalia crassata densa, Turborotalia bolivariana (Bolli), carbonate rich waters.
48.6 the unit is represented by calcareous Turborotalia centralis, Globorotaloides suteri, Turborotalia
L Ypresian limestones and fossiliferous increbescens. Paleobathymetry: Outer neritic
55.8
PALEOGENE
SALAQUÍ mudstones that overlie a thick to lower bathyal (?) ~ 130-
U Thanetian conglomerate.
Radiolarians 3000 m ?.
58.7
PALEOCENE M Selandian Thickness: 700 to 2700 m
61.7
L Danian
65.5 Dark grey to black, siliceous, Bent. Forams.: Bathyshipon sp., Bathyshipon sakuensis Trench and/or submarine
Maastrichtian mudstones interlayered with thin Plank. Forams.: Hastigerinella colombiana, Hastigerina canyons (?)
70.6 ? calcareous siltstones and bolivariana, Globigerina cf. wilsoni
Campanian limestones. Paleobathymetry: Bathyal to
83.5 CLAVO Radiolarians abyssal ~ 2000-6000 m
Santonian Thickness: > 300 m.
Upper 85.8
Coniacian
89.3
MESOZOIC
CRETACEOUS
Turonian Fault
93.5
Cenomanian BASEMENT Stratigraphic Unconformity

99.6
45
Figure 20. Chronostratigraphic chart and depositional environment of the Atrato Basin.
3.2. Atrato Basin
Geologically, few cartographic studies have been undertaken in the Atrato Basin. The most comprehensive was completed by
Haffer (1967), who also provided various biostratigraphic analyses. Haffer's 1967 lithostratigraphic descriptions are utilized in the
present report.
The Atrato sedimentary sequence is composed of six lithostratigraphic units ranging from the Lower Eocene to the Pliocene (Fig.
20). Ages were determined utilizing the abundant planktonic and benthic foraminifera. Limits between lithostratigraphic units
are similar to those recognized previously (Haffer, 1967; Duque, 1991), but have been updated to recent time scales (Gradstein et
al., 2004).
The Atrato Basin contains a thick sedimentary sequence, deposited over an igneous sedimentary basement. The total thickness
reaches 10 km and was deposited in marine environments with minor transitional and continental influences towards the
Pliocene.
The Uva, Napipí, Sierra, and Quibdó Formations outcrop extensively and are widely distributed over the western margin of the
basin, and to a lesser extent, over the eastern margin of the upper Atrato River region. By contrast, the Clavo Formation is
restricted to a single sector of the western margin of the basin.The Salaquí Formation outcrops along both margins.
Each of these Formations purports unique lithologic characteristics, including internal facies variations, that represent
differences in depositional conditions, as derived from field descriptions.
The available information shows that there are sandier facies over the eastern margin of the basin. At present however, available
data does not allow the definition of source and provenance directions.
Correlation of these units clearly shows the degree of stratigraphic continuity, and relations at depth, according to the
biostratigraphic interpretation of some wells (Fig. 21). Similarly, variations in thickness of each unit are evident, indicating
sedimentary processes controlled by differential tectonic activity. In general terms, stratigraphic units tend to become thicker
towards the south. This is most conspicuous for the Uva Formation whose thickness varies from approximately 1,200 m in the
north to approximately 2,300 m in the south.
It is also worth noting that the Salaquí Formation, in the Rio Murrí section, outcrops in fault contact with the Quibdó Formation.
In this section, the Salaquí Formation is composed of 1,700 m of conglomerates with two interbedded lava flows.
3.2.1 Exploratory wells in the Atrato Basin
Between 1953 and 1983, various oil companies drilled five wells in the Atrato Basin. The stratigraphic and biostratigraphic
information of each well has been re-evaluated by various authors, looking to define more precisely the limits between each
lithologic unit. The comparison of lithostratigraphic boundaries demonstrates incongruency in the definition of the tops and
bases of each unit. With respect to the present study, only those biostratigraphic schemes considered most consistent were
utilized in stratigraphic correlation between wells.
Buchadó-1 was the first well drilled in the basin and the one that provides the most significant data (Table 2). Studies are mainly
biostratigraphic, based on foraminifera.
BUCHADÓ-1 (T.D. 15539’)

(Richmond Petroleum Company, 1953)
Richmond, Robertson, Robertson, Suárez, Duque-Caro, Muñoz y
FORMATION 1954 1985 1988 1990 1991 Cogollo, 2000
No samples
Quibdó 1320’ 5000’ above 6090’ 1305’
Munguidó
Sierra 5805’ 7000’ 6300’ (?) 8650’ ~8659’ 6750’
Napipí 6490’ 11000’ 8700’ (?) 10140’ ~10345’
Uva 10160’ 12740’ 13400’ (?) 13160’ ~10120’ No samples
below
Salaquí Unknow
13170’ 15539’ 6750’
sedimentary Table 2. Tops of the lithostratigraphic
sequence units as defined in the Buchadó-1
Clavo 15539’ (?) 15539’ (?) 15424’ (?) 15539’

Medellín
Bojayá River
Murrí River
2900 m.
BASEMENT
Structural repetition?
Table 3 shows the stratigraphic schemes for the Urodó-1 and Opogadó-1 wells. For the Urodó-1 the tops of each
lithostratigraphic unit, as defined by Muñoz and Cogollo (2001) are based on biostratigraphic information. For the same well,
Suárez (1990) and Duque-Caro (1991) defined each top according to seismic horizons tied to the Buchadó-1 and Opogadó-1
wells.
URODÓ-1 (T.D. 15000’) OPOGADÓ-1 (T.D. 11372’)

(Superior Oil Co., 1953) (Continental de Col. & Oil Gulf Co. , 1974)
FORMATION Suárez, Duque-Caro, Muñoz y Cont. y Robertson, Suarez, Duque-Caro,

1990 1991 Cogollo, 2000 Gulf, 1974 1985 1990 1991
Quibdó 4650’ (?)

Munguidó
Sierra 7350’ 5600’ (?) 7300’ 7300’
Napipí 1000’ ~1057’ 3850’ 9700’ 9719’ (?) 9050’ 9050’
Uva 6400’ ~6400’ 13850’ (?) 10050’ 10382’ (?) 9950’ 10450’
Salaquí 11200’ (?) Unknow 10450’ Unknow

No samples
sedimentary sedimentary Table 3. Tops of lithostratigraphic units as
below
sequence sequence
Clavo 15000’ (?) 15000’
13850’ 11372’ (?) 11372’ (?) 11372’ 11372’
defined in the Urodó-1 and Opogadó-1
Table 4 presents stratigraphic schemes for the Pacurita-1 and Nécora-1 wells. Muñoz and Cogollo (2001) presented schemes are
based on biostratigraphy, whereas others are based on seismic reflectors tied to the Opogadó-1 well.
PACURITA-1 (T.D. 9489’) NÉCORA-1 (T.D. 6503’)

(Asamera Inc., 1981) (Asamera Inc. , 1983)
Suárez, Duque-Caro, Muñoz y Suárez, Muñoz y
FORMATION 1990 1991 Cogollo, 2000 1990 Cogollo, 2000
Quibdó No samples
above 3170’
Munguidó
Sierra 1605’ ~1312’ 2210’ (?) 660’ 3890’
Napipí 4550’ ~3490’ 6530’ (?) 2860’ 3980’
Uva 5405’ 4630’ 6503’

No samples
Salaquí Unknow
9489’ below 5600’
sedimentary Table 4. Tops of lithostratigraphic units
6530’
sequence
Clavo 9489’ 6503’ as defined in the Pacurita-1
and Nécora-1
3.3. San Juan Basin
A large percentage of stratigraphic studies on the San Juan Basin are of local character and are concentrated in the Istmina
Condoto High, in the upper San Juan River. From this point information has been extrapolated southward into the entire basin.
The sedimentary succession consists of five lithostratigraphic units that range in age from Paleocene to Pliocene. Temporal limits
that were taken from the available biostratigraphic data are shown in Fig. 22. According to its faunal content, most of the
succession was deposited in marine environments with a strong continental influence. The possible absence of the Paleocene
Eocene and Oligocene Upper Miocene, as evidenced in the Istmina Condoto high, suggests intense and long lasting erosive
periods. The Pliocene Raposo and Mayorquín Formations outcrop widely. The Iró and Mojarra Conglomerates outcrop
exclusively in the Istmina - Condoto High, (Fig. 22).

Formation Lithology Fossil Content Environment
Raposo Formation:
Conglomerates and lens layers of
Apparently barren
Continental alluvial fans with marine
loose sandstones and mudstones, with influence at its distal extreme.
scarce plant and wood remains.
Mayorquín Formation:
RAPOSO / MAYORQUÍN Conglomerates towards the base,
? followed by sandstones, locally
fossiliferous, interlaid with mudstones.
HOLOCENE
0.01
Tarantian (Upper)
0.1
Ionian (Middle)
PLEISTOCENE 0.7
Calabrian
(Lower)
1.8
QUATERNARY
U Gelasian
2.5
M Piacenzian
PLIOCENE 3.6 Sandstones and conglomerates mainly.
Mudstones and siltstones in a lesser Bent. Forams.: Bulimina alazanensis, Bulimina inflata, Melonis Submarine fans at bathyal depths (?)
L Zanclean proportion. Organic matter and fossil barleanus, Melonis pompilioides, Uvigerina mantaensis, Uvigerina
shells occur in some levels. rustica, Vulvulina spinosa.
5.3
Plank. Forams.: Globigerinoides immatura, Globorotalia mayeri,
Messinian Thickness: 3170 m at the Condoto
Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda, Globorotalia fohsi fohsi.
7.2 River.
U
Tortonian
11.6 CONDOTO
Serravallian Thick conglomerate layers inter- Plank. Forams.: Globigerinoides diminutus, Globigerinoides
13.8 stratified with medium to coarse bispherica (?) Submarine fans and canyons at bathyal
MIOCENE grained sandstones and silt-stones. depths (?). Distal prodelta deposits (?)
NEOGENE
Langhian Plant remains towards the top.
15.9 Thickness: 1920 m - Urriaga Crk.
Bent. Forams.: Cibicidoides mexi-
SAN JUAN GROUP

Burdigalian
LA MOJARRA CONG. cana, Gyroidina soldanii, Lenti-culina americana, Oridorsalis
I Siltstones, mudstones, and con-
CENOZOIC
20.4 ecuatoriensis, Vulvulina spinosa Distal submarine fan at bathyal depths,
? glomerates in lesser proportion. Fossil
Aquitanian shells and plant remains. associated to a prodelta environment (?)
ISTMINA Plank. Forams.: Catapsydrax dissimilis
23 Thickness: 3990 m - Suruco Rvr.
U Chattian
OLIGOCENE 28.4
L Rupelian
33.9
U Priabonian
37.2
Bartonian Pelagic limestones, chert and siliceous
mudstones, and in lesser proportion Carbonate shelf under a high productivity
40.4 Plank. Forams.:
EOCENE M fine-grained sandstones. upper- water column and away from (and
Upper Eocene: Globigerinatheka seminvoluta, Globigerinatheka under) the wave and storm influence.
Lutetian IRÓ index, Globorotalia subbotinae.
48.6 Thickness: 4252 m. at the Aguas
Claras, La Cuelga, Mongarra, and Middle Eocene: Globigerina officinalis, Globorotalia bolivariana,
L Ypresian Profundó Creeks. Pseudohastigerina micra, Orbulinoides beckmanni,
55.8 Globigerinatheka mexicana.
PALEOGENE
U Thanetian Upper Maastrichtian Lower Paleocene: Globigerina triloculinoides,
58.7 Rugoglobigerina macrocephala, Guembelerita cretacea,
Globotruncana aegyptiaca
PALEOCENE M Selandian Bent. Forams. (U. Maast.). Rzehakina epigona, Bathysiphon
61.7 cylindrica, Bathysiphon gerochi, Insculptarenula texana.
L Danian
65.5
Maastrichtian
70.6
Campanian ?
83.5 IRÓ
Santonian
Upper 85.8
Coniacian Fault ?
89.3
MESOZOIC
CRETACEOUS
Turonian

93.5 BASEMENT
Cenomanian Stratigraphic Unconformity
49
99.6
Figure 22. Chronostratigraphic chart and deposit environment of the San Juan Basin
The available information does not allow the construction of stratigraphic correlation models similar to those proposed for the
Atrato Basin. However, the seismic profile and facies interpretation presented by Petrobras (1990, Fig. 23) offers an excellent
overview for the San Juan Basin.
Figure 23. Schematic cross-section along the San Juan Basin modified after Petrobras, 1990.
SJ-81-2600
SJ-81-2400
SJ-81-2200
SJ-81-2000
SJ-81-1800
SJ-81-1600
SJ-81-1400
SJ-81-1200
LT-91-1130
TAMBORA-1
P-6200-S P-6250-S P-6450-S(P) P-82-6600-S
8 kms
12 kms
12 kms

3.3.1 Exploratory wells in the San Juan Basin
The onshore portion of the San Juan Basin has not been drilled. Offshore, the Tambora 1 well (southwest of Buenaventura) has
been used to tie-in seismic information from the San Juan Basin. According to biostratigraphic reports, most of Tambora-1 well
material was barren. However, it is thought that the well did not reach the lower Miocene (Table 5).
TAMBORA-1
(T.D. 11365’)
(Intercol, 1967)
FORMATION Robertson 1988 Muñoz y Cogollo, 2000
Raposo/Mayorquín No samples above 2666’ ?
Condoto 2696’ No samples above 8501’
Mojarra Cong.
4727’ 8501’ (?)
Istmina
Table 5. Lithostratigraphic units as
(6848’ - 11252’) defined in the Tambora-1
Iró No samples below 8501’
barren interval
3. 3. 2. The San Juan Delta. A geological model for the Cenozoic San Juan Basin
The present San Juan River delta covers a rectangular area of approximately 800 km2, limited by latitudes 4º 20' N and 3º 40' N and
longitudes 77º 20' W and 77º 40' W. Including the continental platform, maximum depths are around 1,000 m.
Progressive widening of the continental platform and the extensive San Juan submarine lobe (defined to a depth of 1,000 m)
confirms the presence of an accretionary prism, resulting from the accumulation and consolidation of sediments deposited
under deltaic and marine transitional conditions, with a high sediment input due to important tectonic controls.
Furthermore, preliminary evidence of the presence of submarine canyons in the area, suggests turbiditic events were involved in
prism development and modeling. Available geophysical data from the Golfo de Tortugas and Bahía Málaga identify major
diapiric structures and additional structural anomalies ("structural highs") which have not yet been characterized (see Fig. 24 and
Fig. 25).
The Plio-Quaternary evolution of the region provides a good model for marine and transitional marine conditions under which
abundant organic matter may accumulate. North of the area, the San Juan River has developed a Holocene delta of
approximately 800 km2, which accommodates extensive fresh water and intertidal-brackish swamps containing luxuriant
mangroves and humid tropical forests, developed under temperatures of 27º C and 10,000 mm average annual rainfall. This
environment permits the production and accumulation of volumenous quantities of organic matter. Co-seismic subsidence
related to large magnitude earthquakes frequently increases the capacity of the basin to accommodate additional sediments. A
4 m tidal range and strong coastal currents promote the formation of fine- and medium-grained sand bodies with kilometric
dimensions, represented by longitudinal fluvial tidal bars, extended tidal flats and at least four sequences of beach and barrier
island-beach complexes, which indicate the overlapping of successive deltaic events.
With an average discharge of about 6000 m3 s-1, the San Juan River alone supplies about 16x106 tonne/year of suspended
sediment. This material is distributed and deposited within the present prodelta and additionally contributes to the formation of
the vast shallow platform which characterizes the Golfo de Tortugas, recipient of important amounts of organic muds supplied
by the Raposo, Dagua and Anchicaya Rivers. Sedimentary coverage is varied and includes muds and calcareous muds with
sandy patches.
Geological data from the San Juan River delta (Correa and Restrepo, 2002; Restrepo et al., 2002) and a first approximation of
understanding of the San Juan Basin, as derived from stratigraphy and sedimentary facies, enables us to conclude that during
the Cenozoic the region provided a depocentre for calcareous, muddy and sandy sediments sourced from the north northeast.
The sediments accumulated in a southwest-prograding delta whose migration was influenced by recurring seismic (tectonic)
activity.

