edexcel 22: L Student Book Edexcel International GCSE Further Pure Mathematics Greg Attwood K Pledger, D Wilkins, A Macpherson, B Moran, J Petran, G Staley ZNSE Ic PEARSONYal=) ea Edexcel International GCSE Further Pure Mathematics Student Book Greg Attwood K Pledger, D Wilkins, A Macpherson, B Moran, J Petran, G Staley LWAYS LEARNING PEARSONi Edinburgh Gate, Published by Pearson Education Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales, having its registered ole Harlow, Essex, CM20 2JE. Registered company number: 872828, wew:pearsonschoolsandiécolleges co.uk Hidecel isa registered trademark of excel Limited ‘Text © Greg, Attwood, Keith Pledger, David Wilkins, Alistair Maepherson, Bronwen Moran, Joseph Petran and Geoff Staley 2010 First published 2010 WBZ IMP 10987654 ISBN 9780435094 145 Copyright notice Allrights reserved. 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Any omissions willbe retilied in subsequent Printings if notice is given tothe publishers Websites ‘The websites used inthis book were correct and up to date atthe time of publication, I is essential for tutors to preview each website before using it in class soas to ensure that the URLis sll accurate, relevant and appropriate, We suggest that tutors bookmark useful websites and consider enabling students to access them through the school/college intranet, Disclaimer ‘This material has been published on bral of Edexcel and offers high-quality support for the delivery of Edexcel qualifications, ‘This does not mean that the material is essential o achieve any Edexcel qualification, nor does it meu that itis the only suitable material available to support any Edexcel qualication. Bdexcel material wll nt be used verbatim in setting any Edexcel examination or assessment. ‘Any resource lists produced by Faexcel shall Include this and other appropriate resources, Copies of official speciications forall Edexcel qualifications may be found on the Flexcel website: wwwsedexcel.com.About this book Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Logarithmic functions and indices 1.1 Rules of indices 1.2 Surds 1.3 Writing an expression as a logarithm 1.4 Laws of logarithms 1.5 The change of base formulae to solve equations 1.6 The functions y = a* and y = log, x The quadratic function 2.1 Factorising quadratic expressions 2.2 Completing the square of quadratic expressions 2.3 Solving quadratic equations 2.4 Solving quadratic equations by using formulae 2.5 Functions of the roots of a quadratic equation Identities and inequalities 3.1 Dividing a polynomial 3.2 Factorising a polynomial 3.3 The remainder theorem 3.4 The substitution method 3.5 Solving linear inequalities 3.6 Solving quadratic inequalities 3.7 Representing linear inequalities graphically and simple linear programming problems Graphs and functions 4.1 Sketching cubic curves 4.2 Sketching graphs of cubic functions 4.3 Sketching the reciprocal function 4.4 Sketching curves of functions 5 Sketching more complicated curves 4.6 Sketching the graph of exponential functions 4.7 Using graphs of functions to solve equations Series 5.1 Arithmetic sequences 5.2 Adding the terms of an arithmetic sequence 5.3 Finding the sum of an arithmetic series 5.4 > to signify ‘the sum of’ 5.5 Geometric sequences 26 42 42 46 49 51 54 59 62 68 68 69 72 718 76Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Chapter 10: 5.6 Defining geometric sequences 5.7 Finding the sum of a geometric series 5.8 Finding the sum to infinity of a geometric series The binomial series 6.1 Using the binomial expansion 6.2 Using the binomial expansion when nis not a positive integer Scalar and vector quantities 7.1 Scalars and vectors 7.2 Vector arithmetic 7.3 Using vectors to describe the position of a point, 7.4 The Cartesian components of a vector Rectangular Cartesian coordinates 8.1 The equation of a straight line 8.2 Working out the gradient of a line using formulae 8.3 Finding the equation of a line using formulae 8.4 Working out the gradient ofa line that is perpendicular to a given line 8.5 Finding the distance between (xj, 43) and (x2. ya) using formulae 8.6 Finding the coordinates of a point that divides a