96 Chapter 2 Matrices

The solution of Ly  b is
5
y  1 .
14
 
Now solve the system Ux  y for x using back-substitution.
3 5

    
1 0 x1
0 1 3 x2  1
0 0 14 x3 14
From the bottom equation, x3  1. Then, the second equation gives x 2  31  1,
or x2  2. Finally, the first equation is x1  3(2)  5, or x1  1. So, the solution of the
original system of equations is

 
1
x 2 .
1

SECTION 2.4 Exercises

In Exercises 1–8, determine whether the matrix is elementary. If it 9. Find an elementary matrix E such that EA  B.
is, state the elementary row operation used to produce it. 10. Find an elementary matrix E such that EA  C.
11. Find an elementary matrix E such that EB  A.
   
1 0 1 0 0
1. 2.
0 2 0 0 1 12. Find an elementary matrix E such that EC  A.

   
1 0 0 1
3. 4. In Exercises 13–20, find the inverse of the elementary matrix.
2 1 1 0

1  0 
0 1 5 0

   
2 0 0 1 0 0 13. 14.
5. 0 0 1 6. 0 1 0 0 1

   
0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
15. 0 1 0 16. 0 1 0

   
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1
7. 8.
0 5

 
1 0 0 0 1 0 k 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 17. 0k 0
1 
, k0 18. 0 1 0 , k0
In Exercises 9–12, let A, B, and C be 0 0 1

 
2 3 1

   
1 2 0 1 0 0 0

 
1 0 0
A 0 1 2 , B 0 1 2 , 0 1 k 0
19. 0 0 1 20.
1 2 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 0
0 1 0
3

 
0 4 0 0 0 1
C 0 1 2 .
1 2 0
 Section 2.4 Elementary Matrices 97

In Exercises 21–24, find the inverse of the matrix using elementary 36. Writing E is the elementary matrix obtained by multiplying a
matrices. row in In by a nonzero constant c. A is an n  n matrix.
2 (a) How will EA compare with A?
1  1 
3 2 0
21. 22. (b) Find E 2.
0 1
1 2 37. Use elementary matrices to find the inverse of

   
1 0 1 0

   
23. 0 6 1 24. 0 2 1 1 a 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 4 0 0 1 A 0 1 0 b 1 0 0 1 0 , c  0.
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 c
In Exercises 25–32, factor the matrix A into a product of elementary 38. Use elementary matrices to find the inverse of
matrices.

 
1 0 0
A 0 0 , c  0.
11  1 
2 0 1 1
25. A  26. A 
0 0 a b c
1
27. A    28. A   
4 1 1 39. Writing Is the product of two elementary matrices always
3 1 2 1 elementary? Explain why or why not and provide appropriate
2

   
1 0 1 2 3 examples to illustrate your conclusion.
29. A  1 3 0 30. A  2 5 6 40. Writing Is the sum of two elementary matrices always
0 0 1 1 3 4 elementary? Explain why or why not and provide appropriate
examples to illustrate your conclusion.

   
1 0 0 1 4 0 0 2
0 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 In Exercises 41–44, find the LU-factorization of the matrix.
31. A  32. A 
0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 2
2  6 
1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 41. 42.
1 4

   
True or False? In Exercises 33 and 34, determine whether each 3 0 1 2 0 0
statement is true or false. If a statement is true, give a reason or cite 43. 6 1 1 44. 0 3 1
an appropriate statement from the text. If a statement is false, provide 3 1 0 10 12 3
an example that shows the statement is not true in all cases or cite an In Exercises 45 and 46, solve the linear system Ax  b by
appropriate statement from the text. (a) finding the LU-factorization of the coefficient matrix A,
33. (a) The identity matrix is an elementary matrix. (b) solving the lower triangular system Ly  b, and
(b) If E is an elementary matrix, then 2E is an elementary (c) solving the upper triangular system Ux  y.
matrix. 45. 2x  y  1
(c) The matrix A is row-equivalent to the matrix B if there exists yz 2
a finite number of elementary matrices E1, E2, . . . , Ek such 2x  y  z  2
that A  Ek Ek1 . . . E2E1B. 46. 2x1  4
(d) The inverse of an elementary matrix is an elementary matrix. 2x1  x 2  x3  4
34. (a) The zero matrix is an elementary matrix. 6x1  2x2  x3  15
x4  1
(b) A square matrix is nonsingular if it can be written as the
product of elementary matrices. 47. Writing Suppose you needed to solve many systems of
(c) Ax  O has only the trivial solution if and only if Ax  b linear equations Ax  bi , each having the same coefficient
has a unique solution for every n  1 column matrix b. matrix A. Explain how you could use the LU-factorization
35. Writing E is the elementary matrix obtained by interchanging technique to make the task easier, rather than solving each
two rows in In. A is an n  n matrix. system individually using Gaussian elimination.
(a) How will EA compare with A?
(b) Find E 2.