Lesson No.

9 in Machine Design 1 [Pick the date]

Lesson No. 9 in Machine Design 1 : UNIAXIAL VARIABLE LOADING BY THE LANGER-YIELD/

GERBER- FATIGUE CRITERIA: INDEFINITE LIFE DESIGN

The locus of the Gerber fatigue equation is a parabolic curve. Experimental results of fatigue
failures are approximated more closely by the Gerber curve. Design by this criterion is the least
conservative of all the other criteria of failures. Our assumed line of Failure for these criteria is a
combination of the Parabolic line AI (Gerber- Fatigue) and straight line IB (Langer Yield ).

The Langer-Yield Equation (for Line IB) is:

Sy
n y= -------------Yield Criteria
K f σm+ K f σa

And the Gerber Fatigue Equation (Line AI) is:

( )
2
nf K f σm nf K f σ a
1= Su
+
Se
or

( ) [ √ ( ) ]***
2 2
Su K f σa 2 Se K f σ m
nf = 1 −1+ 1+ --- Fatigue Criteria.
2 K f σm Se Su K f σ a
Note: in these formulas, remove the concentration factor applied to the mean
stress in the case of assumption of occurrence of plastic yielding.
At intersection of Langer-Yield Line and the Gerber Line I( Sm , Sa ):
Lesson No. 9 in Machine Design 1 [Pick the date]

S2u
[ √ ( )( )]
2
2 Se Sy
Sm = 1− 1− −1 ;
2 Se Su Se

Sa =S y −Sm

 PROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF LANGER-YIELD/GERBER CRITERIA OF FAILURE

Step 1.

Solve for the values of

[ √
S2u
( )( )]
2
2 Se Sy
Sm = 1− 1− −1 ***
2 Se Su Se

And Sa =S y −Sm **

Step 2.
Always ascertain the assumption of plastic yielding.

With no plastic yielding: apply K f to both mean and alternating stresses.

With plastic yielding: apply K f only to the alternating stress.
Sy
Find the value of n y = -------------Yield Criteria
K f σm+ K f σa

Step 3.

Find value of n y K f σ a and compare with the value of Sa

For Sa >n y K f σ a >0 : the use of Langer-yield equation used was appropriate.
Therefore, the Factor of Safety is n y .Expected failure of the part is by
yielding.

For Se >n y K f σ a> Sa ( ¿ Sm > nf K f σ m >0 ) Use the Gerber equation instead:

( ) [ √ ( )]
2 2
Su K f σa 2 Se Kf σ m
nf = 1 −1+ 1+ -----Fatigue Criteria
2 K f σm Se Su K f σ a

Step 4. Check for the State of stress.

- For Factor of safety less than unity, the part has Finite Life, and the state of stress
falls above the Gerber Fatigue Line.

- For Indefinite Life, state of stress n f K f σ a must fall on the Gerber fatigue
Lesson No. 9 in Machine Design 1 [Pick the date]

curved line AI or State of stress n y K f σ a must fall on the Langer Yield

straight line IB for yield criterion,

Example Problem 5: Indefinite Life Design by the LY/Gerber Criteria.

A part with a machined surface has a continuously varying tension (Axial) loads of
Pmax =500,000 and Pmin =200,000 N . Material tests Su =620 MPa , and
Se =234 MPa . S y =482 MPa .
A stress concentration of 1.42 is present. Area of the part is 1,774 mm2 . Assume there will be no
plastic yielding (or strain hardening). Find the Factor of Safety by the Langer-Yield / Gerber-
Fatigue Criteria.

Solution:

*Known: Pmax =400,000 N tension, Pmin =50,000 N tension

Su=620 MPa , Se =234 MPa ,∧S y =482 MPa , Stress Area
A = 1,774 mm2 , K f =1.42 .
*Assumptions: There will be no plastic yielding and the material is ductile.

*Required: Find the factor of Safety by the LY/Gerber criteria.