line in a given ratio Calculus 9.1 Finding the gradient function of a curve 9.2. Differentiating a function 9.3. Differentiating e", sinax and cosax 9.4. Using the chain rule, product rule and quotient rules 9.5. Using differentiation to find the gradient of a tangent to a curve 9.6 Reversing the process of differentiation by integration 9.7. Applying calculus to problems 9.8 Finding the coordinates of a stationary point on acurve 9.9. Using integration to find areas and volumes 9.10 Relating one rate of change to another 9.11 Using turning points to solve problems Trigonometry 10.1. Measuring angles in radians 10.2 Using radians for the length of an arc of a circle 7 79 83 89 89 90 96 96 99 103 104 109 109 112 114 116 19 120 124 124 125 127 129 132 133 135 138 140 148 150 157 157 15910.3 Using radians for the area of a sector of a circle 10.4 Using sinx, cosy and tan x for angles of any magnitude 10.5 Using the sine and cosine rules 10.6 Solving problems in 3D 10.7 Using trigonometric identities and formulae to simplify expressions 10.8 Solving simple trigonometric equations 10.9 Using trigonometric formulae to solve equations Review exercise Revision and exam preparation Practice exam paper 1 Practice exam paper 2 Appendix: Formulae, notation and symbols Answers Index 162 165 168 174 180 183 186 190 202 206 209 212 215 228About this book This book has several features to help you with International GCSE Further Pure Mathematics, Clear diagrams Graphs and technical diagrams support the text to lustrate a formula or pose a {question fr you to answer. Hint boxes \ ‘These ether provide help on how \ /, ‘oracklea question, or information relating to the topic Chapter summaries “Thekey points are summarised a the end of chapter Check you understand them fully before moving on. The summaries are so tefl for revision, ‘Mathematical formulae ‘lth formulae needed \When & new topic is introduced forthe Intemational GCSE worked examples take atypical ‘examinations have been ‘question and show you step-by- covered step how to answer itChapter 1: Logarithmic functions and indices Hint: The mth root of a. Example 1 Simplify these expressions a xxe3 b 2r? x 3r ce bt+5t a fe hsart e (ap x 2a? f (3x73 +x4 a sts? ere Use the rule a” X a! = ¢"*" to simplify the index. b 2r? x 3r3 Rewrite the expression with the numbers together and 2x3 x PF the rterms together =6xret? 2x3=6 =6re xe * ce p+ bt Use the rule a" X @" = ¢" *" to simplify the index. bes =i=1 Use the rule a" + a =" 2653Xx3 ees a Sar e WP x 2a? Use the rule (a")" to simplify the index. a X 2a? 1X 2X aK ar=2x art? =2xaht? f Bxe2p= Use the rule (a)" = «™ to simplify the index.et xt ae x @ 2xl5 + 4x05 yhs 025 175 x © ww} 2x15 + 4025 Use the rule" = a Remember ~ {— this could also be written as Use the rule a” a= a", Use the rule (a")" Use the rule at" = a" = @"™¥, 2+4= 15 ~ -0,25 = 1.75 Example 3 Evaluate: ae Using. " Both 3 and ~3 are square roots of 9. V9 strictly means +3 and +V9 = +3 but always check if the hegative square root is a required answer, ‘This means the cube root of 64. ASA x4 x4 = 64, 4 Using a = Va ‘This means the square root of 49, cubed. 1 Using a" = ae. (25 = +5Exercise 1A Simplily these expressions: Loa xixxt b 2x x 3x? © 4p) +2p darts e Bs 6 upp g 10s + 2x7? bp Pept i (2a? +20 i 8p-4+a4p? ko atx 30-9 1 21038? + 7ab* m 9x? x 3(x2)) naxx 2x? x 4x6 © 7a X Bate ppp +24? 2a! + 302 x 605 3a! 205 xa? 2 Simplify a xtex? bo xS+x7 e xixy a (xy c f Box) + 3x" h ¥ o3axtx ax 3 Evaluate a b c aa e9 f he 1296 i i k 7 1 1.2. You can write a number exactly using surds, eg. V2, V3 ~5, 19. You cannot evaluat surds exactly because they give never-ending, non-repeating decimal fractions, eg. /2 = 1414 213 562... The square root ofa prime number s a surd. You can manipulate surds using these rules: Vb) = Va xb Vb ip ratise the denominator of © You can rat by va. by multiplying the top and bottom,Example 4 Simplify: a viz D © 56-224 + 294 a iz =VERD =VExVF — UsetheruleVab = vax VB. =w3 En2 b 20 = VES WE=2 Cancel by 2. © V6 - WIE + DOE =5V6-W6X/E+V6x VAT — VGisacommon factor. = V6(5 — VF + 49) ‘Work out the square roots V¥ and V49. = 65-2247) 5-447=8 = 618) = 86 Example 5 Ratlonalise the denominator of: 4 ag b Multiply the top and bottom by V3. VExiT=WFP=3 b Multiply the top and bottom by v2, Remember (2 x V2 = 2 Simplify your answer12 15 18, 21 v80 v156 6 1.3 You need to know how to write an expression as a logarithm where a is called the base of the logarithm. In the International GCSE the base of the logarithm will always be a positive integer greater than 1. Example 6 Write asa logarithm 25 = 32. Here a= 2. 