EXPERIMENT No.

HEAT
I. Objective

To determine the specific heat of a metal sample

To determine the coefficient of linear example of a metal rod

II. Online Simulation

III. Part I SPECIFIC HEAT

When equal masses of different substances are subjected to the same

rise in temperature, they absorb different quantities of heat. Water takes in
more heat than almost any other substance undergoing the same change in
temperature. Conversely, water gives more heat than almost all substances
when cooling through the same change in temperature. Hence, water is used as
the basis in comparing quantities of heat.

The specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of that substance by a certain number of
degrees divided by the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an
equal mass of water by the same number of degrees.

Numerically, it is equal to the number of calories required to raise the

temperature of one ram of the substance from 14.5˚C to 15.5˚C.

To determine the specific heat of a substance, we apply the method of

mixture. The principle involved in the method of this law is the law of heat
exchange. When only two substances interchange heat, the interchange
continues such that the heat that is given up by the hotter substance is gained
by the cooler substance. There will be no net heat transfer when the two come
to the same temperature.

In this experiment a solid of known mass is heated to a certain

temperature. It is then mixed with a known mass of water which is at a lower
initial temperature. After immersing the solid in the water, the two reach a
common temperature. The amount of heat absorbed by the water is equal to the
amount of heat given up by the solid in symbols.

Q = m C ∆T

Where m is the mass of the substance (either the water or the metal sample).
C is the specific heat capacity
and ∆T is the change in temperature experience by the substance.
 In ideal conditions where there is no heat lost to the environment. The heat
given up by other hotter substance is completely absorbed by the colder
substance.

Q ABSORBED +Q RELEASED =0
QWATER +Q METAL=0
Q METAL=−( QWATER )
mmetal c metal ∆ T metal =−( Q WATER )
−( QWATER )
c metal =
mmetal ∆ T metal

IV. Part II

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume,
and density in response to a change in temperature, usually not including
phase transitions. Linear expansion means change in one dimension (length) as
opposed to change in volume (volumetric expansion). We may compute for the
change in length of a solid using the equation.

∆ L=αLo ∆T

Where Lo is the original length of the solid substance and T is the change in
its temperature.

PROCEDURE

PART I SPECIFIC HEAT

https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_chem/chem_sim/calorimetry/
Calor.php?
fbclid=IwAR11EDyVDSpuS6IDYidEiBMWluyKpnGanL_JUHhfrBD90wR55PKq-
777lPk

1. Select the Solid Tab. Use a 50.0 g sample of metal (see type of metal below)
a. Member 1 – Tin
b. Member 2 – Silver
c. Member 3 – Copper
d. Member 4 – Iron
e. Member 5 – Aluminum
2. Set the initial temperature of the metal to the boiling point of water (100 0C)
3. Press Next
4. Choose the Liquid Tab
5. Use Water as the liquid to be used in the calorimeter
 6. Set the mass of water to 100 gram
7. Take note of the initial temperature of water used by the simulation
8. Press Next
9. Click the “Show graph view”
10.Press Start
11.Record the final temperature of the system
12.Press Reset
13.Perform trial 2. Select the Solid Tab. Use Unknown Metal I
14.Repeat 2 to 12
15.Perform trial 3. Select the Solid Tab. Use Unknown Metal II
16.Repeat 2 to 12

PART II. LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

1. Go to the website provided:

2. https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ThermalExpansionOfSolids/
Note: you could also download the activity.
2. To do the linear thermal expansion experiment, click the linear icon.

3. Select Aluminum for trial 1

4. Set the initial temperature of the rod to room temperature. (24 0C to 28 0C).
5. Increase the temperature of the rod by adjusting the final temperature icon. Set the
temperature close to the boiling temperature of water. (95 0C to 100 0C). Compute for the
change in temperature. Take a screenshot of the simulation for verification of data
The initial and final temperature of the rod can be changed by dragging the click button
inside the red box:

6. Record the change in length of the rod.

7. Calculate the linear expansion coefficient using the equation below:

∆L
α= Initial Length of the rod: 3 m
Lo ∆ T

8. Compute for the percentage difference between the simulated and computed linear
expansion coefficient.
9. Select Brass for trial 2
10. Repeat steps 4 to 8
11 Select Copper for trial 3
 12. Repeat steps 4 to 8

