Department of Education

Grade 11: EAPP

Conducting Surveys, Experiments or
Observations
Second Quarter – WEEK 6

Glenn C. Maratas
Writer

Glendle L. Lunar
Dr. Florante C. Marmeto
Validators
Josephine M. Montero
Cecilia Teresa C. Claudel
Marie Ann R. Esmeria
Dr. Ma. Carmen D. Solayao
Quality Assurance Team

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave., Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
(02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940
 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
conduct surveys, experiments or observations. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of the students.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments,
and observational studies;
2. Conduct a survey, experiment or observation on a given topic; and
3. Present results from a survey, experiment or observation.

Directions: Determine whether the following types of data is a primary source or

secondary source of information. Write your answer on the blank.

_______________1. Archives and manuscript material

_______________2. Literature reviews and review articles
_______________3. Documentary about the historical event
_______________4. Essay by a philosopher
_______________5. Biography of the historical figure
_______________6. Letters and diaries written by a historical figure
_______________7. Information obtained from the newspaper
_______________8. Results from a questionnaire given to people in your
neighborhood
_______________9. Data gathered by asking each person in your class what
music does he/ she likes
______________10. Sport scores taken from the internet

Raimo Streefkerk, Primary and Secondary Sources: 2019 Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/primary-and-secondary-sources

Mind Mapping: Characteristics of Survey Questionnaire

Directions:
1. Use a piece of paper to write down everything you can think about the
characteristics of survey questionnaire.
2. You may use a word or phrases in describing a survey questionnaire.
3. Create a Mind Map. Write the topic inside the big circle.

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4. Around the big circle, draw a series of small circles (at least five) that symbolize
the characteristics of a survey questionnaire.
5. Fill in each small circle with one characteristic of a survey questionnaire.

.
. .
Survey
Questionnaire

. .
.

Nowadays, data is very important to study on a particular topic. Researchers

should be careful to record data in the correct method so as to avoid getting the wrong
result. Also, he/ she should conduct the correct experiment with that data to draw
the right inference from them. Short discussion on study designs from Aniket Mitra
and Rebecca Bevans will be tackled here to further understand the topic.

Primary and Secondary Sources

When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a
variety of sources.

Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples

include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary source
gives you direct access to the subject of your research.

Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from

other researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic
books. A secondary source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.

Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both
primary and secondary sources.

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Raimo Streefkerk, Primary and Secondary Sources: 2019 Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/primary-and-secondary-sources

Methods of Study Designs- Observational Studies, Surveys and Experiments

1. Observational Study:

Studies in which our variable of interest is recorded as occurring naturally

without any experimenter’s/researcher’s interference. Suppose we want to deduce
whether students prefer listening to music during studying for better memory. We
gather some students and ask them to record down if in the last/previous week
they listened to music while studying for better memory. Another way is that we
ask them to keep a note of whether they are listening to music in the future week
while studying.

2. Sample Surveys:
Here, individuals report their values for the variable being tested themselves
to the researcher through some means. These means include persons visiting from
house to house and recording observations, sending questionnaires through email,
telephonic interviews, internet surveys, etc.
Bias is a big issue in the case of surveys. Unfairness in the methodology in
which collecting data/records is called bias. It is a serious problem in surveys and
results in the deduction of wrong inference from collected data.
Let us first discuss some common type of biases we come across in surveys:

Convenience Bias or Convenience Sample:

Chosen solely in accordance with the convenience of the person conducting
the survey. Suppose you want to take feedback on a particular product from the
customers who bought it. But you only ask feedback from the first 50 buyers for
your convenience. Now it is wrong because it might be the case that the last few
buyers have got defective products. So we are neglecting them. The best way is to
choose people at random.
a. Volunteer/ self-selected Bias:
Here individuals themselves choose to be part of the survey. Suppose, a
survey is going on to calculate the average income of a particular place. The par-
ticipants have to come to the survey center and record their income. Obviously
successful and higher-income people will go spontaneously to record their income
but lower-income people may feel shy to disclose their income. Here only higher-
income people are volunteering to participate in the survey so we won’t get the real
estimate of the average income of the particular place.
b. Non-response Bias:
Where individuals fail to complete or return their survey response form or
refuse to answer. In the above example, lower-income people refuse to be part of
the survey causing non-response bias.

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c. Response Bias:
Individuals take the survey but don’t answer the questions correctly. Sup-
pose after an election, a survey is done to call the people and ask if they have cast
their votes. Now, after the survey, it was found that the number of people who said
yes is much more than the public record. Clearly here many participants have lied
e.g, said yes in spite of not casting their vote because they want to be deemed as a
responsible citizen of the country as all responsible citizens cast votes.
d. Undercoverage Bias:
The survey doesn’t include appropriate representation from certain groups
in a target population. e.g: Suppose the authority of a school is conducting a survey
for assessing the quality of the teacher for each grade. But they forget to include
7th and 8th Grade. So not all grades of a school are included in the survey. This
is undercoverage bias.