5 jy L___Base 2 = 32 —_____ Solog, 32 Logarithm {in words, you would say “2 to the power 5 equals 32°. In words, you would say ‘the logarithm of 32. to base 2, 1s 5" Example 7 Rewrite asa logarithm: a 10?= 1000 b 54= 625 e 2M 024 a logyo 1000 b logs6: © log: 1024© log, 1=0 Because a © logga= 1 Becausea = « Db logy 0.25 © logy a5) Because 34 = 81 Because 4-! Because a = «1 You can use the [log] key on a calculator to calculate logarithms to base 10. Example 9 Find the value of x for which 10* = 500. 10" = 500 So logy 300 Since 10 = 100 and 10? = 1000, x must be ogi 500 somewhere between 2 and 3 =2.70(to3.£) ‘Thelog (or Ig) button on your calculator giv values of logs to base 10. Exercise 1C 1 Rewrite asa logarithm: a 49=256 b © 10°= 1000000 a 2. Rewrite using a power: a log, 16=4 blogs 25 4 1og50.2 Jogo 100.000 = 5 3 Find the value of: a log, 8 blogs 25 © logjy 10000000 login 12 © log; 729 £ logipvT0 & logs (0.25) Bh log, (a!) 4 Find the value of x for which: b logy 81=2 log, (2x) a logs = logy x5 Find from your calculator the value to 3. of: a logio 20 blog © logio 7000 10939 0.786 6 Find from your calculator the value to 3 s.L of a logip 11 b 1og1035.3 © 108003 10819 999 1 Suppose that log, x = band logs Rewriting with pow Multiplying You need to know the laws of logarithms and at a x a = abh** (see section 1.1) Rewriting asa logarithm: log, © Togs xy = logy 0 + log, y (the multiplication law) Itcan also be shown that: a) log — logy 1 (the division Jaw) Remember: # Jog, (0) = kelog, x (the power law) Remember: (ab) Note: You need to earn and remember the above three laws of logarithms. 1 sinc + the power rule shows that log, (1 = log, @~!) = —log, 1 « toge(4] = tose And from the previous section © log, a = 1 (since © Tog, 1 = 0 (since a® = 1) Example 10 asa single logarithm: a logs 6 + logs 7 b logy 15 ~ logy 3 © 2logs 3+ 3 logs 2 d logig 3 ~ 4 logig @) a logs (6X7) Use the multiplication law. = logs 42 b loga(15 +3) Use the division law. log2 5 First apply the power law to both parts of the expression. ‘Then use the multiplication law. © 2logs 3 = logs (32) 3 logs 2 = logs (23) logs 9 + logs 8 = 4 logio(3) = logio( Use the power first. Togio 3 ~ logiol logia (3 * a6 logy 48 ‘Then use the division law.3 i S 5 2 4 2 E Ff Ki 2 5 A Ey s Example 11 Write in terms of logy x. logy 4) and loge 2 a logy(x?ye3) a logy (x29?) = logy (x*) + logy 4 + log (3) = 2 logy x + loge y + 3 logy b lox (5) lous — logy (y) = loge x ~ 3 loge 9 xo © tox, (4) logy (VM) — logy z logy x + logy /H — loge = one ¢+ Flo —l,?—Usethe power aw a 1060 (5) = log, « — log, (at) om x — Flog, Bux — 4 log, @ Exercise 1D 1 Write as a single logarithm: a log; 7 + log, 3 b logy 36 ~ log: 4 © 3logs2 + logs 10 2 log, 8 ~ 4 log, 3 © logio 5 + logia 6 — login (3) 2 Writeasa single logarithm, then simplify your answer: a log: 40 ~ log 5 blog, 4+ logs 9 © 2logy 3 + 410g, logy 25 + logs 10 ~ 3 logy 5 © 2logio 20 ~ (logig 5 + logo 8) 3° Write in terms of logy x, low, y and log, 2 logy 2) b tow) © log, (ex?) a tog) © log Vaz1.5. Youcan use the change of base formulae to solve equations of the format =b J Working in base, suppose that: logy x Writing this asa power: as Taking logs toa different base hy logy a") = logy x Using the power law: inlogy = logy x Writing mas logy logy x = logy x logy.a ‘This can be written as: los, x log,a loge, Thisis the change of base rule for logarithms, ogy b Using this rule, notice in particular that logy but logg b= 1, so: Example 12 Solve the following equations, giving your answers to 3 significant figures a 3*=20 b 8=11 ec 10°=07 a 3*=20 = x=log,20 Use the definition of logarithms from section 1.3. By change of base formula, Some calculators can evaluate logs 20. If your changing to base 10 calculator does not have this facility, you can use the change of base formula and use base 10 Jog 20 lop, 20 = Bos ‘The log button on your calculator uses log au Use this to find log.) 20 and logo 3. log, 20 = 13010. 