Examples : UNIAXIAL VARIABLE LOADING IN BENDING

Figure shows a non-rotating shaft with load P varying from 4,500 N to 13,500 N. The material tests
Su=500 MPa ; S y =290 MPa ; S e=130 MPa . Diameter D=142.5 mm ; diameter d=75mm ; Radius
of fillet r = 12 mm ; Theoretical stress concentration for bending is a 1.52 and assume there will be
plastic yielding of the material. Determine

(a) The factor of safety by the Langer-Yield/Modified Goodman Criteria

(b) Repeat item (a) using the Langer Yield/Gerber Criteria.
(c) The factor of safety by the Langer-Yield/ASME Elliptic Criteria
(d) The factor of safety by the Soderberg Criterion

Solution:

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By Modified Goodman/Langer Yield Criteria:

Su −S y 500−290
Sa = = =73.78 MPa
Su 500 *
−1 −1
Se 130

At shoulder:

M max + M min 4,050,000+1,350,00

M m= =¿ =2,750,000 N ∙mm
2 2

M max−M min 4,050,000−1,350,000

M a=¿ =¿ =1,350,000 N ∙ mm
2 2

32 M m 32 ( 2,750,000 )
At Shoulder: σ m= 3
= 3
=66.4 psi ;
πd π ( 75 )

32 M a 32 ( 1,350,000 )
σ a= 3
= 3
=32.6 psi
πd π ( 75 )

At Large diameter: there is no stress raiser:

M max + M min 6,581,250+2,193,750

M m= =¿ =4,387,500 N ∙mm
2 2

M max−M min 6,581,250−2,193,750

M a=¿ =¿ =2,193,750 N ∙mm
2 2

32 M m 32 ( 4,387,500 ) 32 M a 32 ( 2,193,750 )
σ m= 3
= 3
=15.44 MPa ;σ a = = =7.72 MPa
πd π ( 142.5 ) π d3 π (142.5 )3

Therefore, critical point is at the shoulder:

Sy 290
n y= = =2.5
( σm+ K t σa ) ( 66.4+ (1.52 ) 32.6 )

Check state of stress: n y K t σ a=2.5 ( 1.52 ) (32.6 )=123.88 MPa>73.78

Use Modified Goodman Fatigue equation instead:

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 1 σ m K t σ a ( 66.4 ) 1.52 ( 32.6 )
= + = + ;n f =1. 94 ***
nf S u Se 500 130

Again check state of stress: n f K t σ a =1. 94 ( 1.52 )( 32.6 )=96.1 3 psi>73.78 , ok !!!

Therefore the expected failure will be by fatigue: n f =1. 94 *** Answer for (a)

(b) For the Langer Yield/Gerber Criteria:

Sy
n y= -------------Yield Criteria
K f σm+ K f σa

And the Gerber Fatigue Equation (Line AI) is:

( )
2
nf K f σm nf K f σ a
1= + or
Su Se

( ) [ √ ( )]
2 2
Su K σa 2 Se σ m
nf = 1 −1+ 1+ ***--- Fatigue Criteria.
2 K σm Se Su σ a
At intersection of Langer-Yield Line and the Gerber Line I( Sm , Sa ):

( 500 )2
[ √ ( 130 ) ]
) ( 290
2
2 ( 130 ) Sa =S y −Sm =290−176=¿114MPa *
Sm = 1 − 1− −1 =¿ 176 MPa*
2 ( 130 ) 500

Sy 290
Yield Criterion: n y= = =2.5
σ m + K t σ a 66.4+1.52 ( 32.6 )
Check state of stress: n y K t σ a=2.5 ( 1.52 ) (32.6 )=123.88 MPa>114 MPa

The equation assumed was not appropriate, and expected failure will not be by yielding. Factor of
Safety therefore is
nf =

( ) [ √ ( )] ( ) [ √ ( )]
2 2 2
1 Su K σa 2 Se σm 1 500 2
1.52 (32.6 ) 2 (130 )( 66.4 )
−1+ 1+ = −1+ 1+
2 σm Se S u Kσ a 2 66.4 130 ( 500 ) ( 1.52 )( 32.6 )
¿ 2.36 ***

Again, Check state of stress: n f K t σ a =2.36 ( 1.52 )( 32.6 )=116.94 MPa MPa>114 MPa, ok!!!

