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 Slides 10 e 11 week 2

Week 2:
Data vs Information vs Knowledge

Data - raw alphanumeric values obtained through different methods.

Information - created when data is processed, organized, or structured to provide context and
meaning

Knowledge is what we know. Knowledge is unique to each individual and is the accumulation
of experience and insight that shapes the lens by which we interpret, and assign meaning to,
information.

Knowledge Management - blending a company’s internal and external information and

turning it into actionable knowledge.

- Knowledge is only valuable if it is put into use in the company

- Ways to do this include encouraging communication, offering opportunities to learn,
and promoting the sharing of appropriate knowledge artifacts
- We need to make knowledge interesting (not killing it)

Explicit Vs Tacit Knowledge:

- Explicit: Databases, documents, policies, …

 o Recorded, easy transferable, reusable, requires effort to keep up to date
- Tacit: Expertise and practical work experience of the employees (in their heads)

Examples of Knowledge Management Processes:

- Knowledge capture: Activities that enable the recording and representation of tacit
knowledge in explicit form
- Creation, Codification, Access and Sharing, Application and Re-use

Four modes of knowledge conversion: Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization)

SECI Model (Nonaka):

1. Tacit to Tacit (Socialization):

- 80% of knowledge lies in people´s heads

- Socialization consists of sharing knowledge

through social interactions

- Very limited, difficult, and time-consuming

- Tutor and apprentice works very nice through socialization

2. Tacit to Explicit (Externalization):

- Document the tacit knowledge

- Individuals are able to articulate the knowledge and know-how and the know-why

- An intermediary is often needed to execute this (ex: journalist) who can extract, model and
synthesize in a different way, and increase the scope (larger audience)

3. Explicit to Explicit (Combination):

- Recombining discrete pieces of explicit knowledge into a new form

- No new knowledge is created, only improved, and organized

4. Explicit to Tacit (Internalization):

- Knowledge is applied and used in practical situations

- Knowledge documented is internalized, and used by employees, who extend and reframe it,
within their own tacit knowledge

Advantages and Disadvantages of SECI Model:

- (A) Appreciates the dynamic nature of knowledge and knowledge creation

- (A) Provides a framework for management of the relevant processes.
- (D) Based on a study of Japanese organizations, which heavily rely on tacit knowledge:
employees are often with a company for life

Organization Learning is a Process:

- Individual Level: Knowledge is gained through

internalization and externalization
- Group Level: Knowledge flows to group level via social interaction + knowledge sharing
(Socialization)
- Organizational Level: derives from individual and group knowledge through
combination and socialization

Challenges of Knowledge Management:

- Liberate knowledge from individuals making it available as an organizational resource

- Provide an enabling environment that allows people to share their knowledge
- Establish an enterprise-wide vocabulary so that the knowledge is correctly understood
- Be able to identify, model, and explicitly represent their knowledge
- Create a culture that encourage knowledge sharing
- CKOs fail to “sell” the knowledge effort as crucial for the survival of the enterprise