1083 20= Ga771 23 Give answer to 3 sf b 8'=11 + x=logg11 Use the definition from section 1.3. Changing to base 10 ogg LL = Jee 7 Evaluate using calculator and give answer to 3 sf. fosi08 =115 © 10°=0.7 = x=logi0 0.7 Thiscan be found directly using the log button on ==0.155 acalculator. NB A logarithm can give a negative answer: logy x< O when 0<¥<1Bi 3 = is 2 E y a Hint: ‘A fanction that involves, a variable power such as xis called an exponential function. Example 13, Solve the equation logs x + 6 log, 5 loss + pee Use change of base rule (special case) Let logs gb. 7 p+ o=5y Multiply by w-5y+6=0 &~3y-2)=0 Soy =3ory=2 logs x= 3 or logs x= 2 x= Sore Write as powers. Exercise 1E 1 Find, to 3 decimal places: a log; 120 blogs 45, © log 19 logy, 3 loge 2. Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: a staid b 9*=99 © 12%=6 3° Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: a 2 =75 b 3*=10 © 5¥=2 ad 47= 100 4 Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: a logy x= 8 +9 log, 2 blogg + 2loge4+3=0 © logy x +logyx =2 You need to be familiar with the functions y = a* and y shapes of their graphs logy, x and to know the Asan example, look at a table of walues for y = 2: 2/3 na spel [2 [3 1f2fales wlelt Note that 20 = 1 (in fact a? = 1 always if a> 0) and 27? = y= (a negative index implies the ‘reciprocal’ of a positive index)‘The graph of y = 2*looks like this: Other graphs of the type y = a* are of a similar shape, always passing through (0, 1). Now look at the table of values of y = logy x: a: y|-3 ‘You should note that the values for x and y have swapped around. ‘This means that the shape of the curve is simply a reflection in the line y 1{2]4a]e 5 ‘The graph of y = log, x will have a similar shape and it will always pass through (1, 0) since logy 1 = 0 for every value of (aca The y axisis an asymptote to the curve. Example 14 @ On the same axes sketch the graphs of y = 3° y b On another set of axes sketch the graphs of y a Forall the three geaphs, y = 1 when x= 0. When x> 0, 3>2"> 158 When x <0, 38<2% logs x for x >1. y= log, y=log,x Since the log graphs are reflections of the exponential graphs then from Example 14 ‘you can see that the reverse will apply the other side of (1,0). Sologp x x two roots are equal. 3 Example & 2 Solve the equation (2x ~ 3)? = FS (Qx-3P = 25 i ae-3=25 ‘This is a special case, es ax=325 ‘Take the square root of both sides, 2 ‘Then either 2v = 3 + 5 =x Remember (25 = +5 or —5. Ey or dee3-5 4x Add 3 to both sides. te ‘The solutlons are x = 4 or x Example 9 Solve the equation (x ~ 3)? = 7 +7 Square oot, (IF you do not have a +3477 calculator, leave this in surd form.) 3407 or xa3-v7 ‘The solutions are x = 3 + V7 or x Example 10 Solve the equation x? + 8x + 10 = 0 by completing the square. x2 + 8x+10=0 Check coefficient of x* = 1 x2 +83 Subtract 10 to get LHS in the form (etapa Complete the square for (x? + 8x). Add 4? to both sides. Square root both sides. Subtract 4 from both sides. Then the solutions (roots) of Leave your answer in surd formas 2+ 8x+ 10=Oareeither thisisa non-calculator question, x= 44 /60rx=—4—v6. ——_—$—$—$— $$$————— Example 11 Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x +7=0, 2x? = 8x +7 xt dx + ta 4y (= 2) 27 ‘The coefficient of x? Sodivide by 2 Subtract } from both sides. Complete the square for x? ~ 4. ‘Add (2)? to both sides. Combine the RES. Square root both sides. Add 2 to both sides. Exercise 2C Solve the following equations: 6 t+ 5et4=0 8 xt-x-6=0 10 x? 9x +20=0 11 =5x-6=0 13 22 +7x+3=0 15 6x?-5x-6=0 17 3x24 5r=2 18 (r= 37 =9 lox + 15=0 19 (x-7)'=36 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square (remember to leave your answer in surd form): 27 xt+ 6x4 28 x24 12x 4 29 ?