Note: To be valid, Sa > S e >n f K t σ a> S a

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FOR THE LANGER-YIELD/ASME-ELLIPTIC CRITERIA:

2Sy
Sm =S y
( S 2y −S2e
2
S +S
y
2
e
) Sa =

( )
Sy
Se
+1
2
(also Sa =S y −Sm ¿

2 ( 290 )
Sa = =97.05 MPa
( )
2
290
+1
130

For the Yield Criterion:

(from the preceding calculations)

n y K t σ a=2.5 ( 1.52 ) (32.6 )=123.88 MPa>97.05 MPa. Therefore the expected failure
will not be by yielding.

Use instead the fatigue criterion:

√( ) ( ) √ (
1 1
nf = 2 2 =2.25
) ( )
σm Kf σ a = 66.4 2
1.52 ( 32.6 )
2
+ +
Sy Se 290 130
Check State of Stress:

n f K t σ a =2.25 ( 1.52 )( 32.6 ) =111.49>97.05 , ok ‼!

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 Failure will be by fatigue, and factor of safety is n f =2.25 *** Answer

FOR THE SODERBERG CRITERION:

1 σ m K t σ a 66.4 1.52 ( 32.6 )

= + = + ; n f =1.64 *** Answer
nf S y Se 290 130

Comment: The Soderberg Criterion inherently checks against first cycle yielding.
Although too conservative, it is very easy to use. Other criteria may
judged that the design at hand will be safe enough, but the Soderberg
Criterion deemed them to be unsafe. Designers consider this criterion to
be passe’.
Originally, this criterion was only used for mateials with Yield strength
value very close to the Ultimate Strength such that it approximates the
Modified Goodman Criterion.

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GENERAL COMMENT:

1. Se >n f K f σ a> 0. For all the criteria of failure used for variable stresses, the lower
limit for the state of Stress are ( S y , 0 )on the mean stress coordinate ( σ m ) , and ( 0 , Se )on
the alternating stress ( σ a ) coordinate, that is for Indefinite Life Design.
2. For Shear or Torsion, the same equations apply except for the following changes:

a. τ m∧τ a are used for the mean and alternating stresses, respectively.
b. K fs is used for the Stress Concentration Factor.
c. Material Strengths are modified in all equations as follow:

 Ssy is used instead of S y

 Ssu is used instead of Su
 Sse is used instead of Se

d. Intersection coordinates Ssm and Ssa are used instead of Sm ∧S a respectively.

Hence,

S su−Ss y
Ss a=
- Ssu -------Intersection between Langer-Yield and ASME Elliptic lines
−1
Sse

[ √ ( )( )]
2 2
S su 2 S se S sy
- Ssm = 1− 1− −1 -------Intersection between Langer-Yield and
2 S se S su Sse
Gerber Lines.
Assuming that the phenomenon of no plastic yielding occurrence:
Ss y
-n y = ----------------------------------- Langer-Yield Equation
K ts τ m + K ts τ a

( ) [ √ ( )]
2 2
1 Ssu kt s τ a 2 S se K ts τ m
-n f = −1+ 1+ ------- Gerber Equation
2 K ts τ m Sse S su K ts τ a

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 1 K ts τ m K ts τ a
- = + ------------------------------------------- Soderberg Equation
n S sy S se

√(
1
nf =

)( )
2
- K ts τ m K ts τ a 2 ---------------------------------- ASME-Elliptic Equation
+
Ssy S se
1 K ts τ m K ts τ a
- nf
=
S su
+
S se
------------------------------------- Modified Goodman Equation

Prepared by: RBMAGAY, M. Engr.

ME Faculty

/rbm

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