River
an
Ju
n
Sa
Istmina Fm.
Condoto Fm.
Mayorquín Fm.
Alluvial deposits
Tidal flat
Beach
Alluvial terrace
Bathymetry contours (m)
Figure 24. Structural map of the off-shore San Juan Basin

Figure 25. Geoseismic profiles across the off-shore San Juan Basin

4. SEISMIC
INTERPRETATION
4. SEISMIC
INTERPRETATION
4.1. Introduction
Seismic data available to analyze the

subsurface geology of the Atrato and
San Juan Basins is scarce, sparsely
distributed and incomplete. The
principle of “conceptual uncertainty”
inherent to seismic interpretation, as
discussed by Bond et al. 2007 should
prevent the propagation of
uncertainties into the future modeling
and/or risk assessments for these
basins. Likewise, this statement applies
to the petrophysical analysis of the
exploratory wells drilled in the Atrato
Basin (Chapter 5).
The present seismic study and

interpretation was executed in three
phases: 1. Compilation, quality control
and digital input of the available data, 2.
Interpretation of tectono stratigraphic
units and, 3. Subsurface cartography,
(see Fig. 26 and Table 6).
The seismic data was read and loaded in

GEOGRAPHIX TM, a specialized
software of LANDMARK. The Rio Atrato-
82 and Tutunendo-81 programs lack
SEGY information. Elaboration and
interpretation of maps for these
programs was done manually.
Figure 26. Distribution of seismic data in the study area.

PROGRAM LINE Interpreted Version
ANH-2005 A01 MIG_in_in
Table 6. Inventory of Seismic data.
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-1100 GEOSOURCE_1981_MIG_IN
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-1400 GAPS_2000_MIG_IN
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-1500 SISMOCOL_1995_MIG_IN
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-1600 Not loaded
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-1800West GAPS_2000_MIG_IN
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-2200West GAPS_2000_MIG_IN
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-2400 GEOSOURCE_1981_STACK_I
SAN JUAN-81 SJ-1981-2600 SISMOCOL_1995_MIG_IN
TUMACO_91 T-91-1130 GAPS_2000_MIG_IN
URODO-72 L-1972-A 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-B 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-C 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-D 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-E 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-F 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-G 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-H 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-I 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-J 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-K 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-L 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
URODO-72 L-1972-M 1991-CGG-MIG-O-O
TUTUNENDO-81 QA-1981-01 MIG_in_in
RIO ATRATO -82 QA-1982-03 MIG_in_in
RIO ATRATO -82 QA-1982-06A MIG_in_in
The results of the seismic interpretation for both the Atrato and San Juan basins are summarized in the following pages, using
the most relevant geoseismic profiles and structural maps. For lithostratigraphic and facies interpretations the reader is referred
to descriptions in Chapter 3.
4.2. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Interpretation of the Atrato Basin

The units defined and drilled in the basin, including the Clavo, Salaquí, Uva, Napipí, Sierra and Quibdó Formations, are described
in Chapter 3.
Some important general observations deserve particular attention here:
None of the wells drilled in the basin reached the basal Clavo Formation. A seismic sequence appears beneath
sediments mapped as the Clavo sedimentary sequence.
In the Atrato-82 program, along the eastern flank of the basin the Pre-Clavo sequence becomes thicker towards
the east. This is an exceptional case within the Cenozoic deposits, given that all other mapped lithostratigraphic
units indicate basin development towards the west.

4.2.1. Tectonic - Statigraphic Units 1 (Clavo Formation)
Figure 27. Seismic sequence underneath the Clavo Formation.

The figure corresponds to the seismic line QA-82-20
4.2.2. Tectonic Stratigraphic Unit 2 (Salaquí-Uva-Napipí Formation)
D
SW NE
L-1972-M_1991 L-1972-H_1991 L-1972-B_1991 L-1972-J_1991 L-1972-D_1991
CMP 29 49 69 89 109 129 149 169 189 209 229 249 269 289 309 329 349 369 389 409 430 CMP
Shot -190 -180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Shot
0 0
2500 NAPIPÍ 2500
UVA
3000 SALAQUÍ 3000
3500 3500
Figure 28. Seismic configuration of the Salaquí Formation

within which two cycles are observed.

UVA
4.2.4. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Unit 4 (Quibdó Formation)
TO
PN
AP
IPÍ
TO
PU
VA
TO
PS
AL
AQ
UÍ
TO
PC
LA
VO
TOP BASEM
ENT
Figure 32. Mud diapirism is associated with tectonic events in Quibdó

Formation time. Seismic line L-72-J.
4.3. Tectonic - Stratigraphic Interpretation of the San Juan Basin

Note that the seismic pattern and features recorded in this basin are quite different from those defined in the Atrato basin.
4.3.1. Tectonic-Stratigraphic Unit 1 (Iró, Istmina Formations)
Tectono-stratigraphic unit 1 represents the development of the Iró and Istmina Formations, deposited on a rapidly subsiding
platform limited along the flanks by submarine canyons. The basement can be inferred as the oldest reflector, which outlines
some of the paleomorphology.

NW SE
NW
0 0 0
500 500 500
1000 1000 1000
1500 1500 1500
2000 2000 2000
2500 2500 2500
3000 3000 3000
3500 3500 3500
4000 4000 4000
Figure 33. Seismic configuration of Tectono-Stratigraphic Unit 1 along seismic lines SJ-81-1100 and TB-91-1130. The Iró
Formation, which forms the basal part of this unit, is highlighted in yellow. Carbonate sequences are highlighted in green. A S-SW
prograding sequence (composite submarine fans?) appears at right, following basement paleo-relief. This configuration is
interpreted as part of a NE-SW oriented paleo-delta.
Figure 34. Carbonate patch reefs in Tectono-Stratigraphic Unit 1. Line SJ-81-1400.

Figure 35. Seismic configuration of the Istmina Formation (green) along seismic line SJ-81-2200.
4.3.2. Tectono - Stratigraphic Unit 2 (La Mojarra Conglomerates - Condoto Formation)
Figure 36. Seismic configuration of La Mojarra Conglomerates (green) along seismic line TB-91-1130.
Figure 36. Seismic configuration of the Condoto Formation (green) along seismic line SJ-81-2400

4.4. Sub-Surface Structural Maps
100
0
3000
500
0
7000
9000
1100
130
0
00
150
00
1000
3000
500
0
700
0
900
0
110
00
130
00
150
00
00
100
00
120
00
00
100
140
0
900
0
00
14
0
00
12
Figure 38. Structural Map Top El Clavo Formation

300
0
500
0
70
00
900
0
11
00
0
5000
7000
9000
11000
14000
10000
12000
8000
80
00
0
800
14000
12000
10000
Figure 39. Structural Map Top Salaquí Formation

10
00
300
50
0
00
700
0
10
00
300
50
0
00
700
0
90
10
00
00
1000
3000
5000
7000
1000
9000
00
150
21000
23000
11000
19000
17000
0
00
13
0
1500
0
1900
17000
13000
13
0
00
00
23
0
00
110
0
00
11
210
0 00
00
13
15000
19
17000
00
0
Figure 40. Structural Map Top Uva Formation

3000
1000
5000
7000
9000
1000
7000
300
5000
900
0
0
0
500
13000
0
1100
7000
9000
13000
7000
11000
9000
7000
5000
00
90
70
00
7000
9000
Figure 41. Structural Map Top Napipi Formation

1000
0
200
0
3000
0
1000
200
3000
0
100
200
0
3000
0
1000
500
500
00
1000
15
500
0
50
Figure 42. Structural Map Top Sierra Formation

19000
1300
18000
140
16
0
00 17000
15
00
0
00
0
16000
00
130 15000
14000
1300
140
00
0
00
13
00
140
00
140
0 0
00
00
14
15
15
00
0
16
00 0
140 0 00 0
00 13 00
12
150
00 0
00
11
00
15
00
160
0
16
17
00
00
0
13
0
00
12
0
00
0
15000
18
00
0
0
00
0
15000
1600
17
16000
1900
17000
0
00
00
18
0
190
0
1800
150
00
00
00
200
200
0
00
12
0
00
0
00
22
13
0
17000 00
21
00
0
00
120
0
00
00
11
190
18
0
00
22
14000
00
200
0
00
15000
21
16000
17000
19000
180
22000
00
200
00
23000
24000
25000
2600
0
240
27
0
00
0
0
00
250
0
00
26
0
00
25
24000
Figure 43. Structural Map Top Basement

Figure 44. Structural Map Top Iró Formation

Figure 45. Structural Map Top Istmina Formation

Figure 46. Structural Map Top Condoto Formation

5. PETROPHYSICAL
EVALUATION
5. PETROPHYSICAL
EVALUATION
5.1. Introduction
This study includes the petrophysical evaluation of the sedimentary sequence drilled by five wells in the Atrato basin.
The main lithological units that were characterized are Sierra, Napipí, Uva, Salaquí and Clavo Formations.
5.2. Objectives
To carry out petrophysical analysis in five wells drilled in the Atrato basin, in order to determining clay volume, lithology,
porosity, and fluid saturation in the different reservoirs identified.
To obtain an internally consistent compilation of petrophysical properties and results for the evaluated wells. To present
validated standardized data of original curves, and petrophysical calculations that allow a more precise evaluation of
potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.
5.3. Available Data and Quality Control
As noted, evaluations were based upon information from five wells drilled by different operators between 1953 and 1983. Well
logs were obtained in consistent LAS format. Graphic images of some of the field logs and various well reports were also used.
Table 7 presents an inventory of the wells and the available logs. The sampling frequency of the input files for the evaluations
was two (2) data points per foot. The applied neutron porosity (NPHI) was acquired in a sandstone matrix (2.65 gr/cc).
5.3.1. Core Data
No conventional core analysis data is available for any of the wells, in order to complete a core-log calibration. For this reason the
present evaluation is based upon typical log responses in open holes.
5.4. Shale Content

Due to the absence of GR logs for most of the intervals, the "average clay volume" (VCLAV) method was used. This consists of the
calculation of an arithmetic average of the clay volume, as obtained from the curves GR, SP and Resistivity (VclGR, VclSP and VclR).
When applicable, the GR log was used to generate a normalized gamma ray curve, assuming a linear relationship, as
supplied by the following equation:
VclGR (clay volume) = (GRlog GRclean) / (GRshale Grclean)
For the SP curve the following lineal method was used:
VclSP (clay volume) = (SPlog SPclean) / (SPshale Spclean)

WELL LOG INVENTORY
Well Interval Well Log
(ft) GR SP ILD LN SN LAT SFLA DT NPHI RHOB MNOR MINV
Buchadó-1 15 - 3510 X X X X
1953 3510 - 7350 X X X X X X
7350 - 9700 X X X X
9700 - 9850 X X X X X X
9850 - 10700 X X X X
10700 - 12585 X X X X X X
12585 - 13040 X X X X
13040 - 13250 X X X X X X
14600 - 14520 X X X X
14520 - 15492 X X X X X X
Urodó-1 60 - 995 X X X
1973 1008 - 3490 X X X X
3510 - 9430 X X X X X
9525 - 11995 X X X X
12030 - 15000 X X X
Opogadó-1 100 - 990 X X X
1974 1015 - 3640 X X
3680 - 5050 X X X X X
5200 - 7700 X X X
7700 - 10020 X X X X X
10020 - 10515 X X X
10515 - 11358 X X X X X
Pacurita-1 40 - 1220 X X X
1981 1220 - 4000 X X X X
4000 - 6790 X X X X X X X
6800 - 9445 X X X X X X X X X
Nécora-1 60 - 640 X X X
1983 690 - 2370 X X X
2460 - 6300 X X X X X X X X X
6300 - 6380 X X X X X X
6380 - 6470 X X X X X X X X X
Table 7. Well log inventory, Atrato Basin
In the case of the resistivity logs, the shale indicator was obtained in the following way:
When Rt is greater than 2 * Rshale :
Whilst for all other cases VclR = Z VclR (clay volume) = 0.5 * (2*Z)0.67*(Z+1)
The SP log was corrected for drift using a "base line clay" value of zero (0). The obtained curve (SP_shift) indicates the presence of
permeable rock in the cases that there exists enough salinity contrast between the mud filtrate and the formation water. VclSP
generally indicates a larger quantity of reservoir rock than VclGR.
In general VclSP> VclGR> VclR, however, the curve VclGR approximately corresponds to VclAV. As such, when using this finished
curve, an appropriate shale indicator may be obtained.