-1ov= 30 x + 4y 31 32 2xt-7 33 34:10 = 3x- 36 5x2} Sy — 35 A a = a By ist ei Q a Ey FS isi = c=) Hy EI Es 2 = a Hy 5 8 fe is) 2.4 You can solve quadratic equations ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 by using the formula b= (i? — 4ac) 2a Example 12 Show that the solutions of ax? + bx + = O are —b Wo? - ac) i —i ‘Todo this complete the square, atest The cosfcont 2 sas divide a eae at Subtract £ rom both sides Complete the square. R : Add 2 to both sides, Combine the RHS. Square root ‘Thus ‘Subtract —2ba— from both sides. Example 13 Solve 4x? — 3x (= 3) + v-3)? = 44-2) - 2xE _evOT wherea = 4, b= Bt xa x RET 2 Use thens = #3494 oe 118 or x= 735941 9. -0.425 Leave your answerin surd form, —_————— ‘The part of the formula b? ~ 4acis called the discriminant. ‘The discriminant can be used to identily whether the roots of a particular equation are equal ‘and real, unequal and real or not real. ‘The discriminant of the equation ax? + by + ¢ fac © If b? ~ 4ac> 0 the roots of the equation are real and unequal 2 If b? — 4ac = 0 the roots of the equations are real and equal # If b2 — 4ac <0 there are no real roots of the equation——— Example 14 Calculate the discriminant of each of the following equations and, where possible, find the root(s) to 3 significant figures. (a) 2x2 =3x+5=0 — (b) 3x (a) 2x? -3x+5=0 2,b=-3,0=5 PP —4ae = (3)? = 4x 2x So there are no real roots (b) 3x27 -¥-1=0 a=3,b=-1e=-1 BP ~ dae = (-1)? 4 x 3 x (-1) =14+12=13 So there are two unequal real roots -(-0 4/3 Roots are: x TRF x= 0.768, — 0.434 (© 4xt-12x4+9=0 Discriminant = (~ 4x4x9 = 144-144 =0 So the roots are real and equal 12) 2x4 Exercise 2D ~40= (© 42-12r+9=0 Hentily values for a,b 31 Evaluate b? ~ ac remembering that (3? = +9 Identify the values for a, band cand calculate the discriminant Use the formula to find the solutions Calculate the discriminant Using the formula When the discriminant always factorise so in this case: 4x? — 120+ 9 =(2e- 3 =0 3 giving x Oyoucan Th questions 1~8 use the discriminant to determine whether the following equations have no real roots, equal roots or unequal roots Where possible find the root(s) to 3 signi 1 -2v+1=0 3 x 3x-2=0 5 dbx 5 rs 8 8 & 2 iS ie H Fa = & iCI 5 EI sl z Fy iS ai cy a g FE s) tions 9-18 solve the equations by using the formula and give your ai significant figures. 9 @t3xtI 10 2 —3x 11 e+ 6x+6 12 P= 5x- 13. 3x2 + 10x = 14 4x 15 7x2 +9x+1=0 16 5x24 4x— 17 4x? ~ 79 =2 18 11x? +2x-7=0 2.5. You can use functions of the roots of a quadratic equation ‘The quadratic equation ax? + by + ¢ = O can be written as b 7 0 I the roots of x? + pr +q= Oare a and Bthen ee rbf=0 or att peta + prt q=(x~ a(x B) so xt + pytq=xt— ax pet a8 le xt hpe tg (a+ B)x top Comparing coefficients p= ~(a + 6) and q=oB So for'a quadratic equation with coeflicient of x = 1 and with roots @ and B Sum of roat a+ B= —thecoeflicient of x and Product of roots = af = the constant term. So for the equation ax? + bx + e=0 « sum of roots = a+ 6 «product of roots = af = © ‘These results can also be used to find the equation of a quadratic equation given its roots. —_— ee Example 15 ‘The roots of the equation 3x? + x — 6 O are «and B. a Find an expression for @ + Band an expression for af. 1b Hence find an expression for a2 + B® and an expression for «6? © Finda quadratic equation with roots a? and 6°, a 3x7 +x-6 a Bete-2 Divide by 3 to obtain a quadratic equation with, ccoeflicient of x? = 1 = the coefficient of x he constant term ‘The sum of the root and the product of the roots Sum of roots, a + 6 = — Product of roots, a8 = —b (at B= e+ 20p+B Thissort of manipulation is often useful in so a2+p? questions of this type ie a2 +B? Use values from part a, p =~ sum of roots and 4 = product of the roots, You can simplify the equation so that the or 9x2 = 37x+36=0 _ coellicients are all integers. Notice that this question can be answered without finding the values of a and 6, Indeed sometimes a and may not even be real numbers. Example 16 ‘The roots of the equation x2 — 3x — 2 = Oare aand B, Without finding the value of « or the value of 8, find equations with roots a 30,38 bia © a, I aand Bare the roots of x? ~ 3x ~2=0 then a+6=3 Use the formulae for sum of roots and ap=-2 product of roots A 4 q & ry iz 5 5 4 A Pe i a Ifroots are 3a and 3 then Using a+ B op Sum of roots Product of roots Coefficient of xis — (sum of roots) and product of the roots is the constant term, Using a+ B= 3 op Coefficient of xis ~(sum of roots) and product of the roots is the constant term. © the roots are a2, 6? then Sumof roots =a? + 6" (a+ )?