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Class Lecture 1 Optical Communication 1
Class Lecture 1 Optical Communication 1
technology.
Expected !
⑦ His idea was very
simple. He filled a
container with water
and shown a light into
⑦
it in
It dark
was room. that
expected
the light would shine
straight out of the
hole and
would thedownward
Curve water would
as shown in Figure.
what actually happened !
⑦ The light stayed inside the water
path.
the same
glass) today
for the light—toa shine
light source and
through.
⑦ a clear
The lightmaterial
can be (usually
guided plastic
around or
any
optic fibers.
Endoscopes.
Hazardous areas.
All at sea.
Flexible lighting.(marking escape routes for fire fighters,
in to use in 1940.
⑦ Then arises the frequency-dependent cable losses, which increase
the range of 1-10 GHz is used to transmit the signal by using suitable
modulation techniques.
Cont.
⑦ The first microwave system operating at the carrier frequency of 4
GHz was put into service in 1948. Since then, both coaxial and
product, BL, where B is the bit rate and L is the repeater spacing
BL Development
Cont
⑦ An increase of several orders of magnitude in the BL product would be
problem.
⑦ Attention was then focused on finding ways for using laser light for
optical communications.
⑦ It was suggested in 1966 that optical fibers might be the best choice, as
they are capable of guiding the light in a manner similar to the guiding
🙣 Thinner
🙣 Less Expensive
🙣 Higher Carrying Capacity
🙣 Less Signal Degradation
🙣 Light Signals
🙣 Non-Flammable
🙣 Light Weight
Advantages of fiber optics
🙣 Telecommunications
🙣 Computer network
🙣 LA N,WAN
🙣 Cable TV
🙣 CCTV
🙣 Optical Fiber Sensors
🙣 Nuclear plant instrument
🙣 Industrial process control
system
Fiber Optic Cable
OPTICAL FIBER CONSTRUCTION
24
Fiber Optic Cable
25
App. Of Fiber Optic Cable
🙣 Relatively new transmission medium used by telephone companies
in place of long-distance trunk lines
🙣 Also used by private companies in implementing local data
networks
🙣 It require a light source with injection laser diode (ILD) or
light-emitting diodes (LED)
26
Five Generations of Light wave Systems
⑦ First generation
④ Operating near 800 nm and used GaAs semiconducor
laser, commercially available in 1980
④ Operated at bit rate of 45 Mbps and repeater spacing of
about 10 km (larger compared that of coaxial cable)
④ Dec the instl and maintenance cost
⑦ Second generation
④ Operating near 1300 nm where fiber loss is 1 db/km
(typically 0.5 db/km) and fiber exhibit minimum
dispersion.
④ Uses InGaAsP semiconductor lasers and detectors. (newly
developed)
④ Available in early 80s
④ By 1987 commercially available systems were operating at
bit rates of up to 1.7 Gbps and repeater spacing of about
50 km(SMF).
Cont..
⑦ Third generation
④ Fiber has minimum loss at 1550
nm (realized in 1979 but
dispersion was considerably
large)
④ Displayed more dispersion
arround 1550nm
⑦ Fifth generation
n1sin φ1 = n2sin φ2
As the value of sin90° is 1, we can now transpose to find sin φ1, and hence φ1,
(which is now the critical angle):
⎛n 2 ⎞
φ Critical = arcSin ⎜ ⎟
⎝n1 ⎠
A worked example
Total internal reflection
⑦ The critical angle is well-named as its
value is indeed critical to the operation
of optic fibers.
⑦ At angles of incidence less than the
critical angle, the ray is refracted.
⑦ However, if the light approaches the
boundary at an angle greater than the
critical angle, the light is actually
reflected from the boundary region
back into the first material. The
boundary region simply acts as a
mirror. This effect is called total
⑦ internal
The effectreflection
holds (TIR).
the solution to the
puzzle of trapping the light in the
fiber. If the fiber has parallel sides,
and is surrounded by a material with a
lower refractive index, the light will be
reflected along it at a constant angle -
shown as ø in the Figure .
⑦ Any ray launched at an angle
greater than the critical angle
will be propagated along
the
optic fiber
Electromagnetic spectrum
Numerical aperture
⑦ The numerical aperture of a fiber is a figure which represents
its light gathering capability.
⑦ The acceptance angle also determines how much light is able to
enter the fiber and so we must expect an easy relationship
between the nummerical aperture and the cone of acceptance as
they are both essentially measurements of the same thing.
⑦ The formula for the numerical aperture is based on the
refractive indices of the core and the cladding.
2 2
NA = n core −n cladding
Aceptance angle=sin-1 NA
Example
Let’s try the short cut and see how it works out using values of ncore = 1.5, and
n cladding = 1.48
⑦ The ray enters the fiber from a medium (air) of refractive index n0 , and the
fiber core has a refractive index n1 , which is slightly greater than the
cladding refractive index n2.
Determine:
(a) The critical angle at the core-cladding interface.
(b) The NA for the fiber.
(c) The acceptance angle in air for the fiber.
Solution:
(a)The critical angle φc at the core- cladding interface is given by Eq.
sinφc = n2 / n1
φc = sin-1n2 / n1
= sin-1 1.47/1.50
= 78.50
(b); From Eq. The numerical aperture is
NA = (n12 - n22) ½
= (1.502 - 1.472) ½
=(2.25 - 2.16) ½
=0.30
θa=sin-1 NA
= sin-1 0.30
=17.40
Intermodel dispersion (Multimode
dispersion)
The extent of pulse broadening can be estimated by considering the
longest and shortest ray paths. The shortest path occurs for θ i = 0, and Φc
X θi
is just equal to the fiber lenght 'L'.The longest path occurs for
shown previously and has a lenght 'L/sin Φc . v = c1 / n ,
the time delay is given by ;
∆T =T Max −TMin L
n1
L −L X= L/SinΦc
sx−L n2 Ln1 n1 −n 2
= = = = n1
v v c cn2 n1 SinΦc= n2/n1
n1 X = L n1/n2
Ln 21 ∆
= When ∆ <<1
cn 2
The tim e delay between the two rays taking the shortest and longest
paths is a measure of broadening experienced by an impulse launched
at the fiber input.
where p = (2∆/a2)1/2 and ρ0 and ρ’0 are the position and the direction
of the input ray, respectively. All rays recover their initial positions
and directions at distances z = 2mπ/p, where m is an integer.
Such a complete restoration of the input implies that a parabolic-
index fiber does not exhibit intermodal dispersion.
The quantity ∆T/L, where ∆T is the maximum multipath delay in a fiber of
length L, is found to vary considerably with α. Figure shows this variation
for n1 = 1.5 and ∆ = 0.01. The minimum dispersion occurs for α= 2(1−∆)
and depends on ∆ as
• Graded-index fibers are rarely used for long-haul links. They have
relatively large core, resulting in a high numerical aperture and high
coupling efficiency - but exhibit high losses .
• They can be used to transmit data at bit rates >1 Gb/s over short
distances of 1 km or less (LAN).
α - Profile
The figures below expressing the range of refractive index profile of the
fiber core as a variation of α. Allows representation of the step index
fiber when α = ∞, a parabolic profile when α =2 and a triangular profile
when α =1.