5.5. Porosity Determination
In the case of the wells Nécora-1 and Pacurita-1, porosity was estimated using the Cross density (RHOB) and neutron (NPHI) Plot,
applying a grain density of 2.65 gr/cc and a fluid density of 0.8 gr/cc (well perforated with water based mud). Values for wet clay
density were between 2.67-2.70 gr/cc and for dry clay density 2.80 gr/cc. The neutron value for wet clay was between 0.53-0.57.
When the density (RHOB) and neutron (NPHI) logs were not available, the total porosity was obtained from the sonic log (DT)
using the Wyllie's equation:
PHIT =
The maximum limit of settled porosity was 30%, with a matrix travel time of 55.5 sec/ft, water travel time of 189 sec/ft and a
compaction factor of 1.
In the case of wells Opogadó-1 and Buchadó-1, for which curves to calculate porosity were unavailable, the empirical
relationship of Faust was used. This consists of making petrophysical correlations between velocity (travel time) and Resistivity,
and in turn between the Resistivity and porosity.
0.167 0.167
SVEL_Faust (ft/sec) = 1948 * (Resistivity) * (Depth)
DT_Faust (msec) = 1,000,000 / SVEL_Faust
For the evaluated units, the total porosity was obtained using the curve DT_Faust (pseudo sonic), contained within Wyllie's
equation for average time, as follows:
Where:
Dt = Sonic input curve (DT_Faust)

Dtma = Sonic matrix value (55.5 uSec /ft)
Dtcl = Sonic clay value (98 uSec /ft)
Dtfl = Sonic filtrate value (189 uSec /ft)
Dthy = Sonic hydrocarbon (220 uSec /ft)
Vcl = Wet clay volume (VCLRes)
Sxo = Flushed zone water saturation (0.8 1.0)
Cp = Compaction factor (1,0)
The effective porosity (PHIE) was obtained in order to correct the apparent total porosity value (PHIT), with respect to the clay
volume (VCL).
5.6. Hydrocarbon Saturation
5.6.1. Temperature
The calculated temperature was derived from the calculated linear gradient based upon the maximum temperature registered
at the bottom of the well and the temperature measured on the surface at the moment of log's acquisition (80 °F).
5.7. Salinity and Rw
The values of formation water resistivity (Rw) were obtained using the crossplot method of Pickett, where, for a water bearing
zone, the relationship of Total Porosity (PHIT) to True Resistivity (RT) and Index of Clay Volume (VCLAV) in the axis Z, can be
plotted.

Different Rw's were obtained for each of the wells. It was not possible to differentiate them based upon individual drilled units
due to the low quality of information from the wells. The obtained values of Rw and their corresponding salinity with respect to
reference temperature (60 F°) are presented below:
Rw Salinity Salinity
Well
(Ohm-m) ppm [NaCl] ppm [Cl-]
Nécora-1 0.045 @ 60 F° 102,115 62,075
Pacurita-1 0.320 @ 60 F° 18,170 11,045
Opogadó-1 0.650 @ 60 F° 9,740 5,920
Urodó-1 0.750 @ 60 F° 8,585 5,220
Buchadó-1 0.620 @ 60 F° 10,150 6,170
Using the above Rw values an evaluation of water saturation (Sw) for each of the wells was carried out.
5.8. Sw from Resistivity
For the calculation of water saturation (Sw) the modified method of Simandoux was used, in order to correct for the argillaceous
nature of some of the lithological units of interest. The appropriate is:
The obtained curve appears like SWF (Final Water Saturation). As values required in the model, the theoretical values of
tortuosity factor were assumed “a” = 1, cementation factor of Archie “m” = 2 and saturation exponent of Archie n = 2.
5.9. Permeability
There is no available core data which permits calculation of a permeability relationship, however in order to present a qualitative
value, the empirical relationships between Tixier and Timur may be applied. Timur represents the most conservative value and
was used herein to represent permeability relationship averages.
5.10. Results
5.10.1. Sums and Averages
For the intervals of interest, average petrophysical properties were obtained using the following parameters \cutoffs:
Maximum clay volume for a Net Reservoir Rock 65%

Minimum Porosity for a Net Reservoir Rock 1%
Maximum Sw for a Net pay cutoff 50%
The Net Reservoir Rock summary is as follows:

Top Base Gross Net PHIE Sw Vcl
N/G
Well MD Thickness Thickness
MD
(ft) (%) (%) (%)
(ft) (ft) (ft) Ratio
Nécora-1 43 6490 6447 32 0.005 10.5 77.5 62.6
Pacurita-1 3957 8984 5028 106 0.021 15.4 81.0 46.5
Opogadó-1 94 11357 11263 395 0.035 12.0 90.4 58.6
Urodó-1 62 15002 14940 1154 0.077 7.8 99.1 34.6
Buchadó-1 2399 15539 13141 911 0.069 14.5 100 45.6

The units do not present areas saturated in hydrocarbons. None of the analyzed wells is a producer.
5.11. Graphics
Composite logs of the evaluations completed for each of the wells are contained in Figs. 47-51. The 1:2,500 vertical graphic scale
shows the original completed logs and petrophysical evaluations.
The composite logs each contain nine tracks with the following information:
Track Curves
1 GR, Caliper, Bit Size and tops
2 Depth in feet (MD)
3 Resistivity curves (deep and shallow)
Density (RHOB), neutron (NPHI),

4 acoustic (DT)
5 Effective porosity (PHIE), oil and water
6 Final Water Saturation (SWF)
Volume evaluation
7 (clay, porosity, grains)
Net Reservoir Rock flag (green)
8 and Net Pay flag (red)
Empirical Permeability KTI (Timur)
9 and Ktx (Tixier)
5.12. Digital Data
Files were generated in LAS format with a sampling frequency of 2 values per foot. Mnemonics of the curves generated and
exported in this evaluation are:
BVW Volume of water in the porous space.
LIT Interpreted Lithology.
KTI Permeability Timur.
PHIE Effective porosity.
PHIT Total porosity.
SWF Final Water Saturation.
VWCL Volume of Wet Clay.
VCLGR Index of Clay Volume.
5.13. Conclusions
Only the wells Nécora-1 and Pacurita-1 present logs data that lead to a quantitative petrophysical interpretation.
In general the drilled units are shale-rich and a well developed reservoir was not recorded. Regardless, it is possible to
identify small sandy packages of reservoir quality, with porosities in the range of 8 to 15% and water saturations
exceeding 80%. No commercial accumulations of hydrocarbons have been drilled in the Atrato and San Juan Basins,
but during drilling, significant showings of oil and gas were recorded.

NÉCORA-1 (1983)
ILD / PHIT
7795 points plotted out of 12895
Parameter : Rw : 0.045
Parameter : Rw Form Temp : 0.0251
Parameter : m exponent : 2.
Parameter : n exponent : 2.
Parameter : a factor : 1.
Depths
43.F - 6490.F
Figure 47. Pickett crossplot Nécora-1
PACURITA-1 (1981)
ILD / PHIT
Depths
1223.5F - 3999.5F
3999.5F - 9458.5F
Figure 48. Pickett crossplot Pacurita-1

OPOGADÓ-1 (1974)
ILD / PHIT
Depths
94.F - 11357.F
Figure 49. Pickett crossplot Opogadó-1
URODÓ-1 (1973)
ILD / PHIT
Depths
62.F - 15002.F
Figure 50. Pickett crossplot Urodó-1

BUCHADÓ-1 (1953)
ILD / PHIT
Depths
2398.F - 15539.F
Figure 51. Pickett crossplot Buchadó-1

6. GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION
AND MODELING
6. GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION
AND MODELING
6.1. INTRODUCTION
The presence of active hydrocarbon

seeps in the both San Juan and Atrato
basins evidences the present-day
generation and migration of crude
oil, and thus, the existence of at least
two as yet untested oil systems. In
order to clarify these observations, a
geochemical reinterpretation of all
available information was initiated.
This information permitted the
geochemical characterization of
potential source rocks, their
correlation to the hydrocarbon found
i n s e e p s, a n d s i m u l a t i o n o f
hydrocar bon generation and
expulsion mechanisms in both
basins.
Although results of the generation

and expulsion modeling in the two
basins suggest very favorable
generation conditions, there is no
doubt that the most significant
obstacle preventing a better
understanding of the geochemistry
of these two basins is the lack of field
data.
Approximately 60 PDF Format

documents were gathered, 19 of
which contain geochemical
information. However, most of these
documents reiterate information
from previous studies. The
compilation of geochemical source
data is presented in Fig. 52
Figure 52. Geochemical source data available for the evaluation and
modeling of the Atrato and San Juan Basins.

County Oil seep
Town Place
Police post Sample location Figure 53. Location map of out crop samples in the Atrato basin.

6.3.5. Kerogen Type
According to Robertson Research (1988), within Buchadó-1, 59% inertinite, 40% vitrinite, 1% sapropelite, and kerogen type III
was identified by means of organic petrographic analysis. It is evident that kerogen type III, with gas-generating characteristics, is
not the precursor of the oil reported in the basin.
6.3.6. Generating Potential
According to the scant information assessed, generating potential is poor, but it is impossible to define the true generating
potential of the basin's potential source rocks until they are geochemically characterized, and until it has been defined whether
or not they function as part of an effective oil-generating system.
6.3.7. Oil-Rock Correlation
It would be necessary to initiate a field campaign designed to map and sample the Salaquí and Clavo Formations (hypothetical
generating rocks). Such a program would permit geochemical characterization of these units, and correlate them to
hydrocarbons reported for Buchadó-1 and the oil seeps found in the region.
6.3.8. Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion Simulation
Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes for Clavo Formation were modeled using PetroMod 1D software.
In order to simulate a point (Atrato Pseudo-well) where the rocks would have reached sufficient depths, a point was chosen on
the projection of seismic line QA-1982-20. This point was adjusted to the basement maps produced in the present study (Figs. 54
and 55).
Figure 54. Location of selected seismic line QA-1982-20.

Figure 55. Location of Atrato Pseudo-well projected toward the center of the basin.
The interpretation of each stratigraphic unit's top with respect to the pseudo-well is presented in Fig. 56
Atrato pseudo well
Figure 56. Seismic line QA-1982-20 interpreted along a southwesterly projection.
6.3.8.1. Thermal Model
The lack of maturity data makes it difficult to interpret the basin's definitive thermal history. In the present study, a conservative
scenario using a constant heat flow history characteristic of Cenozoic basins was applied. Current heat flow was interpreted
based upon the zone's BHT data (Fig. 57).
Figure 57. Atrato basin heat flow history.

BHT data from Buchadó-1 were used to generate the present geothermal gradient and to calibrate the pseudo-well obtained
(Fig. 58).
-1
Figure 58. BHT data and thermal gradient calculation.
This model provides graphs of A) expected temperatures in the calibrated sequence, using the current calculated thermal
gradient, B) thermal maturity behavior curve in the sequence, C) paleotemperatures of Clavo Formation generating interval, and
D) maturity behavior over time ( Fig. 59).

Temperature (Celsius)
Figure 59. Calibration, temperature, and maturity vs. time curves
6.3.8.2. Geochemical Model
Geochemical modeling indicates that the hydrocarbon seeps are definite evidence of past or current hydrocarbon generation
processes, despite the fact that generating rocks are still to be identified and characterized. However, based on lithological
characteristics and sedimentary environment, it can be speculated that the upper section of El Clavo Formation could exhibit
source rock characteristics that can be correlated to the reported oil seeps (Fig. 60).
PLEISTOCENE
QUIBDÓ
SIERRA
SIERRA ERODED
SIERRA
NAPIPÍ ERODED
NAPIPÍ
UVA ERODED
UVA
SALAQUÍ ERODED
SALAQUÍ
CLAVO ERODED
CLAVO SOURCE
Figure 60. Geochemical model input data
CLAVO

6.3.8.3. Generation and Expulsion Model
Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes for the Clavo source interval were modeled by using PetroMod 1D software.
Input data for the sedimentary sequence and lithostratigraphic units, including erosion and sedimentation times, were taken
from the Atrato chronostratigraphic column (Chapter 3). Input data for the thickness of each of the formations were obtained
from the interpreted seismic lines (see Chapter 4 and Fig. 61)
PLEISTOCENE
QUIBDÓ
SIERRA
SIERRA ERODED
SIERRA
NAPIPÍ ERODED
NAPIPÍ
UVA ERODED
UVA
SALAQUÍ ERODED
SALAQUÍ
CLAVO ERODED
Figure 61. Input data for the geological model
CLAVO SOURCE
CLAVO
According to the model, the temperature curve and calibration points match very well, and the thermal maturity (Ro) values
expected at the base of Clavo Formation stand at around 1.70%, as indicated in the burial history graph (Fig. 62)
Figure 62. Burial history of Atrato Basin vs. thermal maturity

Modeling results indicate that the Clavo Formation's generating interval attained 100% transformation. Hydrocarbon expulsion
time for the Clavo generating interval initiated in the Lower Miocene (about 20 Ma), with important expulsion peaks between
the Miocene and the Upper Pliocene (8-3 Ma), contemporary with Sierra Formation sedimentation (Fig. 63).
Figure 63. Transformation percentage and main generation peaks.
6.4. San Juan Basin
6.4.1. Geochemical Characterization

Source rock characterization was undertaken based upon 57 out crop samples collected south of the Municipality of Tadó,
within stratigraphic sections exposed along the Aguas Claras, La Cuelga, Profundó, and San Bernabe creeks, as well as along the
Mongarrá River (Mera and Piragua, 2000; Fig. 64).
Of the 57 samples collected to define the generating potential and maturity of the sequence, 21 samples were from the upper
Iró Formation, 16 from the middle Iró Formation and 20 from the lower Iró Formation. Samples also underwent pyrolysis and total
organic carbon (TOC) analysis.
6.4.1.1. Parameters
Source rock assessment and characterization were made through analysis of quantity, quality, and maturity parameters with
respect to contained organic matter (see Tables 8, 9, and 10.)
Organic Matter
TOC Rock – Eval Pyrolisis

Petroleum Potential
(wt.%) S1a S2b
Poor 0 – 0.5 0 – 0.5 0 – 2.5
Fair 0.5 – 1 0.5 – 1 2.5 – 5
Good 1–2 1–2 5 – 10
Very Good 2–4 2–4 10 – 20
Excellent >4 >4 > 20
Table 8. Geochemical parameters describing oil-producing potential (quantity) of immature rock.

HI (mg HC/g)
Kerogen Type S2 / S3
TOC
I > 600 > 15
II 300 – 600 10 – 15
II/IIIb 200 – 300 5 – 10
III 50 – 200 1 -5
IV < 50 <1
Table 9. Geochemical Parameters describing kerogen type (quality).
Maturation Generation
Stage of Thermal Ro Tmax Bitumen / Pic

Maturity for Oil (%) (°C) TOCb [S1 / (S1+S2)]
Immature 0.2 – 0.6 < 435 1.5 – 2.6 < 0.10
Early 0.6 – 0.65 435 - 445 0.05 – 0.10 0.10 – 0.15

Mature Peak 0.65 -0.9 445 – 450 0.15 – 0.25 0.25 – 0.40
Late 0.9 – 1.35 450 – 470 - > 0.40
Postmature > 1.35 > 470 - -
Table 10. Geochemical parameters describing thermal maturity level.
6.4.2. Thermal Maturity
Maturity level for the whole section (upper, middle, and lower Iró ) shows an average Tmax of 435º C, characterizing it as
immature but very close to entering the oil-generating window (Fig. 64).
Figure 64. Tmax vs. Hydrogen Index Diagram.