— 208 Notice the manipulation as used 1B in Example 15. Product of roots = a6? = (a)? Equation is: x? - 13x +4=0 SSExercise 2E 1 Theroots of the equation x2 + 5x + 2 are and B. Find an equation whose roots are a la+1 and 2B+1 bof and af 2 The roots of the equation x? + 6x + 1 = Qare aand B, Find an equation whose roots are a a+3 and p+3 b gana e 3. Theroots of the equation x? ~ x + 3 = Oare aand B, Find an equation whose roots are a a+2 and B+2 ba? and p? 4 The roots of the equation x? + x — 1 = O are and . Find an equation whose roots are Lena a 8 a cond 5 b Zag and Sop Mixed Exercise 2F 1. Pactorise these expressions completely © 5x2=10x= 4x43 d Qx-5P=7 3 eI 3 cS cS a 3x +4y by? + 10y E © tay tay? ad 8xy? + 10¢y Es 2 Factorise: 2 a esire2 b 3x2 + 6r © i do 2x2=¥-3 © 5x7= 13-6 f 6-5x-2 hy 3° Solve the following equations: a a yt 3yt2=0 b 3x24 13x-10=0 FI is) 4 Solve the following equations by: i completing thesquare if using the formula. a x4 5e42=0 b xt-4r-3=0 © 5x24+3x-1=0 do Qytasra4 Given that for all values of x: Bx2 + 12+ 5= ple tg)? +r a findthe valuesof p,qandr —-b_solvethe equation 3x? + 12x + 6 Find the valuesof k for which 1? + kur +4 = 0 has equal roots. 7 Find the values of k for which kx? + 8x + k = 0 has equal roots. 8 Given that a and B(a > f) are the roots of the equation, e (a B\(a? + a + B) 9 ‘The equation x? — 2tx + ¢ = O,where isa positive constant, has roots eand B. a Find.intermsof t, aB and a? +6 Given that @ ~ 6 = 24, find b the value of € an equation with roots $ and & pataGiese Ae el a t= yp = (eye + y) ‘This is called the difference of two squares. The general form of a quadratic equation is 0 = ax? + bx + cwhere a, b, care constants and a 0. Quadratic equations can be solved by © factorisation ‘© completing the square: Pee (eee) (ep © using the formula b+ yo ‘A quadratic equation has two solutions, which may be equal, or there may be no real solutions. ‘The discriminant of the quadratic expression ax? + by + cis? ~ dac If and @ are the roots of the equation ax? + by + ¢= 0 ye * of eensSent Cnuenare ed Chapter 3: Identities and inequalities 3.1. You can divide a polynomial by (ax = b) ee Example 1 Divide x? + 2x? — 17x + 6 by (x — 3). Start by dividing the first term of the 7 — polynomial by x. so that 33 = xa 2 (ext multiply (x — 3) by x2, so that x? (x= 3) 3 a ‘— Now subtract, so that (x9 + 2x2) — (a? — 3x2) 3x ‘Finally copy ~ 17x. so that 5: Moltiply (x ~ 3)by 5x, sothat 5x (3) = 5x2 15x — Subtract, so that (5x? — 17x) ~ (5x? — 15x) = 2x. eros Repeat the method. Divide —2x by x, sothat -2x + x= -2. Multiply (x ~ 3) by ~2, so that 2X (e—3)=—2nt 6. Subtract, so that [-2x + 6) = (=; No numbers left to copy. so you ~ have finished. v+6)=0, So. x34 2x? - 17x +6 + (x3) = a2 + Sx 2. ‘This scalled the quotient. Example 2 Divide 4x? + x? — 11x + 6 by 4x-3 1 x Divide 4x into 4x} to get x? 4x — 3)4x3 +x? -11x + 6 SEE Fete Then multiply x? (4x — 3) 4x} — 31 4x? Lv +6 Subtract, remembering that vo -3xt = +47Repeat method. ~~ Divide 42° by 4 to get x. Multiply x(4xe~ 3) and subtract x— 2 Finally ai 4x — 3) $32 1x +6 do} = 3x? 4x? - 11 +6 2 ~ 3x Br +6 8x + 8x by 4x to get —2 Multiply ~2(4x — 3) and subtract to get 0 0 80 4x3 +x? — 11e + 6 = (4x — 3)(a? +x — 2) Ee Exercise 3A 1 Divide: a x)+ 6x? + 8x + 3 by (x41) b x34 7x2 - 3x— S4by (x +6) © xa bet by (xt 2) dx = 5x2 + 8x — 4 by (x 2) ex 8x2 + 13x + 10by(x 5) 2 Divid © 6x} +27x7 + Hx + Sby(e 4) 3x3 10x? 10x + 8by(r—4) © 2x) + 4x? — 9x ~ 9 by (xr + 3) a 38 +2 -7by(x+1} © —5x3— 27x? + 230+ 30 by (x + 6) 3. Divide a x) + 5x¢ 5x + Lby(Qx~ 1) b 3x9 + 2x? = 3x 2by (3x42) © 6x) +x? - 7x + 2by(3x— 1) do dx) + ar? + Sx + 12by (2x +3) ce Qxh4 722+ 7x + 2by (2x +1) 3.2. You can factorise a polynomial by using the factor theorem: If fx) isa polynomial and f(p) = 0, then x — p is a factor of f(x) J oe ___ Example 3 Show that (x ~ 2) isa factor of x3 + x2 ~ 4x — 4 by the factor theorem. Saetodeog Write the polynomial as a function. QP +(2P-42)-4 Substitute x = 2 into the polynomial. 