NAME Tan, Andrea Louise V. Seat no___________ DATE PERFORMED Nov 15

Yr/Sec/Course 1A-BC Group no 7 DATE SUBMITTED _____

EXPERIMENT NO.7

HEAT

PART I

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Type of metal Aluminum - Unknown Unknown
Al Metal I Metal II
Mass of metal 50.0 g 50.0 g 50.0 g
Initial temperature of the metal 100 0C 100 0C 100 0C
Initial temperature of water 20 0C 20 0C 20 0C
Mass of Water 100 g 100 g 100 g
Final temperature of the system 27.79 0C 23.540C 21.210C
Temperature change of metal -72.21C0 -76.46 C0 -78.79 C0
Temperature change of water 7.79 C0 3.54 C0 1.21 C0
Specific heat of water 4.184 J/g C0 4.184 J/g 4.184 J/g
C0 C0
Heat gained by the water QWATER 3259.34 J 1481.14 J 506.26 J
Heat given up by the metal Q METAL -3259.34 J -1481.14 J -506.26 J
Specific heat of the metal(computed) 0.903 J/g C0 0.387 J/g 0.129 J/g
C0 C0
Specific heat of the metal (standard) 0.903 J/g C0 0.388 J/g 0.128 J/g
C0 C0
Percentage error 0% 0.26% 0.78%

PART II

A.) Linear Thermal Expansion

Initial Length of the rod: 3 m

Type of Change in Change in Computer Calculated Percent

Metal Length of the Temperature Generated α α Difference
Rod (∆L) of the Rod (∆ T
)

Aluminum 0.00504 m 700C −5

2.4 × 10 /0C a=2.4 ×10
−5
0%
Trial 1
 Brass 0.004023 m 74.50C 1.8 ×10−5/0C a=1.8 ×10−5 0%
Trial 2
−5 −5
Copper 0.003672 m 720C 1.7 ×10 /0C a=1.8 ×10 0%
Trial 3

Part 1

Screenshot Trial I Screenshot Trial II

Screenshot Trial III

Part 2

Screenshot Trial I Screenshot Trial II Screenshot Trial III

Computation

Part 1

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Temperature ∆ T =27.79−100 ∆ T =23.54−100 ∆ T =21.21−100
change of metal
∆ T =−72.21 ∆ T =−76.46 ∆ T =−78.79

Temperature ∆ T =27.79−20 ∆ T =23.54−20 ∆ T =21.21−20

change of water
∆ T =7.79 ∆ T =3.54 ∆ T =1.21

Heat gained by the QWATER =¿ Q = m C QWATER =¿ Q = m C QWATER =¿ Q = m C

water QWATER ∆T ∆T ∆T

QWATER =100(4.184)(7.79)
QWATER =100(4.184)(3.54Q)WATER =100(4.184)(1.21)

QWATER =3259.34 QWATER =1481.14 QWATER =506.26

Heat given up by Q METAL=¿ Q = m C Q METAL=¿ Q = m C Q METAL =¿ Q = m C

 the metal ∆T ∆T ∆T
Q METAL
Q METAL=−100(4.184)(7.79)
Q METAL=−100(4.184)(3.54)
Q METAL=−100( 4.184)(1.21)

Q METAL=−3259.34 Q METAL=−1481.14 Q METAL=−506.26

Specific heat of the −( QWATER ) −( QWATER ) −( QWATER )

metal c metal = c metal = c metal =
mmetal ∆ T metal mmetal ∆ T metal mmetal ∆ T metal

− ( 3259.34 ) −( 1481.14 ) −( 506.26 )

c metal = c metal = c metal =
(50)(−72.21) (50)(−76.46) (50)(−78.79)

c metal =0.903 c metal =0.387 c metal =0.129

Part 2

Aluminum Trial 1 Brass Trial 2 Copper Trial 3

Change in ∆ T =97−27 ∆ T =99.5−25 ∆ T =99−27
Temperature of the
Rod (∆ T ) ∆ T =70 ∆ T =74.5 ∆ T =72

Calculated α ∆L ∆L ∆L
α= α= α=
Lo ∆ T Lo ∆ T Lo ∆ T

0.00504 0.004023 0.003672

α= α= α=
(3)(70) (3)(74.5) (3)(72)
−5 −5 −5
α =2.4 × 10 a=1.8 ×10 a=1.8 ×10

Analysis

As shown in the calorimetry simulation done, different substances with equal

masses absorb different quantities of heat although they are subjected to the same
initial temperature or amount of heat.

Thermal expansion is the tendency of things or matter to expand or change in shape

when it is exposed or subjected to heat. The thermal expansion presented in the
thermal expansion simulation was a linear type of expansion, where there was a
change in one dimension of the object only. Furthermore, this simulation showed that
the different composition of matter in the tubes affect the amount heat they absorb,
therefore also affecting the extent of the expansion.
Generalization

The key take-away from our simulations are that equal masses of different
substances that are subjected to the same amount of heat will always yield different
values of specific heat. And thermal expansion, the tendency of matter to expand when
subjected to heat, is also affected by this concept.