6.4.3. Organic Content
The upper Iró shows TOC values between 0.12% and 23.95%, with a 7.55% average,
placing it in an excellent range. The Middle-Medium Iró shows a 2.12% average TOC,
which places it in a good range.The lower Iró shows 4.77% average, also placing it in an
excellent range. It must be highlighted here that, in terms of organic matter content, at
least four intervals are identified with excellent generating potential (Fig. 65).
Figure 65. Organic content geochemical profile
6.4.4. Kerogen Type
Hydrogen Index (HI) average content for the Upper Iró is 405 mg HC/gr COT, showing type II kerogen predominance; HI average
content for Middle Iró is 201 mg HC/gr COT, showing type III kerogen predominance, and HI average content for Lower Iró is
332,33 mg HC/gr COT, showing type II kerogen predominance. (Fig. 66)
Figure 66. Van Krevelen Diagram

6.4.5. Generating Potential
The Upper Iró shows 38.99 mg Hc/ rock gr average oil-producing potential (S1+S2), which is considered excellent; the Middle Iró
shows 9.35 mg Hc/ rock gr oil-producing potential, a good potential; the Lower Iró records 23.36 mg Hc/ rock gr, also an excellent
potential. In general, by relating the genetic potential (S1+S2) to percentage of organic content, the Iró Formation samples
(upper, middle, lower) show generating potential ranging from favorable to excellent (Fig. 67).
Figure 67. Genetic potential (S1+S2) vs. % TOC
6.4.6. Oil Rock Correlation
Seven rock extracts derived from out crop samples, including two from the Upper Iró, two from Middle Iró, and three from the
Lower Iró, were analyzed by means of liquid and gas chromatography, fitted with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). This work was
intended to characterize bitumen and to correlate the results with analysis from four oil seeps found in the region (biomarker
analysis). Oil seeps and out crop samples are located to the south of the Municipality of Tadó ( Fig. 68).
Crude oil - rock correlation was achieved through the application of biomarker analysis. Some features of the organic molecules
used in biomarker analysis are outlined below are:
They comprise complex organic compounds, made up of C and H and other elements.
They are found in crude oil, bitumen and rock.
They show no structural change in comparison to that which living organisms had.
They include compounds of the pristine-, phitane-, sterane-, triterpane- and porfirine-types.
They are analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

County Oil seep
Town Place
Police post Sample location Figure 68. Location of oil seeps and rock samples

6.4.6.1. Biodegradation in Oil Seeps
Oil from seeps was subjected to liquid chromatography in order to quantify saturates, aromatics, and NSO compound contents,
which partially reveal the nature of the organic matter in the source rock, including the degree of maturity and the intensity of
the post-expulsion alteration processes (Fig. 69).
Figure 69. Triangular diagram of crude oil factions
This simple analysis aided in the determination of the least biodegraded crude oil, which in this case corresponds to slightly
biodegraded oil found in El Padre creek (ID=QP-I-07). This crude had the lowest value for resins and asphaltane fractions. It's
saturates value however was relatively high.
6.4.6.2. Sedimentation Environment
Determining the sedimentary environment of source rocks for the Iró Formation (rock extracts), and the oil seep's source rock,
was undertaken on the basis of characteristic biomarkers.
The Disteranes/Steranes ratio increases in siliciclastic or proximal (deltaic) continental marine environments, where the presence
of clay increases the steranes content. The Ts/Tm ratio indicates siliciclastic environments and/or a higher degree of thermal
evolution.
In the present case, the oil from the selected seep correlated perfectly to the extracts in the ratios <1 Disteranes/Steranes and
Ts/Tm <1, suggesting a carbonate-influenced marine sedimentary environment. (Fig. 70)
Figure 70. Relations of biomarkers indicating sedimentation environment.

The high level of C29 steranes relates to proximal marine environments, with a large contribution from superior plants, whereas
the abundance of C27 steranes are associated with marine environments with a larger contribution from plankton.
Again, studied oil seep and rock extracts show excellent correlation with respect to biomarker ratios, indicating that source rocks
were not deposited in proximal environments, but in platform environments, with a regular contribution from plankton (Fig. 71).
Figure 71. Relations of biomarkers indicating sedimentation environment
6.4.6.3. Oxic vs. Anoxic Conditions
Although high C35/C34 hopane ratios (>1) are characteristic of anoxic hipersaline environments, in the present case the relation
of oil seep to rock extracts reveals a <1 ratio, despite good correlation, suggesting that the sedimentary environment was not
totally anoxic (Fig. 72)
Figure 72. Ratios of anoxia-indicating biomarkers.
High Gamacerane/C30 Hopanes ratios are another major indicator of highly anoxic and salinity conditions in the sedimentary
environment. By graphing the C35/C34 hopane ratios, we obtain an excellent tool to determine anoxic conditions.
In the present case, seep samples and outcrop rock extracts fall in an intermediate zone, indicating suboxic sedimentary
environments (Fig. 73)

Figure 73. Ratios of anoxia-indicating biomarkers
6.4.7. Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion Simulation
Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes for the Iró Formation were modeled using PetroMod 1D software. In order to
simulate a location (San Juan Pseudo-well) where rocks had reached sufficient depths, a point was selected on a deeper
interpreted seismic line, adjusted to the basement map built for this project (Fig. 74).
Figure 74. Location of San Juan Pseudowell

The seismic line chosen for location of the pseudo-well, and interpretation of each stratigraphic unit's limits was TB-91-1130 (Fig.
75)
San Juan pseudo well
LINE TB-91-1130
Istmina
Figure 75. Interpreted seismic line TB-91-1130
6.4.7.1 Thermal Model.
The lack of maturity data makes it difficult to

interpret the basin's thermal history. In the present
study, a conservative scenario using a constant
heat flow history characteristic of Cenozoic basins
was applied. Current heat flow was interpreted
based upon the zone's BHT data (Fig.76).
Figure 76. Heat flow history
-1
BHT data used to generate the current geothermal

gradient and calibrate the model corresponded to
the Urodó-1 well (Fig. 77).
Figure 77. BHT data and thermal gradient calculation.
This model provides graphs of expected temperature levels; A) in the sequence using the current calculated thermal gradient, B)
thermal maturity behavior curve in the sequence, C) generating interval, D) paleotemperatures and, E) maturity behavior over
time (Fig. 78).
Istmina Istmina
Figure 78. Calibration, temperature and maturity along time curves.
6.4.7.2 Geochemical Model
Given geochemical data indicating that the Iró Formation's generating intervals show excellent generating potential, and
additionally correlate well with the oil seep samples, we conclude that these geochemical characteristics provide valid input
data for the proposed model (Fig. 79).
Mayorquin
Condoto Eroded
Condoto
Istmina Eroded
Istmina
Int A Eroded
Int A
Iró Upper
Int B
Iró Medio Eroded

Iró Medio
Iró Lower A
Intervalo C Figure 79. Geochemical model input data
Iró Lower B
Basement
6.4.7.3. Generation and Expulsion Model
Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes for the Iró Formation were modeled with PetroMod 1D software. Input data
for the sedimentary sequences, lithostratigraphic units, erosion, and sedimentation time data, were taken from the
chronostratigraphic column studied for this project. Input data for the thickness of each formation were taken from seismic lines
interpreted in this project (Fig. 80).
Mayorquin
Condoto Eroded
Condoto
Istmina Eroded
Istmina
Int A Eroded
Int A
Iró Upper
Int B
Iró Medio Eroded
Iró Medio
Iró Lower A
Intervalo C
Iró Lower B Figure 80. Geologic model input data
Basement
According to the model, temperature curve and calibration points match well, as do the expected thermal maturity data at the
base of lower Iró Formation, which would stand at Ro = 3.5%, as indicated in the burial history graph (Fig. 81).
Istmina
Istmina
Istmina
Figure 81. Burial history vs. thermal maturity
Modeling results show that the generating interval C located within the Iró Formation, reached approximately 80%
transformation, whereas interval B reached about 5% transformation, and interval A generated no hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon
expulsion time for interval C starts in the Lower Eocene (~43 Ma) with an important expulsion peak in the Lower Miocene (~20
Ma) contemporary with Istmina Formation sedimentation (Fig. 82).
Figure 82. Transformation percentage and main generation peaks.
6.5. Conclusions
6.5.1 Atrato Basin
Oil and gas samples reported from Buchadó-1 well, and the presence of oil seeps, provide evidence of hydrocarbon
generation in the basin, which must ultimately correspond to some sedimentary facies (source interval), with good
hydrocarbon generation characteristics. This interval remains to be pinpointed and geochemically characterized.
According to the hypothetical expulsion and generation model proposed, any interval with good generation
characteristics located below 11,000 feet would have expulsed hydrocarbon.
The Clavo Formation source interval initiated generation in the Middle Eocene and attained 100% transformation.
The main generation peaks for this source interval would be concentrated between the Upper Miocene and Pliocene.
6.5.2. San Juan Basin
The geochemical characteristics determined in this study indicate that some of the Iró Formation intervals show very high
organic content and excellent generating potential. In comparison, Iró Formation organic contents and generating
potential are higher than those of the source formations of the Middle Magdalena and Upper Magdalena Basins.
The extracts and less biodegraded crude from the oil seeps show good geochemical parameter correlation, suggesting
that more mature facies of the Iró formation might be genetically related to hydrocarbon showings.
Interpretation of biomarkers suggests that Iró Formation-facies sedimentation took place in a carbonate-influenced
suboxic marine platform environment.
According to the model, source rocks would reach the oil generation window at approximately 12,000 feet
Interval C, at the top of lower Iró Formation, is the only interval to expulse hydrocarbon. Largest volumes appear in the
upper Eocene, Lower Miocene, and Pliocene.
Any source interval located beneath Interval C of the lower Iró Formation would have 100% transformation, and expulsion
would be earlier.
Transformation rates for Interval C are approximately 80%
7. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
(Summary)
(Summary)
7.1. General Statement
The available seismic information permits visualization and definition of stratigraphic and structural characteristics as a whole,
which in turn enables the inference of structural and stratigraphic traps suitable for hydrocarbon accumulation.
Major structures found in both the Atrato and San Juan Basins merit the undertaking of formal exploration campaigns.
The strategic location of the Atrato and San Juan Basins along the Pacific margin and their vicinity to the port of Buenaventura are
valuable elements with respect to their future potential as productive basins.
In terms of identified traps, several deserve mention:
7.2. Traps
7.2.1. Atrato Basin
Structural traps associated with anticlines formed during inverse faulting along the western
flank of the basin.
Structural traps associated to mud diapirism on the western flank of the basin.
Stratigraphic traps within the Salaquí and Uva Formations, especially related to formational pinch-out
along the eastern margin of the basin.
7.2.2. San Juan Basin
Combined structural and stratigraphic traps associated with progradation observed

in the southern portion of the basin.
Stratigraphic traps associated with stacked calcareous lenses, which where exposed
exhibit excellent secondary porosity, and thus good potential to host hydrocarbons.
Anticlines associated with reverse faulting along the margins of the basin.
7.3. Source Rock
The presence of hydrocarbon source rocks in the San Juan and Atrato basins is inferred on the basis of the geochemical
characterization of the Iró Formation, specifically in the Istmina-Condoto highland sector. According to the data, this unit
presents immature intervals with good to excellent generation potential. These intervals present high organic matter contents
and the predominance of Type II kerogen, with very high hydrogen contents. If the organic facies present in these units still exist
at deeper basinal levels, such source rock characteristics would be highly attractive with respect to hydrocarbon exploration.
Furthermore, it is possible that additional generative intervals can be found in poorly studied units such as the Salaquí
Formation.
7.4. Generation and Migration
On the basis of the results obtained in the hydrocarbon generation modeling (1D), it may be inferred that the lower part of the Iró
Formation in the San Juan basin, and its chronostratigraphic equivalent the Clavo Formation in the Atrato basin, were affected by
important hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes during the late Miocene to Miocene. The volumes of hydrocarbons
which could potentially be expulsed by these units would generate good potential in terms of resources to be discovered.
7.5. Timing
The presence of pre-late Miocene tectonic events and the possibility of the formation of stratigraphic traps in the San Juan and
Atrato basins generate a low risk synchronism scenario for possible trapping in pre-late Miocene units. (see figure 83 and 84)
7.6. Potential resources to be discovered
On the basis of geological and geochemical modeling, mass balance calculations were completed for both basins. According to
the results, resource expectations on the order of 600 MBPE (P50) for the San Juan basin and of 850 MBPE (P50) for the Atrato
basin are observed.
145 119 97 66 24 5
GEOLOGIC
TIME
MESOZOIC CENOZOIC
CRETACEOUS PALEOGENE NEOGENE
EVENTS
Early Late Paleoc Eocene Oligocene Miocene PL/P
1 2 GENERATING ROCK
3 RESERVOIR
4 5 SEAL
6 7 8 OVERCHARGE
TRAP
EXPULS / MIGRAT
PRESERVATION
16 CRITICAL MOMENT
1, 2: Iró Formation 4, 5: Istmina Fm. , Upper Condoto Fm.

3: Condoto Formation 6, 7, 8: Sierra, Istmina, La Mojarra, Condoto, Munguidó, Atrato Fms.
145 119 97 66 24 5
GEOLOGIC
TIME
MESOZOIC CENOZOIC
CRETACEOUS PALEOGENE NEOGENE
EVENTS
Early Late Paleoc Eocene Oligocene Miocene PL/P
1 GENERATING ROCK
2 RESERVOIR
3 4 SEAL
5 6 7 8 9 OVERCHARGE
10 11 13 TRAP
14 EXPULS / MIGRAT
15 PRESERVATION
16 CRITICAL MOMENT
1: Clavo Formation 3, 4: Napipí Fm., Upper Sierra Fm.