8+4-8-4 Use the factor theorem: 0 If ip) = 0, then x ~ pis a factor of f(x), Here p = 2, so (x ~ 2) isa factor of x3 + x2 — ay — 4, So (x ~ 2)is a factor of x¥ + x? — 4x ~ 4, —————ee Example Factorise 2x? + x? = 18x ~ 9. f(y) = 2x? + x? 181-9 Write the polynomial as a function, f(-1) = 2-1) + (1) — 18-1) -9=8 Try valuesof x,eg. —1, 1,2,3, until f(1) = 2(1)3 + (1)? - 18(1) - 9 = -24 you find fip) = 0. 42) = 2(2)3 + (2)? ~ 18(2) ~ 9 13) = 287 + GP = 18(3) 0. Use the factor theorem: 0, then x ~ pisa factor of (x). 3 So (x — 3) isa factor of 2x3 +x? — 182 — 9. 2x2 + 7x43 Divide 2x3 + x? = 18x ~ 9 by (x 3). You can check your division here: (x — 3)isa factor of 2x? + x2 - 18-9, so the remainder must = 0, i 2 Bs 6 g cs A Hs fo deb +a? — 18x —9= (= 322+ 7x43) BaP + 7+ 3am also be factored. = (r= HQx+ e+ 3) Example 5 Given that (x + 1) isa factor of 4x4 — 3x? + a, find the value of a. f(x) = 4x = 3x2 + ‘Write the polynominal as a function. {(-1)=0 Use the factor theorem the other way around: 4(-1)t-3{-1P +a=0 x = pisa factor of f(x), so fip) = 0 4-3+0=0 Herep = -1 a=-1 Substitute x = —1 and solve the equation fora. Remember (— 1)! = 1 Exercise 3B 1 Use the factor theorem to show that a (x— 1) Isafactor of 4x*~ 3x? —1 Bb (+ 3)isa actor of Sx* ~ 45x? ~ 6x — 18 © (x—4)isa factor of 3x? + 13x? - 6x + 8 2 Show that (x ~ 1) sa factor of x? + 6x2 + 5x ~ 12 and hence factorise the expression completely. 3. Show that (x + 1)isa factor of x? + 3x? — 33x — 35 and hence factorise the expression completely. 4 Show that (x ~ 5)isa factor of x 2x + 40 and hence factorise the expression completely.5 Show that (x ~ 2)is a factor of 2x? + 3x? — 18x + 8 and hence factorise the expression completely 6 Fach of these expressions has a factor (x * p). Find a value of p and hence factorise the expression completely a= 10r? +198 +30 ob 4? — 11 + 30 7 Factorise: a 2x? 45x? de 3 © 34824 3"—2 do 6xt + 11x2 - ay —2 fe 4x) = 12x 78 +30 Given that (x ~ 1) isa factor of 5x? — 9x? + 2x + a find the value of a. biven that (x + 3) isa factor of 6x? — by? + 18 find the value of b. . Given that (x + 3)isa factor of 6x ~ be? + 18 find the value of b RRR SEETTOT 10 Given that (¢— 1) and (x + 1) are factors of px’ + qx? ~ 3x~ 7 find the values of panda. Solve simultaneous equations. 3.3 You can find the remainder when a polynomial is divided by (ax ~ b) by using the remainder theorem: , 'fa polynomial ix) is divided by (ax ~ 6) then the remainder is (2) ar eee Fo Example 6 g Find the remainder when x? ~ 20x + 3 isdivided by (x — 4) using: 5 a algebraic division b the remainder theorem s a a x2 + 4x—4 Divide x — 20x + 3 by (x ~ 4), £ 2-4 FOr Remember to use Oe ‘The remainder is -13, b fix)=x3-20r+3 Write the polynomial asa function, Use the remainder theorem: If fx) is dwided byob. then theremande (2) 4) = (4) = 2014) +3] Compare (x ~ 4) to (ax — bj.s0a= 1. b= 4 =64—8043 | andibereainer ft) sey =-1 Ls ‘The remainder is ~13, So we could write or x3 —20r+3.=(x—4\(x2+4x—4)—13 This —13iscalled the remainder ~— "this 22 + 4 ~ 4 is called the quotient cE nee RINi $s Fs gz 3 z EI 3 Ey 3 ere LEE Example 7 When 8x4 — 4x3 + ax? 1 is divided by (2x + 1) the remainder is 3. Find the value of a fix) = 8x4 - 4x3 + ax? - 1 ‘Use the remainder theorem: If f(x) is divided ty tar then the remade) Compare (2x + 1) to (a ~ b). soa= 2, b= = 1 andthe remainder if{— Using the fact thatthe remainder Is 3 3 | substitute x = —} and solve the equation 3 | ta a=12L_(-3)° =-++ —_— see Exercise 3C 1. Find the remainder when: a 4x) — Set + 7x + 1 Is divided by ( b 225 — 32x? + x ~ 10 isdivided by (x ~ 4) cc ~2x) 4 6x2 + 5x — Bis divided by (x +1) a 7x) + 6x2 — 45x + 1 is divided by (x + 3) 2 2 When 2x} — 3x? — 2x + aisdivided by (x ~ 1) the remainder is 24 Find the value of 3 When —3r! + 4x? + be + 6 isdivided by (x + 2) the remainder is 10. Find the value of. 4) When 16x? — 322 + ex — 8 is divided by (2x ~ 1) the remainder is 1. Find the value of c. 5 Show that (2x ~ 1) isa factor of 2x3 + 17x? + 31x ~ 20. 