Types of Questions in Surveys:

a. Open Questions: It can have infinite answers. e.g.: What is your favorite topic of
learning? It can have many answers from very general like Computer Science to
very specific like Deep Learning.
b. Closed Questions: Intended to have specific answers. e.g.: What is your favorite
topic? Is it Machine Learning, Deep Learning or Reinforcement Learning?

Aniket Mitra, Methods of Study Designs- Observational Studies, Surveys and Ex-
periments: 2020 Retrieved from
https://towardsdatascience.com/methods-of-study-designs-observational-studies-
surveys-22f0a04c7446/

3. Experimental:

An experiment is a type of research method in which you manipulate one or

more independent variables and measure their effect on one or more dependent
variables. Experimental design means creating a set of procedures to test a
hypothesis.

Four Steps:

1. Define your research question and variables

2. Write your hypothesis
3. Design your experimental treatments
4. Assign your subjects to treatment groups

Rebecca Bevans, A Guide to Experimental Designs: 2020 Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/experimental-design/

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Activity 1: Survey Time

A. Create a question. (Example: What is your favorite color?)

________________________________________________________________

B. Ask you 30 classmates about the created question.

C. Tally the result (answers to the question).

Answers Tally Total

D. Present the results by writing the information in a table and in a bar

graph.

D.1. Table: A table should have a title, so those looking at it under-

stand what results the table shows.

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 D.2. Bar Graph

E. Interpret the results.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

1. What are the three (3) methods of study designs?

a. _____________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________________
2. What are the five (5) common types of biases?
a. _____________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________________
d. _____________________________________________________________________
e. _____________________________________________________________________
3. What are the two (2) types of surveys?
a. _____________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________
4. What are the four (4) steps of experimental designs?
a. _____________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________

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 c. _____________________________________________________________________
d. _____________________________________________________________________

Based on the definition and discussion of the three (3) methods of study de-
signs, which one among the three designs is considered the easiest for you. Write a
250-word essay from the chosen design using your personal knowledge, what you
hear from your teachers and what you have read from the different resources to
support your ideas and opinions.

___________________________________
Title
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people, events, or phe-
nomena that you are researching.
a. Primary Source b. Secondary Source c. Tertiary Sources
2. It provides second-hand information and commentary from other researchers.
Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. It describes,
interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.
a. Primary Source b. Secondary Source c. Tertiary Sources
3. Unfairness in the methodology in which collecting data/records is called_____.
a. bias b. impartial c. objective d. balance
4. Which of the following is NOT the step of an experimental method?
a. Design your experimental treatments
b. Assign your subjects to treatment groups
c. Define your research question and variables
d. Write your statement of the problem
5. This type of survey question intends to have a specific answer.
a. open question c. thought provoking question
b. closed question d. critical question
6. This type of question can have infinite answers.
a. thought provoking question c. open question
b. creative question d. closed question
7. “An astronomer looking at the night sky and recording data regarding the move-
ment and brightness of the objects he sees”, is an example of ____________.
a. survey b. observational study c. experimentation d. interview
8. Suppose the authority of a school is conducting a survey for assessing the quality
of the teacher for each grade. But they forget to include 7th and 8th Grade. So
not all grades of a school are included in the survey. What type of bias is this?
a. Convenience bias c. Self-selected bias
b. Response bias d. Undercoverage bias
9. Suppose, a survey is going on to calculate the average income of a particular
place. The participants have to come to the survey center and record their
income. Obviously successful and higher-income people will go spontaneously to
record their income but lower-income people may feel shy to disclose their
income. Here only higher-income people are volunteering to participate in the
survey so we won’t get the real estimate of the average income of the particular
place.
a. Convenience bias c. Self-selected bias
b. Response bias d. Undercoverage bias
10. It is defined as "the collection of information from a sample of individuals through
their responses to questions".
a. Interview b. survey c. observation d. experimentati
References:

Aniket Mitra, Methods of Study Designs- Observational Studies, Surveys

and Experiments: 2020 Retrieved from

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 10
REMEMBER PRE-TEST POST-TEST
1. 1. secondary 1. A
a. observational 2. secondary 2. B
b. survey 3. primary 3. A
c. experimental 4. primary 4. D
2. 5. primary 5. B
a. convenience 6. primary 6. C
b. self-selected 7. secondary 7. B
c. non-response 8. primary 8. D
d. response 9. primary 9. C
e. under-coverage 10. secondary 10. B
3.
a. open questions
b. closed questions
4.
a. Define your research question and variables
b. Write your hypothesis
c. Design your experimental treatments
d. Assign your subjects to treatment groups
ANSWER KEY
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/experimental-design/
Rebecca Bevans, A Guide to Experimental Designs: 2020 Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/primary-and-secondary-sources
Raimo Streefkerk, Primary and Secondary Sources: 2019 Retrieved from
studies-surveys-22f0a04c7446/
https://towardsdatascience.com/methods-of-study-designs-observational-