2: Sierra Formation 5, 6, 7, 8, 9: Clavo, Salaquí, Uva, Napípí, Sierra, Quibdó Fms.
Figures 83 and 84. summarize the sequence of events for the

San Juan and Atrato basins respectively.
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Choco (Panama) Arc, Colombia
PART TWO
Tumaco Basin: Cenozoic Fore-Arc Basin
1 2 3 4 5
TUMACO BASIN
(Pacific Realm)
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
120 TUMACO BASIN (PACIFIC REALM)

Well locations
2. GEOLOGY
2. GEOLOGY

Any difference between the origin and the structural relation among the Gorgona, Dagua and Piñón oceanic terrains has not been
established and continues to be a topic of debate. The geochemical affinities and the radiometric ages suggest that the coastal region
Ecuador and Colombia have distinct basement blocks of different origin and that they possibly do not belong to a singular magmatic
province, previously identified as the Colombian–Caribbean Oceanic Plateau (CCOP) (Juteau et al., 1977; Reynaud et al., 1999). At the
morphostructural level, Cediel et al. (2003) have grouped the Dagua and Piñón formations in the terrain bearing the same name. Small
Paleocene-Miocene age metaluminous plutons with calco-alkaline features whose composition varies from tonalites to
granodiorites, intrude in the Dagua-Piñon terrain. Based on seismic interpretation, the same authors suggest that the Gorgona terrain
is an isolated terrain, separated from the Dagua-Piñón terrain by the Buenaventura fault (Figure 2).
Figure 3. Geological Map. (Modified after Cediel et al., 2000)
TUMACO BASIN (PACIFIC REALM) 125

Stratigraphy
The study presents the results of the compilation, revision, and evaluation of the stratigraphic information provided by ANH, and
by Duque Caro y Cia. Ltda. Files related to the Majagua-1, Remolino Grande-1, Sandi-1, and Tambora-1 wells were used to
establish the stratigraphic correlation among these four wells; because the information on the Chagüí well was insufficient and
outdated, it was not possible to integrate it with that of the other wells. Figure 5 is a comparative chart of the stratigraphic
nomenclature of the Tumaco basin.
Van Der Suarez Earthsat Duque-Caro Marcaillou Becerra y Usma

AGE Hammen (1958) (1989) (1999) (2000) (2005) (2008)
QUATERNARY
GUAPI Fm. GUAPI Fm.
PLIOCENE Sierra Fm.
GUAPI Fm.
San Agustín Guapi Fm. Pliocene
San Agustín
UPPER
MIOCENE
Chagui San Agustín

Angostura Fm. Miocene Middle
San Agustín Napipi Sup Fm. Chagui Upper
MIDDLE Angostura Fm. Chagui
NAYA Fm. Viche Fm. Miocene Middle
Napipi Inf. Fm. Naya Fm. Viche Fm. Lower
LOWER
Cayapas Fm. Cayapas Fm. Miocene
Lower
Cayapas Fm.
OLIGOCENE Unit 1 South UVA Fm
PACIFIC GROUP Unit 1 South Unit 1 South
Rocks sedimentary Oligocene
EOCENE
UPPER Intrusive granite Eocene middle

??????? ? vulcano
MIDDLE
LOWER
? PRE- UVA ? ? ?
PALEOCENE
DAGUA Diabasic Diabasic Group Diabasic Group

CRETACEOUS GROUP Group Dagua Group Dagua Group
Figure 5. Stratigraphic chart of the Tumaco basin. Comparative chart of the different
suggested nomenclatures (modified after Becerra and Usma, 2008).
Five regional unconformities, associated with tectonic events of the northwestern corner of South America (cf. Duque-Caro,
1990), have been used to evaluate the stratigraphic sequences dealt with in this report: (1), Lower Oligocene, prior to the
planktonic zone P.21, (2) Late Oligocene, prior to the Lower Miocene, planktonic zone N.5-6, (3) Early Miocene, before planktonic
zone N.7, (4) Middle Miocene, before Upper Middle Miocene planktonic zone N.14-N.16, and (5) Upper Miocene, prior to the
interval of zones N.17 to N.19 of Upper Miocene to Early Miocene age. These unconformities have usually been recognized by
changes in the faunal composition, which, in turn, coincide with paleo-environmental and lithological changes.
Majagua-1 Well
The Majagua-1 well is characterized by five microfacies: (1) (Bolivina bicostata-Buliminella curta, 0'-1720') of Late Miocene to
Pliocene age, (2) (Bolivina dispar-Nonion goudkoffi, 1720'-2820') of Late Miocene age, (3) (Concavella gyroidinaformis-Uvigerinella
obesa, 2820'-8200') of Upper Middle Miocene to Late Miocene age, (4) (Uvigerina adiposa-Cibicidoides floridanus, 8200'-10500') of
Middle Miocene age, and (5), (Globigerínidos-Radiolarios,10.500'-14.287') of Early Miocene to basal Middle Miocene age. The
recovery of foraminifera is very good and well-preserved between 520' and 3950', poor to abundant and badly preserved between
3950' and 8200', and abundant and badly preserved between 8200' and 14280' (deepest interval) (See Figure 6).
The environmental interpretation indicates a deepening cycle that culminates in the well top with (1) external platform
environment (520'-4720').
On the basis of the information compiled from previous studies of the Pacific and Caribbean coastal margins of Colombia
(Duque-Caro, 1979, 1984 y 1990ab), the limits of the microfacies appear to be unconformities and coincide with (1) the Early
Miocene, (2) the Middle Miocene (3) the Upper-Middle Miocene, and (4) the Upper Miocene. These stratigraphic interruptions
correspond to major hiatuses registered in the oceans (Keller y Barron, 1983) and to regional unconformities produced by
tectonic and erosive events that are observable in the surface stratigraphy.

Remolino Grande-1 Well
The stratigraphic information provided is similar to that of the Majagua-1 well with respect to electric logs; it is the well with the
greatest amount of processed data by different fossil groups such as foraminifera, nanoplankton and palynology (lower portion
of the well). Radiometric dating showed Upper Cretaceous in a volcanic-sedimentary sequence below 5400 feet, until the well's
total depth (9082 feet) making this the best documented well of the Oligocene to Miocene interval in the Colombian South
Pacific (See Figure 7).
The stratigraphy of the Remolino Grande-1 well is characterized by four microfacies: (1) microfacies (Uvigerina subperegrina,
608'-2000'), of Upper Middle Miocene age, (2) microfacies (Uvigerina gallowayi (2000'-3521') of Lower Middle Miocene Age, (3)
microfacies (Radiolarios-Arenáceos, 3521'-5640') of Oligocene to Early Miocene age, and (4) microfacies (Radiolaria, 5640'-9082',
T.D.)
The environmental interpretation indicates a deepening cycle that begins with (1) an outer shelf domain (608-2000'), (2) an
upper slope environment (2000'-3521'), (3) a lower slope environment (bathyal, 3521'-5640'), and (4) a deep environment (5640'-
9082') associated with a sedimentary volcanic sequence.
According to previous studies of the Pacific and Caribbean coastal regions of Colombia (Duque-Caro, 1979, 1984 y 1990, 1991),
the microstratigraphic limits recognized in this well also appear to be unconformities and coincide with (1) the Upper Oligocene
in the upper portion of planktonic zone N.4, (2) the Early Miocene, and (3) the Middle Miocene in the upper portion. It was not
possible to recognize physically the Upper Miocene unconformity. These stratigraphic interruptions correspond to major
hiatuses registered in the oceans (Keller y Barron, 1983) and to regional unconformities produced by tectonic and erosive events
that are observable in the surface stratigraphy.
Sandi-1 Well
The stratigraphic column of Sandi-1 well is characterized by five microfacies and a short level in the lower portion: (1) (Bolivina-
Uvigerina, 0'-1500') of Late Miocene to Pliocene age, (2) (Uvigerina-Valvulineria, 1500'-3257') of Late Miocene age, (3) (Radiolaria,
3257'-7000') of Middle Miocene Age, (4) (Radiolaria-Arenaceous, 7000'-9750') of basal Middle Miocene age, (5) (Siphogenerina
transversa, 9750'-12.000') of Upper Early Miocene age, and (6) the Acarinina-Radiolaria level (12.000'-12.161') of Middle Eocene
age, which could correspond to an olistostromic block (See Figure 8).
The recovery of foraminifera was good and well-preserved between 830' and 2500', poor, relatively abundant, badly preserved,
and sterile between 2750' and 9500', and abundant to poor and badly preserved between 9750' and 12161', T.D.
The environmental interpretation indicates a deepening cycle of: (1) an outer shelf environment (830'-1500'), (2) an upper slope
environment (1500'-3257'), (3) an upper slope environment (3257'-7000') with the influence of turbidites, and (4) general and
middle slope environments (7000'-12160') in the lower portion of the well.
The microstratigraphic limits appear to be unconformities and coincide with (1) the Early Miocene-basal Middle Miocene, (2) the
Middle Miocene, and (3) the Upper Miocene. These stratigraphic interruptions correspond to major hiatuses registered in the
oceans (Keller and Barron, 1983) and to regional unconformities produced by tectonic and erosive events that are observable in
the surface stratigraphy. (cf. Duque-Caro, 1990a).
This well showed an occurrence of Middle Eocene microfauna at the bottom of the sequence, which, given its age, was
correlated with the Suruco unit in the Manglares or Tumaco basin (Marcaillou and Collot, 2008, Figure 3) and has been
interpreted as a possible olistostromic phenomenon.
Tambora-1 Well
Four microfacies and a sterile interval were recognized at the Tambora-1 well: (1) (Bulimina-Buliminella, 370'-750') of Late
Miocene to a younger age, (2) (Radiolaria 750'-1250') of Upper Middle Miocene to Late Miocene age, (3) (Arenaceous
Foraminifera-Radiolaria, 1250'-3250') of Middle Miocene age, (4) (Globorotalia-Globigerinoides, 3250'-7500') of Middle Miocene
age, and (5) a Sterile Interval (7500'-11220' and T.D.) which comprises a mainly clastic sequence that apparently belongs to the
Early Miocene-Middle Miocene interval (See Figure 9).
The environmental interpretation indicates a shallowing interval above 750' and a deep interval below (Slope), and an unknown
sequence below 7500'.

Just as in the case of the previous wells, Majagua-1, Remolino Grande-1 and Sandi-1, and on the basis of the knowledge
contributed by previous studies of the Pacific and Caribbean coastal regions of Colombia (Duque-Caro, 1979, 1984 and 1990ab,
1991), the microstratigraphic limits recognized in this well are also unconformities and coincide with (1) the Middle Miocene,
and (2) the Upper Miocene. These stratigraphic gaps correspond to major hiatuses registered in the oceans (Keller and Barron,
1983) and to regional unconformities produced by tectonic and erosive events.
MICROSTRATIGRAPHIC SYNTHESIS OF MAJAGUA-1 WELL

PLANKTONIC
Depht
AGES MICROFACIES ZONES ENVIRONMENT Feet LITHOLOGY GR SP ILD Dt
BLOW, 1969 0 40 80- 120- 20 800 20 4040 140 240
0
500
BOLIVINA BICOSTATA- N.17
LATE MIOCENE BULINELLA CURTA
1000
N.16
EXTERNAL
PLATFORM 1500
BOLIVINA DISPAR- 2000

NONION GDUDKOFFI
2500
3000
3500
LATE
MIOCENE 3500
MIDDLE 4500
UPPER N.15
MIOCENE
5000
N.14
CONCAVELLA GYROIDONAFORMIS- UPPER
UVIGERINELLA OBESA SLOPE
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
N.11
MIDDLE UVIGERINA REDMONDI- UPPER
CIBICIDOIDES 9000
MIOCENE SLOPE
FLORIDANA
N.10
9500
10000
N.9
10500
MIDDLE 11000
MIOCENE
BASAL N.8
11500
LOWER
GLOBIGERINIDOS SLOPE
RADIOLARIANS 12000
12500
N.7
UPPER
EARLY 13000
MIOCENE
13500
LOWER
MIOCENE GLOBIGERINIDOS LOWER
N.4 14000
EARLY RADIOLARIANS SLOPE
14500
Figure 6. Majagua-1 Well log

MICROSTRATIGRAPHIC SYNTHESIS OF REMOLINO GRANDE-1 WELL
PLANKTONIC Depth
AGES MICROFACIES ZONES ENVIRONMENT
Feet
LITHOLOGY GR SP CLD Dt
BLOW, 1969
0 0 25 50 -80 -30 20 0 1000 2000 40 120 200
POST POST
NO SAMPLE NO SAMPLE
LATE N.14
MIOCENE 500
1000
LATE
MIOCENE UVIGERINA N.14 EXTERNAL
SUBPEREGRINA PLATFORM 1500
2000
2500
UPPER
MIDDLE UVIGERINA N.10- SLOPE
MIOCENE GALLOWAYI N.9
3000
EARLY 3500
N.6-
LOWER
N.4
MIOCENE
4000
ARENACEOUS UPPER
RADIOLARIANS P.21 SLOPE
4500
LATE
OLIGOCENE
5000
5500
6000
6500
LATE UPPER 7000

LATE
CRETACEOUS RADIOLARIANS CRETACEOUS SLOPE
7500
8000
8500
9000
9200
Figure 7. Remolino Grande-1 Well Log

MICROSTRATIGRAPHIC SYNTHESIS OF SANDI-1 WELL
PLANKTONIC Depth
Feet
AGES MICROFACIES ZONES ENVIRONMENT LITHOLOGY SP ILD SN CILD
BLOW, 1969 -50 -20 100 10 200 50 1000 50 100
POST 500
LATE NO SAMPLE NO SAMPLE NO SAMPLE
MIOCENE
1000
LATE BOLIVINA- EXTERNAL
UVIGERINA N.17 PLATFORM
MIOCENE
1500
2000
LATE
MIOCENE
2500
MIDDLE
UVIGERINA N.16 UPPER
UPPER
VALVULINERIA N.14 SLOPE
MIOCENE
3000
3500
4000
4500
UPPER 5000
MIDDLE
RADIOLARIANS N.10- SLOPE
MIOCENE
N.9
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
N.9?
MIDDLE ARENACEOUS 8500
MIOCENE RADIOLARIANS
BASAL
9000
UPPER
SLOPE 9500
10000
10500
LATE
CRETACEOUS N.7
TRANSVERSE
SIPHOGENERINA 11000
11500
12000
MIDDLE ACARININA LOWER MIDDLE 12300
EOCENE RADIOLARIANS P.12 - P.14 SLOPE
Figure 8. Sandi-1 Well Log

MICROSTRATIGRAPHIC SYNTHESIS OF TAMBORA-1 WELL
PLANKTONIC DEPTH
AGES MICROFACIES ZONES ENVIRONMENT (FEET) LITHOLOGY SP ILD SN CILD
-90 -40 100 20 400 50 1000 50 100
BLOW, 1969
NO SAMPLE NO SAMPLE NO SAMPLE NO SAMPLE

0
EARLIER
EARLIER EXTERNAL 500
LATE BULIMINA- N.17 PLATFORM
MIOCENE BULIMINELLA
LATE
MIOCENE N.16
UPPER RADIOLARIANS N.14 SLOPE 1000
MIDDLE
MIOCENE
1500
ARENACEOUS 2000
N.11
RADIOLARIANS N.10
2500
3000
3500
4000
SLOPE
MIDDLE
MIOCENE 4500
5000
N.10-
GLOBOROTALIA- N.9
GLOBIGERINOIDES
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
NO
PRE-MIDDLE BARREN N.8- DIAGNOSTIC 9000
MIOCENE INTERVAL N.7 (SLOPE?)
9500
10000
10500
11000
11300
Figure 9. Tambora-1 Well Log