6 fix) =32 + 3+ g. Given fl2) = 3. find f\—2). Hint for question 6: First find q. 7 g(x) =x? + ax? + 3x + 6, Given g(—1) = 2, ind the remainder when g(x) isdivided by Gx 2) 8 The expression 2x3 — x2 + ax + D gives a remainder 14 when divided by (x ~ 2) anda. remainder ~86 when divided by (x + 3). Find the values of a and b. 9 Theexpression 3x3 + 2x2 — px + qis divisible by (x ~ 1) but leaves a remainder of 10 when divided by (x + 1). Find the values of p and q. ‘Hint for question 9: Solve simultaneous equations.3.4. You can use the substitution method to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and the other is quadratic. Example 8 Solve the equations: a xt 2y=3 b 3x-2y=1 w+ 32y e+ ya 25 a x=3—2y ——— Rearrange the linear equation to get ory = +» (here x =.) ‘Substitute this into the quadratic equation (here in place of x). (G = 2yPmeans (3 ~ 2y)(3 ~ 20) (see Chapter 2). Carmi Do Solve for y using factorisation. y= sory = Sox = 4or —— Find the corresponding x-values by substituting the y-values into x = 3 ~ 2g. Sohutonseres Suey ‘There are two solution pairs.'The graph of a ae the linear equation (straight line) would intersect the graph of the quadratic (curve) at two points. ——— Find y = ... from linear equation. substitute y = 251 into the quadratie equation to form an equation in x. —— Now multiply by 4. a) | Solve for x. 4x2 + 9x2 — 6x +1 13x? - 6x — 99 = 0 (13x + 33x 3 cs g 4 E 3 3 a A z cs}Gees Co Cuea alt Exercise 3D 1 Solve the simultaneous equations: a oxty=11 b © ys3x ay = 30 2y? ~ xy = 15 d xty=9 © jatb=8 f Bay + 2y? 2. Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y = x — 4 intersects the curve with equation y? = 2x2 — 17, 3 Find the coor the curve with equation y? — x fates of the points at which the line with equation y = 3x ~ 1 intersects 15, 4 Solve the simultaneous equations: 2y=7 b 2 +y=8 a 3x +2y= = dy? Solve the simultaneous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: a x-y=6 b 2v+3, wed wit y= 78 3.5 You can solve linear inequalities using similar methods to thos for solving linear equations ) + When you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number, you need to reverse the inequality sign, OO Example 9 Find the set of values of x for which: a de-5<7 b 5r+9>x4+20 © 12-3x<27 d 3x5) >5 ~ a a lv-5<7 Qe<12 ‘Add 5 to both sides. x<6 Divide both sides by 2, b Sx+9=2+20 4x +9=20 Subtract x from both sides, 4e>11 lubtract 9 from both sides, x= 2.75 Divide both sides by 4. For e, two approaches are shown: Subtract 12 from both sides. Divide both sides by ~3. (You therefore need to turn round the inequality sign.) Add 3x to both sides. Subtract 27 from both sides, Divide both sides by 3, Rewrite with x on LHS,d 3a ) > 5 = Ihe 8) 3x—15>5-22+16 — Multiply out (note: ~2 x —8 = +16). Sx>5+ 16415 Add 15 to both sides. 3x > 36 x>72 Divide both sides by 5. Example 10 Find the set of values of x for which: x-5>1-% Qx-5>1 Iw>6 x>3 5>1-xand15 — 3x>5+2x Draw a number line, Note that there ot 2 223 ismooverlap between the two sets of ——_ Exercise 3E 1 Find the set of values of « for which: a de-3<5 1s-x>4 ose 1 20 © ete e 1+1Q=2)<100~4) g lax= 3x-3)<45 3. Find theset of values of x for whieh: 5x~4and4x + 12> 3>2and3[x+2)< 1242 I> 12x +19 3x48 = 20and 23x— 7)E x46 re values. ‘o there are no values of x for which both inequalities are true together. Sy t= 39 Se 6<-12 21-2e>843x We-7< 7-7 byt 4>12-2x sul) 2(x = 3) = (x + 12)<0 2x - 5) = 314-0) x-2642x)<11 MS — xs i iS g a a ct a B FY i}& g 2 3 Hy iy A 5 ry F & é S 3.6 To solve a quadratic inequality you « solve the corresponding quadratic equation, then * sketch the graph of the quadratic function, then ‘+ use your sketch to find the required set of values. Example 11 Find the set of values of x for which x? — 4 ~ 5 < 0 and draw a sketch to show this, Quadratic equation, a Factorise (or use the quadratic formula). (See Section 2.4.) sa dy — (+ Yie~5 Land 5 are called critical values. Your sketch does not need to be accurate. All you really need to know is that the graph is “U-shaped! and crosses the x-axis at —1 and 5. x? = 4x ~ 5 <0(y <0) forthe part of the graph below the x-axis, as shown by the paler part in the rough sketch. So the required set of values is —1 4 You may have to rearrange the quadratic inequality to get all the terms ‘on one side" before you can solve it, as shown in the next example.