* Analysis/ Evaluation:

Pmax + P min 400,000+50,000

P m= ¿ =225,000 N
2 2
Pmax −Pmin 400,000−50,000
P a= = =175,000 N
2 2
Pm 225,000 N
σ m= = =126.8 2
∨MPa
A 1,774 mm
Pa 175,000 N
σ a= = =98.65 or MPa
A 1,774 mm2

[ √ ( )( )]
2 2
Su 2 Se Sy
Find value of Sa : Sm = 1− 1− −1
2 Se Su Se

[ √
( 620 )2
( ) ( 234 −1 )]
2
2 x 234 482
¿ 1− 1−
2(234) 620
= 304.4 MPa
And Sa = S y - Sm =482−304.4=¿ 177.6 MPa .*

Try Langer Yield Criterion:

Lesson No. 9 in Machine Design 1 [Pick the date]

Sy ( 0.85 ) 482
n y= = =1.2
Kf σm K f σa 1.42 ( 126.8+98.65 )
+
0.85 0.85
Check state of stress:
( 98.65 )
n y K f σ a=1.28 ( 1.42 )
=211 MPa> S a
0.85
Use The Gerber-fatigue criterion instead as the expected failure will not be by yielding.
.

( ) [ √ ( )]
2 2
1 Su K f σa 2 Se σ m
nf = 2 K f σ m −1+ 1+
0.85 S e Su σ a
0.85

[ ] [ √ )]
2

(
2
1 ( 0.85 ) 620 1.42 x 98.65 2 x 234 x 126.8
= −1+ 1+ = 1.19
2 1.42 x 126.8 (0.85) 234 620 x 98.65
(98.65)
And n f K f σ a=1.19(1.42) =196.1 MPa¿ Sa
0.85

( σ
)
¿= 234)¿ nf K f a =196.1 > ( Sa =177.6 ) . This satisfies the fatigue criterion as the state of
0.85
stress is on the Gerber fatigue line AI. Factor of Safety by the LY /Gerber Criteria is therefore
n f =1.19∗¿(answer)

Example Problem 6: Indefinite Life Design by the LY/Gerber

Criteria.
A part with a machined surface has continuously varying tension loads
Pmax =45,000 lbs∧P min=15,000 lbs . Material tests S u=90,000 psi , S e=34,000 psi ,∧S y =70,000 psi .
A stress concentration of 1.42 is present. Area of the part is 2.75 in2. Find the factor of Safety by
the Langer Yield /Gerber Criteria. Assume there will be no plastic yielding.

Solution:

*Known: A part with a machined surface has continuously varying tension

loads Pmax =45,000 lbs∧P min=15,000 lbs , A = 2.75 ¿2 .
Su=90,000 psi , S e =34,000 psi ,∧S y =70,000 psi .
*Assumptions: No plastic yielding will occur on the part and the material is
ductile.
*Required: Find the Factor of Safety based on the Gerber/Langer
Yield Criteria.
*Analysis/ Evaluation:
-as will be referred to later, the value of Sa (at the intersection of the
Langer Yield and Gerber Lines) is:

[ √ ( )( )]
2 2
Su 2 Se Sy
Sm = 1− 1− −1
2 Se Su Se
Lesson No. 9 in Machine Design 1 [Pick the date]

[ √
( 90,000 )2
( ) ( 7034 −1)]
2
2 x 34,000
= 1− 1−
2(34,000) 90,000
= 44,200 psi and

Sa =S y - Sm = 70,000 - 44,200 psi = 25,800 psi.

45,000+15,000
P m= =30,000lb
2
45,000−15,000
Pa= =15,000 lb
2
The nominal midrange and alternating stresses are:

Pm 30,000
σ m= = =10.909 psi
A 2.75
Pa 15,000
σ a= = =5,455 psi
A 2.75
Sy (0.85)70,000
n y= = =2.56(tentative )
Try yield criterion: K f σ m K f σ a 1.42(10,909+5,455)
+
0.85 0.85

Checking the state of stress,

σa (5,455)
n y Kf = 2.56(1.42) = 23,330 psi
0.85 0.85
And ( σa
( Sa =25,800 psi ) > n y K f 0.85 =23,330 )
.
Therefore, expected failure will be by yielding and not by fatigue because
σa
Se >S a >n y K f >0
0.85
Factor of Safety is n y= 2.56***(answer)
Comment: This time, it will be left for the learners to check for the state of stress by plotting
on the σ m−σ a plane .

Prepared by: RBMAGAY, M. Engr.

ME Faculty