Stratigraphic Summary
Microstratigraphy. The microstratigraphy recognized in the four wells analyzed comprises various microfacies: Oligocene to Early
Miocene; the Middle Miocene microfacies; the Upper Middle to Late Miocene microfacies, and the Late Miocene to younger
microfacies.
Unconformities. The limits of the stratigraphic units appear to be unconformities and coincide with major interruptions: (1)
during the Upper Oligocene in the lower portion of planktonic zone P.21, (2) during the Early Miocene, (3) during the Middle
Miocene, (4) during the Upper Middle Miocene, and (5) during the Upper Miocene. These correspond to major hiatuses
registered in the oceans and to regional unconformities produced by tectonic and erosive events that are observable in the
surface stratigraphy.
Environment. The environmental succession indicates: (a) a deep sequence (slope) of Oligocene to Upper Middle Miocene age,
and (b) a younger sequence (slope to shelf ) of Upper Middle Miocene to Upper Miocene age and younger sequences.
In the evaluation of the environmental interpretation, which was previously summarized, it is necessary to take into account the
following aspects:
The information given by the studied well samples represents only a partial knowledge of the basin; thus the extrapolation
of these interpretations may lead to generalizations and errors.
Paleoenvironmental interpretations obtained from microfauna, particularly the planktonic one (foram and radiolaria in the
lower sections of the Majagua and Remolino Grande wells), are associated to the lower portion of a slope, taking into
account their abundance and poor representation of benthonic fauna. However, being possible this evaluation, it is not
conclusive for a slope-outer shelf section when it lacks enough support of benthonic fauna.
In general, slope and outer platform environments are affected by water volume dynamics (bottom, intermediate or
surface), which are rich in oxygen and carry plankton and planktonic microfauna. For this reason they prevent the
preservation of organic matter and generate physical and chemical interactions with streams coming from the continent.
The stratigraphic record of the studied wells lacks enough information to confirm or refute the occurrence of reworked fauna.
Well Stratigraphic Correlation

As a result, and for purposes of a coherent correlation of the four wells under study, four time units or events were selected, units
limited by hiatuses and erosion surfaces, to characterize the Late Oligocene to Early Pliocene interval, which is the predominant
interval in the stratigraphy of the Colombian Pacific Realm. These events, listed from the youngest to the oldest are: (1) Late
Miocene to Early Pliocene (2) Upper Middle Miocene to Late Miocene, (3) Middle Miocene, and (4) Late Oligocene to basal
Middle Miocene.
Structural Geology
The structural characterization of a sedimentary basin includes the determination of its geometry and thickness, as well as of the
structures that affect the basement and allows a better understanding of its evolution. This chapter contains a description of the
Tumaco basin in terms of aero-gravimetric, aero-magnetometric and seismic images.
Gravimetry
The aerogravimetric and aeromagnetometric data was provided by the Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH). The data was
collected by Carson Helicopters in 2006 and it covers the Tumaco basin and a part of the San Juan basin, as shown in Figure 10.
The campaign was carried out at an altitude of 1280 m and a flight grid of 7.5 km x 10 km. The files were received in ASCII format
with Magna flat coordinates.
Total magnetic intensity (TMI) values, the Bouguer gravimetric anomaly (BGA) (p=2.67 gr/cm3), and the Free Air anomaly were
used to generate the total magnetic intensity maps, the reduction to the magnetic pole, the Bouguer anomalies, and the Free Air
gravimetric anomalies.

1000000
950000
900000
850000
800000
750000
700000
650000
Figure 10. Location of the data grid used
600000
for the geophysical modeling.
50 Km
450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 70000
Bouguer Anomaly Map (BGA) (p=2.67 gr/cm3)
The Bouguer anomaly map was generated using the minimum curvature interpolation method (Figure 11). Given the reference
density value (p=2.67 gr/cm3), this map is more adequate for understanding the onshore Bouguer anomaly; in the case of the
offshore area, the Free Air anomaly map, included below, was used.
The interpretation of the Bouguer anomaly map was supplemented with gravimetric profiles to which an inverse modeling was
applied in order to obtain the gravimetric basement profile that adjusts best to the observed values. The inverse profiling
modeling was carried out using a program developed by ICP (Research Group for Reduction of Exploratory Risk). This program is
based on the determination of the Fourier transform for a set of data (x,z) according to the equation proposed by Parker (1973)
and improved by Oldenburg (1974) in order to make it more iterative. This equation calculates the shape of a body on the basis of
its anomaly. The program builds the relief function that best adjusts to the Bouguer anomaly profile, prior determination of
certain parameters such as density contrast, separation of input data, and topographic inversion level (z0). Figure 12 shows the
gravimetric basement modeling for two profiles in the basin. These profiles were used to generate the two schematic sections.
Figure 11. Bouguer anomaly map

for the Tumaco basin.

Gravimetric Profile Observed anomaly
Southern Tumaco Basin GRAVIMETRIC ANOMALY Calculated anomaly
80
60
ANOMALY (mGal)
40
20
-20
-40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Distance (Km)
BASEMENT DEPTH
-4
-2
0
Depth (Km)
10
Gravimetric Profile 25
Northern Tumaco Basin 20
15
ANOMALY(mGal)
10
-5
1000000 -10
-15
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance (Km)
900000
BASEMENT DEPTH
2
3
800000 Northern
gravimetric 4
profile
Depth (Km)
5
Southern
700000 gravimetric profile 6
7 Crystalline basement, eastern

margin of Tumaco Basin
8
600000
50 Km
9
450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 70000
Figure 12. 2D model of basement inversion based on Bouguer gravimetric profiles.

Free Air Gravimetric Anomaly Map
The Free Air anomaly map was obtained in a way similar to that of the Bouguer anomaly map, using the minimum curvature
method as the interpolation algorithm. This map, shown in Figure 13 is used for the interpretation of the offshore variation of the
gravitational field.
Magnetometry
The total magnetic intensity map (TMI, Fig.14) and the Reduction to the Magnetic Pole Map (Fig. 15) were developed on the basis
of aeromagnetometric data (acquired by ANH 2005), and it is being used to generate magnetometric profiles in order to analyze
the magnetic basement structures. Likewise, estimates of the basement depth are being made in order to compare it with the
gravimetric results. Once both the gravimetric and magnetometric profiles are obtained, along with the gravimetric basement
map, they will be integrated with all of the structural, geochemical, stratigraphic, and surface geology information, in order to
build a model of the tectonic evolution of the basin.
Magnetometric Derivatives Maps
In order to highlight the magnetic susceptibility contrast areas, which will be used to identify discontinuities in the
magnetometric basement, horizontal magnetometric derivatives maps were generated in different directions, NS, EW, N45E,
and N45W. These, together with the above-mentioned maps, were used to draw the basement faults shown on the N45W
magnetometric derivative map (Figure 16).
Figure 13. Free Air Gravimetric Anomalies Map.

Figure 14. Total Magnetic Intensity Map.
Figure 15. Total magnetic intensity map of Tumaco basin.

Figure 16. Magnetometric
derivative map.
Seismic Interpretation
Figure 17 summarizes the available seismic programs, the interpreted lines and the location of the wells in the Tumaco basin.
The Offshore Sections
SEISMIC SECTION L-1973-43 (TAMBORA-1 WELL)

In the Tambora-1 well, the reflectors correspond to the Neogene and Paleogene sequences. Lower reflectors were interpreted as
corresponding to the top of the Cretaceous basement. The seismic section shows a mainly compressive (transpressive?) system.
Folds due to fault propagation associated with high-angle faulting in the basement were also interpreted in this section.
Additionally, mud diapirism (2) and a negative flower structure were interpreted in the Cretaceous basement (Figure 18).
SEISMIC SECTION L-1973-58 (SANDI-1 WELL)

In the Sandi-1 well, the reflectors correspond to Neogene rocks. Lower reflectors were interpreted as corresponding to the base
of the Miocene. Although reflectors corresponding to the top of the Cretaceous basement were also interpreted, the position of
the latter is somewhat less reliable than in the previous section. The folds are of the low-angle fault propagation type and
detachment folds (Figure 19).
SEISMIC SECTION L-1973-D03

This section contains the complete sequence starting from the Cretaceous basement. The most outstanding feature of this
section is a horst in the Cretaceous basement, with a greater subsidence in the southern section. In the northern section, a
positive flower structure was interpreted in the Cretaceous basement (Figure 20).
The three seismic sections that were interpreted are good representatives of the compressional component (sections 43 and 58)
and the extensional component (section D03) of a transcurrent system (strike-slip).

Figure 17. Map showing the location of seismic lines and wells.
LINE D03
PACIFICO-73 L - 1973-43_2001_INFOPETROL_STACK_I-I_67422.segy_150dpi TAMBORA-1
SP 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 SP
100 100
Pliocene-Recent
500 500
1000 1000
Upper Miocene
1500 1500
2000 2000
2500 Middle Miocene 2500
3000 3000
Eocene ? Lower Miocene

3500 3500
4000 4000
4500 OCEANIC BASEMENT 4500
5000 5000
5500 5500
5900 5900
Figure 18. Interpretation of seismic section L-1973-43 (Tambora-1 well)

PACIFICO-73 L - 1973-58_1973_GSI_VECTORIZADA_CSI_STACK_I-I_65291.segy LINE D03
SANDI-1
SP 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 450 SP
100 100
Pliocene-Recent
500 500
Upper Miocene
1000 1000
1500 1500
2000 2000
Middle Miocene
Lower Miocene ?
2500 2500
3000 3000
3500 3500
4000 Cretaceous ? 4000
4500 4500
5000 5000
5500 5500
5900 5900
Figure 19. Interpretation of seismic section L-1973-58 (TSandi-1 well)
LINE 58
LINE 43
PACIFICO-73_L-1973-D03_1973_GSI_VECTORIZADA_STACK_I-I_66126.segy
SP 1650 1600 1550 1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 500 550 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 SP
100 100
500 500
1000 1000
1500 1500
2000 2000
2500 Lower Miocene 2500
3000 3000
3500 Oligocene 3500
4000 4000
Eocene
4500 4500
Lower Miocene ?
5000 5000
5500 Cretaceous 5500

Basement
Figure 20. Interpretation of seismic section L-1973-D03
SEISMIC SECTION P-1982-5250S

In this seismic section grabens and horst were interpreted and they represent two transtensive episodes: (1) a pre-Miocene and
(2) another Pliocene to recent episode. Due to the poor quality of the section, the interpretation below the sub-Pliocene
unconformity is highly speculative (Figure 21).
SEISMIC SECTION P-1982-4475S

In this section a horst was interpreted; it represents (1) a transtensional episode from early Miocene to medium-Miocene and (2)
a local tectonic inversion episode during late Miocene (Figure 22).

Pliocene-Recent
Upper Miocene
Middle Miocene
Pliocene-Recent Middle Miocene
Upper Miocene Cretacic Basement Lower Miocene
Basement
Lower Miocene
Cretacic
Oligocene? Basement
Figure 21. Interpretation of seismic section P-1982-5250S
Pliocene-Recent
Upper Miocene
Lower Miocene
Middle Miocene
Cretacic Basement


100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Figure 25. Interpretation of seismic section NT-1992-2840
100 100
500 500
1000 1000
1500 1500
2000 2000
2500 2500
3000 3000
3500 3500
4000 4000
4500 4500
SEISMIC SECTION NT-1992-2460
This section, which is consistent with the previous ones, features a basement high to the West. The normal faulting indicates
extension during the Lower Miocene and the Pliocene (Figure 27).
NT - 1992-2460.SEG
SP 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 SP
100 15 SEISMIC VERTICAL 3.5 cm/second 100

500 15 17
500
15
1000 17 1000
14 14
1500 15 1500
10
2000 14 2000
15
2500 2500
11 14
3000 3000
3500 10 11 3500
14
4000 4000
4500 4500
11
5000 5000
5500 10 5500
SEISMIC VERTICAL 3.5 cm/second
LEGEND Figure 27. Interpretation of seismic section NT-1992-2460

17 SubUpper Pliocene unconformity
15 SubLower Pliocene unconformity
14 SubUpper Miocene unconformity
11 Sub-Lower Miocene unconformity
10 Sub-Oligocene unconformity

In this section, a fold associated with mud diapirism or, possibly, a local tectonic reactivation in the basement (?) was interpreted.
(Figure 28).
NT - 1992-2030.SEG
SP 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 SP
100 SEISMIC VERTICAL 3.5 cm/second 100
500 17 500
15 17
1000 1000
1500 1500
15
14
2000 2000
2500 2500
14
3000 3000
11
3500 3500
4000 11 4000
SHALE DIAPIR
4500 10 4500
5000 5000


This section illustrates a notoriously distensive regime with horst structures in the basement. Additionally, the existence of mud
diapirism is postulated (Figure 29)
NT - 1992-1090.SEG
SP 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
100 100
500 17 500
15 17
15 17 17 17 17
1000 1000
14 14 15 15
1500 15 15 1500
SHALE DIAPIR
11
10 14 14
2000 2000
14 14
2500 2500
11
11
11 11
3000 10 3000
3500 3500
10
4000 4000
SHALE DIAPIR
4500 4500
5000 5000


3. TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF
THE TUMACO BASIN
3. TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF
THE TUMACO BASIN
Regional Framework
In the western flank of the Western Cordillera a SW-NE fault pattern constitutes the eastern border of the Tumaco basin. In the
Western Cordillera outcrops well-differentiated crystalline bodies; on the western border of the basin appears a magnetometric
signal that is different from that of the crystalline bodies in the Cordillera.
The western margin of the Tumaco basin is delimited by a crystalline basement high (Alto de Remolino Grande) and a fault
system that significantly affects the basement. This fault, which has a NS-NE bearing, crosses the Patía river delta and extends
north across the sea, bordering Gorgona Island. This fault forms a border between two bodies that feature very different patterns
of magnetic susceptibility, thus suggesting a division between crystalline rocks of diverse origin. This high deepens toward the
West, giving way to the development of the western Tumaco basin.
The Tumaco basin is an elongated and asymmetric basin with an approximate bearing of N30E. The western margin of the basin
features a steeper slope than the eastern flank. The basin becomes deeper to the southwest. Its main depocenter is found in the
Tumaco Bay, to the east (on-shore), where it reaches depths close to 9 km. On the east, it is bordered by crystalline bodies that
outcrop on the Western flank of the Western Cordillera. To the North of the basin, a group of sub-vertical faults give the crystalline
basement a “step-down” pattern, as can be observed in Figure 4a, North profile (A-A'). The maps also show a crystalline basement
high, which reaches 2 km depth and serves as a division between the depocenter of the onshore basin and the offshore basin.
This high could correspond to the so-called Remolino Grande High, described by several authors.
The maps show not only that the Tumaco onshore basin becomes deeper toward the South and is slightly narrower to the North,
but also that the structural style present in the basement changes. To the South it is less structured, while to the North, a group of
sub-vertical faults characterizes the structural picture
In the Bouguer Anomaly Map, the basin is defined by its very low anomaly values, and in the Total Magnetic Intensity Map it
shows relatively homogeneous features in its central part. Toward the flanks of the basin, the TMI values become more irregular
due to the existence of faults and to the contact with bodies with a higher magnetic susceptibility.
Basin Development
A digital elevation model with a resolution of 30 meters, radar images, and the INGEOMINAS geological map (2007) were used to
generate the structural surface map in scale of 1:500.000. The subsurface control of these structures was carried out on the basis
of the interpretation of the gravimetry and magnetometry (see Figures 10-16).
The tectonic model of the Tumaco basin is supported by two schematic geoseismic sections (Figures 4a and 4b): 1) Section a-a´,
located to the South, which includes the data from the Remolino Grande well, and 2) Section b-b´, located to the North, close to
Gorgona island. This analysis included the interpretation of onshore and offshore seismic lines, the gravimetric basement
inversion model (Figure 12).
The seismic, gravimetric, and magnetometric interpretation made it possible to clearly identify the Remolino Grande paleo-
high, which separates the Tumaco basin into two sectors with different structural styles: 1) the onshore sector, which features
inverse faulting and minor deformation; it is asymmetric, with gentle slopes and onlap type deposition on the crystalline
basement that outcrops on the western flank of the Western Cordillera, known as the Dagua-Piñón terrain (Cediel et al., 2003). To
the west, the basin slopes are steep and clearly delimited by the topography of the Gorgona terrain basement (e.g. Estrada, 1999:
Cediel et al., 2003); 2). In the offshore sector of the basin the structural style is one of high-angle extensional faults with eastward
vergence. To the north of this basin, it appears complex folding and faulting which could be indicative of the Garrapatas fault
shear zone.

To summarize, the main tectonic events that contributed to the formation of the Tumaco basin are:
1. Late Paleocene-Early Eocene event (59–49 M.a.): the Dagua-Piñón terrain was accreted against the pre-existing Romeral
terrain of oceanic affinity (Cediel et al., 2003).
2. Middle Eocene (45 M.a.) to Late Eocene (~37–40 M.a,) event: collision of the Gorgona terrain with the Dagua–Piñon terrain
(Kerr et al., 2002; Kerr and Tarney, 2005); according to Franco and Abbot (1999), this collision ended with a jump toward the
west of the trench.
3. From the end of the Eocene to the Pliocene, small metaluminous plutons with calc-alkaline characteristics related to a
Chile-type arc magmatism intrude into the Dagua-Piñon terrain (Cediel et al., 2003). It is during this period that the
development of the forearc-type Tumaco basin begins.
4. Oligocene – Pliocene event. The discontinuous uplift of the Western Cordillera during this subduction cycle generated at
least four periods of erosion and deposition: 1) Oligocene-Miocene Event; 2) Middle Miocene– Upper Miocene Event; 3)
Upper Miocene- Pliocene Event; 4) Guapi Event. These events gave origin to the thick sequences of sediments (~ 9 km) that
have been deposited on the Dagua-Piñón and Gorgona terrains, forming the Tumaco onshore and offshore basin, which
can be correlated to the Manglares basin in Ecuador.

Geochemistry
The characterization of the source rock was carried out on the basis of 115 rock samples collected at the Sandi-1, Majagua-1 and
Tambora-1 wells, in order to define the generating potential and the level of maturity.
Sixteen samples from the Sandi-1 well, 93 samples from the Majagua-1 well, and 5 samples from the Tambora-1 well were
analyzed; the interpretation corresponds to results of the pyrolysis and total organic carbon (TOC) analyses.
Taking into account that the precise location of the analized samples in the stratigraphic column of each well is not known,
laboratory results cannot be generalized for the entire stratigraphic sequence. However if in the evaluation of the laboratory
results the possibility is considered that currents existed which brought continental organic matter and increased the
environment energy and brought oxygen, it would be possible to explain the predominance of kerogen II and III as consequence
of the degradation of type II organic matter (of predominantly marine origin).
Geochemical Characterization of the Rocks
The geochemical characterization was carried out for samples collected at the Majagua-1, Sandi-1, and Tambora-1 wells. Graphs
were drawn differentiating each one of the formations by series in order to observe changes in the geochemical characteristics
throughout the sequence.
Thermal Maturity
The level of maturity of the samples evaluated in the three wells is immature overall, with the exception of a few samples from the
Sandi-1 and Majagua-1 wells, which can be located at the beginning of the oil generating window. Figure 30.
Types of Kerogen
The type of kerogen evaluated in the three wells is generally of type III/IV, of predominantly continental origin with a potential for
gas generation; however, some of the samples collected at the Majagua-1 well correspond to a mixed type II/III kerogen, with
generating potential for oil and gas. Figure 31.
Generating Potential
The sequence analyzed in the three wells features a potential that varies from poor to average, but some of the samples collected
at the Majagua-1 well show excellent organic content, with values ranging from 2 to 16 %. Figure 32.
Production Index
The maturity vs. production index graph defines the following aspects:
The sample belonging to the Tambora -1 well shows contamination due to hydrocarbons not generated in situ.
A high percentage of the samples from the Sandi-1 well are located in the early expulsion zone for liquid hydrocarbons.
In spite of the fact that a high percentage of the samples from the Majagua-1 well are located in the early expulsion zone for
liquid hydrocarbon, the conversion-expulsion level is low. Figure 33.

1000 1000
~ 0.55%VRo
900
Type I Oil Window
Oil Prone 900
(usu. lacustrine)
Type I
Oil Prone
800 800
HYDROGEN INDEX (HI, mg HC / g TOC)

700 700
HYDROGEN INDEX (mg OIL/g TOC)
600 Type II 600

Oil Prone
(usu.
Type II (usu. marine)
marine)
500 Oil Prone
500
400 400
Mixed Type Mixed Type II / III

300 300
II / III Oil / Gas Prone
Oil / Gas
Prone
200 200
~ 1.00%VRo
Type III Condensate Type III

Gas Prone Wet Gas Window Gas Prone
100 100
~ 1.40%VRo
Dry Gas Window
Type IV
0 0 Gas Prone
Type IV
330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 0 50 100 150 200
Tmax(C) OXYGEN INDEX (OI, mg CO2/g TOC)
Sandi-1 Tambora-1 Majagua-1 Humble Geochemical Services
Sandi-1 Tambora-1 Majagua-1 Humble Geochemical Services
Figure 30. Tmax Diagram vs. Hydrogen Index Figure 31. Van Krevelen Diagram
100
90 Excellent
GP (S1+S2/mg HC/grCOT)
80
70
60
50
Maturity
40 Level
30
20
Good
10
Poor Fair
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
% TOC
Sandi-1 Tambora-1 Majagua-1
Figure 32. Genetic Potencial vs. TOC
1
Condensate Zone
Immature Dry Gas Zone

0,9
0,8
PRODUCTION INDEX (PI)
0,7
0,6
0,5
Stained or
0,4
Contaminated
0,3
0,2
High Level Conversion - Expulsion
0,1
Low Level Conversion
0
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
MATURITY (based on Tmax (oC))
Sandi-1 Tambora-1 Majagua-1
Figure 33. Production Index vs. Maturity Diagram

Organic Petrography
In order to corroborate the maturity and kerogen type data previously analyzed through pyrolysis, a study is carried out of the
data obtained from the organic petrography (vitrinite reflectance analysis % Ro and visual determination of the kerogen type).
In total, 87 samples were analyzed for organic petrography, of which 41 belong to the Majagua-1 well, 23 to the Remolino
Grande-1 well, 14 to the Sandi-1 well, and 9 to the Tambora-1 well.
Thermal Maturity
The vitrinite reflectance percentage data confirm the level of maturity obtained through pyrolysis. Most of the section in the four
wells is immature, except a few samples from the Sandi-1 well, which are within the oil window and the samples from the
Tambora-1 well that make it into the gas window. It is important to mention that the data with high % Ro values in the Tambora-1
well appear to be anomalous and do not calibrate with the typical maturity curve for the deepest part of the basin, as can be seen
in the chapter on modeling. Figure 34.
Thermal Maturity
45
40
35
30
Number of Samples
25
20
15
10
0
0.1 1 10
Majagua-1 Remolino Grande Sandi-1 Tambora-1
Figure 34. Thermal Maturity Profile (%Ro)
Type of Kerogen
The samples taken form the Majagua-1 well confirm a variable kerogen ranging from type II, to mixed II/III, to III, while the
samples obtained in the Tambora-1 and Sandi-1 wells correspond to type III/IV kerogen with a generating potential for gas.
Figure 35.

M.O: Amorphous
100
Majagua-1 O
10 Tambora-1 O
90 Sandi-1 O
80 O
20
II
O 30
70
40
60
50
II/III
50 O
60
40
70
30
O
III
80
20 O O
O O 90
10 III/IV
100
O
O
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Liptinite Vitrin + Inertin.
Figure 35. Ternary Diagram showing the predominan type of maceral
Hydrocarbon Charge Model
In order to define a model in terms of hydrocarbon expulsion and migration time, some simulations were carried out using the
PetroMod 1D software in two pseudo-wells located along seismic lines NT-1990-2870 and NT-1992-2840 (Figure 36). The
geochemical model used for the Oligocene source rock intervals was drawn from the geochemical characterization carried out
for this project. The calibration of the thermal model used the vitrinite reflectance information.
The pseudo-wells that were selected are located on line NT-1990-2870 at a point where the probable source rocks reach a
significant depth in the basin, and on line NT-1992-2840, near the Remolino Grande-1 well (Figures 37).
Figure 36. Location of the selected pseudo-wells

Eastern end of Line NT-1992-2840 Line NT-1990-2870
Remolino Grande Pseudo well Tumaco Pseudo well
SEISMIC VERTICAL 3.5 cm

LEGEND
17 Upper Sub-Pliocene unconformity
17 15 Lower Sub-Pliocene unconformity
14 Upper Sub-Miocene unconformity
11 Lower Sub-Miocene unconformity
17
15 10 Sub-Oligocene unconformity
14 15
11
14
10
11
10
Figure 37. Location of the selected pseudo-wells on the seismic lines
The Tumaco Pseudo-well
The pseudo-well known as Tumaco is located in the central part of a syncline in which the generating formations reached a
greater burial depth (Figure 38).
Remolino Grande Pseudo well Tumaco Pseudo well

Pseudo well
M.MIOCENE
17
Pliocene
OLIG L.M.
15
Upper Miocene
K/Ar 82.2 Ma
14
Lower Miocene
TD 9082’ 11
Oligocene Cretaceous
10
Figure 38. Digital section showing the location of the Tumaco pseudo-well.
Geological Model
The geological model is supported by regional information. In this case, an interpreted seismic section was used, from which the
data regarding all the thicknesses of the stratigraphic units were drawn, carrying out the conversion from time to depth by
means of the interpolation of the following time vs. depth diagram (Figure 39). The different lithologies were taken from the
published stratigraphic units and the eroded thicknesses were established according to differences in thickness among the
same units in the sector.
For the sake of coherence with the seismic interpretation, names of formations were not used for this model, but rather
thicknesses, differentiated by ages (Figure 40).

COLOMBIA TUMACO BAY
TIME X DEPTH X VELOCITIES DIAGRAM

TWO-WAY TIME
(IN SECONDS)
0 10 20 30
1000
1000 MEAN 2000

VELOCITY
2000 2500
INTERVAL
VELOCITY
TIM
EX
DE
PT
H
3500 3000
CU
RV
E
(meters /second)
VELOCITIES
4000
(meters)
DEPTH
DATA OBTAINED FROM VELOCITIES ANALYSIS OF

LINE 59 (GeoSource version)
Figure 39. Time vs. depth diagram. Taken from Ojeda and Calife (1987).
Present Eroded Deposition Age Erosion Age

NAME Top Base Thickness Thickness From To From To
Feet Feet Feet Feet (My) (My) (My) (My)
1 Sediment Surface 0.00
2 Pleistocene-Holocene 0.00 656.00 656.00 1.00 0.00
3 Pliocene-eroded 656.00 656.00 0.00 999.99 3.00 2.50 2.50 1.00
4 Pliocene 656.00 1967.99 1311.99 5.50 3.00
5 Upper Miocene Eroded 1967.99 1967.99 0.00 499.99 8.00 7.00 7.00 5.50
6 Upper Miocene 1967.99 7053.00 5085.01 15.00 8.00
7 Lower Miocene eroded 7053.00 7053.00 0.00 17.00 16.00 16.00 15.00
8 Lower Miocene 7053.00 12138.99 5085.99 23.00 17.00
9 Oligocene Eroded 12138.99 12138.99 0.00 499.99 26.50 25.00 25.00 23.00
10 Oligocene Generator 12138.99 17715.99 5577.00 33.50 26.50
11 Oligocene 17715.99 17915.99 200.00 34.00 33.50
12 Paleocene Eocene Eroded 17915.99 17915.99 0.00 15000.01 65.00 40.00 40.00 34.00
13 Basement 17915.99 18415.98 499.99 80.00 65.00
14 18415.98

Thermal Model
A constant heat flow (43 mw/m2) history was used. The actual heat flow was calculated using the Mackenzie model, calibrated
according to regional thermal maturity information. The geothermal gradient data was taken from Ojeda and Calife in the
Petrobras report (1987, Figures 41 and 42).
TEMPERATURE
26º 82º 137º ºC
80º 100º 200º 300º
0
Re
m
ol
in
o
20 50 100 150 200

G
Ta
ra
nd
mb
e-
or
1
a-1
0 Pleistocene -
Ma
jag
OIL GENERATION
WINDOW
1000 Holocene
ua
-1
5.000’
2000
INITIAL GENERATION Pliocene
(a) SANDI 1.000’ a 2480’) (a)
3000
Depth (meters)
Sa
n
di-
4000
1
10.000’ (b) TAMBORA-1 10.000’ a 3048’) (b)
U. Miocene
5000
( c ) MAJAGUA-1 11.000’ a 3411’) (c)
6000
L. Miocene
11.000’
7000
100º 200º 300º 8000

Oligocene
LEGEND
9352
MAJAGUA-1
REMOLINO GRANDE-1 Temperature Tumaco-1_Default
TAMBORA-1
Remolino Grande
SANDI-1
Figure 41. Temperature date used. Taked from Ojeda and Calife, 1987. Figure 42. Calibration of temperature in the Tumaco model.
Geochemical Model
The geochemical model was developed on the basis of the geochemical characterization developed during this project. An
Oligocene interval was taken as the probable source rock (Figure 43).
TOC Kinetics H
NAME
Wt% (mg HC/g TOC)
1 Sediment Surface 0.00 0.00
2 Pleistocene-Holocene 0.00 None 0.00
3 Pliocene - eroded 0.00 None 0.00
4 Pliocene 0.00 None 0.00
5 U. Miocene - eroded 0.00 None 0.00
6 U. Miocene 0.00 None 0.00
7 L. Miocene - eroded 0.00 None 0.00
8 L. Miocene 0.00 None 0.00
9 Oligocene - Eroded 0.00 None 0.00
10 Oligocene 0.00 None 0.00
11 Oligocene Generator 0.00 Tissot et al (1988 T-3) 150.00
12 Paleocene Eocene Eroded 0.00 None 0.00
13 Basement 0.00 None 0.00
Figure 43. Input data for the geochemical model

Calibration
The calibration of maturity within the model was carried out with vitrinite reflectance data obtained from the analyzed wells
(Figures 44 and 45).
THERMAL MATURITY
0
Majagua-1
Remolino Grande-1
Sandy-1
Sweeney & Burnham (1990)_EASY%Ro(%Ro)
2000 Tambora-1
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.004.50
4000 0 Pleistocene -
1000 Holocene
6000 2000
Pliocene
DEPTH (feet)
3000
8000
Depth (meters)
4000
U. Miocene
10000 5000
6000
12000
L. Miocene
7000
Oil Window
14000 Over-mature 8000

Gas Window Oligocene
Inmature 9352
16000
0 1 Sweeney & Burnham (1990)_EASY%Ro-Tumaco-1_Default
% RO Remolino Grande
Figure 44. Geochemical profile of % Ro Figure 45. Calibration of maturity in the model
Results
The interval located in the lower part of the Oligocene reaches a transformation rate of 65% until today; the process began 15
million years ago (Figures 46 and 47).
Age (Ma) TUMACO 1_Default

35 30 20 10 0
Time (Ma) CENOZOIC
Pg. NEOG.
30 20 10 0 0
CENOZOIC Pliocene-Holocene
Pg. Neog.
100 1000
Miocene
80
TR_ALL (percent)
2000
Bulk Depth (meter)
0-5 50-55
TR_ALL-(Percent)
65 5-10 55-60
Upper Miocene
3000
10-15 60-65
15-20 65-70
40
20-25 70-75
4000 25-30 75-80 Lower Miocene
20 30-35 80-85
35-40 85-90
5000 40-45 90-95 Oligocene
0 45-50 95-100
TR_ALL-Layer Oligocene Generator-Tumaco-1_Default
Figure 46. Transformation rate Figure 47. Burial history vs. Transformation rate

The generation rate shows a very significant episode over time: a pulse with a maximum expulsion 3 million years ago (Figure 48).
Time (Ma)
65 60 50 40 30 20 10 3 0
CENOZOIC
Pg. Neog.
30
Bulk Generation Rate-Layer (mgHC/gTOC/My)

20
10
0
Bulk Generation Rate-Layer Oligocene Generator-Tumaco-1_Default
Figure 48. Expulsion rate
The maximum temperatures reached at this point are around 165-180 degrees Celsius (Figure 49).
Age (Ma) TUMACO1_Default
65 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
CENOZOIC
Pg. NEOG.
0
Pliocene-Holocene
1000
Temperature
2000 (Celsius)
Pliocene
0.00-15
3000
15-30
Bulk Depth (meter)
4000
30-45
45-50
Upper Miocene
5000 60-75
75-90
6000 90-105
105-120 Lower Miocene
7000
120-135
135-150
8000
150-165
Oligocene
165-180
9352
Figure 49. Burial history vs. temperature graph
Remolino Grande Pseudo-Well
The pseudo-well known as Remolino Grande is located on the western part of a syncline in which the generating formations did
not reach the maximum possible depth (Figures 50).
Remolino Grande
Tumaco
pseudo well
pseudo well
Pliocene
Upper Miocene
Lower Miocene
Oligocene
Cretaceous
Figure 50. Digital section showing the location of the Remolino Grande pseudo-well

The geological model is supported by regional information. In this case, an interpreted seismic section was used, from which the
data regarding the thicknesses of the stratigraphic units was drawn, carrying out the conversion from time to depth by means of
the interpolation of the following time vs. depth graph (Figure 51).
COLOMBIA
TUMACO BAY
TIME X DEPTH X VELOCITIES DIAGRAM
TWO-WAY TIME
(IN SECONDS)
0 10 20 30
1000
1000 MEAN 2000

VELOCITY
2000 2500
INTERVAL
VELOCITY
TIM
EX
DE
PT
3500 HC 3000
UR
VE
(meters /second)
4000 VELOCITIES
(meters)
DEPTH
DATA OBTAINED FROM VELOCITIES ANALYSIS OF

LINE 59 (GeoSource version)
Figure 51. Time vs. depth diagram. Taken from Ojeda and Calife, 1987
The different lithologies were taken from the published stratigraphic units and the eroded thicknesses were established
according to differences in thickness among the same units in the sector.
For the sake of coherence with the seismic interpretation, names of formations were not used for this model, but rather
thicknesses, differentiated by ages (Figure 52).
Present Eroded Deposition Age Erosion Age

NAME Top Base Thickness Thickness From To From To
Feet Feet Feet Feet (My) (My) (My (My)
1 Sediment Surface 0.00
2 Pleistocene-Holocene 0.00 4161.01 4161.01 1.00 0.00
3 Pliocene-eroded 4161.01 4161.01 0.00 499.99 3.00 2.50 2.50 1.00
4 Pliocene 4161.01 11898.02 7737.01 5.50 3.00
5 Upper Miocene Eroded 11898.02 11898.02 0.00 499.99 8.00 7.00 7.00 5.50
6 Upper Miocene 11898.02 18688.03 6790.01 15.00 8.00
7 Lower Miocene eroded 18688.03 18688.03 0.00 17.00 16.00 16.00 15.00
8 Lower Miocene 18688.03 25478.04 6790.01 23.00 17.00
9 Oligocene Eroded 25478.04 25478.04 0.00 499.99 26.50 25.00 25.00 23.00
10 Oligocene Generator 25478.04 25678.04 200.00 27.00 26.50
11 Oligocene 25678.04 30178.05 4500.01 33.50 26.50
12 Paleocene Eocene Eroded 30178.05 30178.05 0.00 15000.01 65.00 40.00 40.00 34.00
13 Basement 30178.05 30678.04 499.99 80.00 65.00
14 30678.04

Thermal Model
A constant heat flow (43 mw/m2) history was used. The actual heat flow was calculated, using the Mackenzie model, calibrated
according to regional thermal maturity information. The geothermal gradient data was taken from a Petrobras report (See Ojeda
and Calife, 1987), (Figures 53 and 54).
TEMPERATURE
26º 82º 137º ºC
80º 100º 200º 300º
0
Re
m
ol
in
o
G
Ta
ra
20 50 100 150 200

nd
mb
e-
or
1
a-1
0
Ma
Pliocene
ja
OIL GENERATION
gua
WINDOW
-1
5.000’
1000
U. Miocene
INITIAL GENERATION
Depth (meter)
(a) SANDI 1.000’ a 2480’) (a) 2000
Sa
nd
i-1
10.000’ (b) TAMBORA-1 10.000’ a 3048’) (b)
3000 L. Miocene
( c ) MAJAGUA-1 11.000’ a 3411’) (c)
4000
Oligocene
11.000’
100º 200º 300º

5613
LEGEND
MAJAGUA-1 Temperature-Remolino Grande_Default

REMOLINO GRANDE-1 Remolino Grande
TAMBORA-1
SANDI-1 Petrobras, 1987
Figure 53. Temperature date used. Figure 54. Calibration of temperature

Taken from Ojeda and Calife, 1987 in the Remolino Grande model
Geochemical Model
The geochemical model was developed on the basis of the geochemical characterization developed during this project. An
Oligocene interval was taken as the probable source rock (Figure 55).
TOC Kinetics H
NAME
Wt% (mg HC/g TOC)
1 Sediment Surface 0.00 0.00
2 Pleistocene-Holocene 0.00 None 0.00
3 Pliocene - eroded 0.00 None 0.00
4 Pliocene 0.00 None 0.00
5 U. Miocene - eroded 0.00 None 0.00
6 U. Miocene 0.00 None 0.00
7 L. Miocene - eroded 0.00 None 0.00
8 L. Miocene 0.00 None 0.00
9 Oligocene - Eroded 0.00 None 0.00
10 Oligocene 0.00 None 0.00
11 Oligocene Generator 0.00 Tissot et al (1988 T-3) 150.00
12 Paleocene Eocene Eroded 0.00 None 0.00
13 Basement 0.00 None 0.00
Figure 55. Input data for the geochemical model

Calibration
The calibration of maturity within the model was carried out with vitrinite reflectance data obtained from the analyzed wells
THERMAL MATURITY
0
Majagua-1
Remolino Grande-1
Sandy-1
2000 Tambora-1
Sweeney & Burnham (1990)_EASY%Ro(%Ro)
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.004.50
4000 0 Pleistocene -
1000 Holocene
6000 2000
Pliocene
3000
DEPTH (feet)
Depth (meters)
8000
4000
U. Miocene
10000 5000
6000
12000 L. Miocene
7000
Oil Window
8000
14000 Over-mature
Gas Window Oligocene
9352
Inmature
16000 Sweeney & Burnham (1990)_EASY%Ro-Tumaco-1_Default
0 1
Remolino Grande
% RO
Figure 56. Geochemical profile of % Ro Figure 57. Calibration of maturity within the model
Results
The interval located in the Oligocene reaches a transformation rate of 12% until today; the process began 15 million years ago
Age (Ma) Remolino Grande_Default
35 30 20 10 0
CENOZOIC
Pg. NEOG.
Pliocene-
0 Holocene
Pliocene
1000
Time (Ma)
30 20 10 0 Upper Miocene
CENOZOIC
Pg. Neog.
2000
100
Bulk Depth (meter)
TR_ALL (%)
80 50-55
3000 5-10 55-60 Lower Miocene
60 10-15 60-65
TR_ALL-(%)
15-20 65-70
40 20-25 70-75
4000
25-30 75-80
30-35 80-85
Oligocene
20
35-40 85-90
5000 40-45 90-95
0 45-50 95-100
TR_ALL-Layer Oligocene Generator-Remolino Grande_Default Basement
5613
Figure 58. Transformation rate Figure 59. Burial history vs. Transformation rate

The generation rate shows two very significant episodes over time: a pulse with a maximum expulsion 7 million years ago, and
another one, 3 million years ago. Figure 60.
Time (Ma)
30 20 10 0
CENOZOIC
Pg. Neog.
2.09
Bulk Generator Rate (MgHC/TOC/My)
0
Bulk Generator Rate-Layer Oligocene Generator-Remolino Grande_Default
Figure 60. Expulsion rate
The maximum temperatures reached at this point are around 105-110 degrees Celsius (Figure 61).
Age (Ma) Remolino Grande _Default

65 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
CENOZOIC
Pg. NEOG.
0 Pleistocene
Holocene
Pliocene
1000
Upper Miocene
Bulk Depth (meter)
2000
Temperature
(Celsius)
0.00-15
Lower Miocene
3000 15-30
30-45
45-50
60-75
4000
75-90
90-105 Oligocene
105-120
5000 120-135
135-150
5613 Basement
Figure 61. Burial history vs. temperature graph
Probable Generation Zones in the Basin
According to the 1D modeling carried out, intervals with geochemical characteristics equivalent to those evaluated in this study
and reaching depths greater than 20,000 feet fall into the oil generation window. On the basis of this premise and taking the
gravimetric basement map (Bouguer anomalies) as reference, it is possible to identify two important generation zones in the
basin, shown in green below (Figure 62).

Figure 62. Probable generation zones in the basin.

5. CONCLUSIONS
5. CONCLUSIONS

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TUMACO BASINS
(Pacific realm)

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TUMACO BASIN

AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS

Executive Director: Geovany Bedoya, Msc.

Scientific Advisors: Iván Dario Correa, Ph.D.

Designed by: María Elena Uribe Alzate

Printed in Medellín - Colombia

Fondo Editorial Universidad EAFIT. Medellín, Colombia 172 pp.

Minister of Mines and Energy

AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS

General Director ANH

The Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos is commited to improve the geological

José Armando Zamora Reyes

3. STRATIGRAPHY AND FACIES 43

6. GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION AND MODELING 83

7. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (Summary) 105

References. Published works 109

Fischborn y Carrillo (1983)

Suárez (Ecopetrol) (1990)

Petrobras - Ecopetrol (2002)

Richfield Company (1954)

Figueroa y Nuñez (1990)

Figure 2. Location of source data used in this study

22 GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS

San Juan Basin Istmina - Condoto High Atrato Basin

0.01 Qall Qat Qaf Qtf Qb Qsb

Sil Lower Sierra Formation

U Porphyry Alto Condoto

Cl Clavo Formation La Equis Santa La Equis/

Dioritic Baudó Ultramafic Pen Peu Pen Peu

Age: Formation Formation Formation Formation

Group Group Group Group

Formation gabbroic Formation

A question mark (?) preceding a lithostratigraphic name

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 23

Sample site for

c. The Baudó Event (? 8-4 Ma)

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 25

Figure 5. SW-NE to SE-NW rotation

26 GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS

11 Sub - Lower Miocene

Figure 7. Restored structural cross-sections

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 29

2.4 Gravimetric and Magnetometric Interpretation

Figure 8 Location of two

30 GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS

Bouguer anomalies map (BGA) (Fig. 9)

BGA data (P = 2.67 gr/cm3) from both databases

The interpretation of the BGA data was

Figure 9. Bouguer Anomaly map.

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 31

32 GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 33

34 GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 35

Figure 14. North-south magnetic profiles along the Baudó Range.

36 GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS

Once the above outlined maps were completed, geophysical

This elongated, asymmetric basin, has a general N1OW

PROFILE 7N PROFILE 8N PROFILE 5N

P E R F IL M A G N E T O M E T R IC O 7 N PER FIL M A G N ETO M ETR ICO 8N PERFIL MAGNETOMETRICO 5N

0 2 0 40 6 0 8 0 10 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ATRATO AND SAN JUAN BASINS 37

31080 32200 31150