Host: Good morning! Your favorite talk show is back!

Balitang
ina!
Shayne: Today we`re going to talk about the introduction to
life science.
Lois: Why don`t we go and ask our audience if they know
anything about it?
Shayne: That`s a great idea! Let`s see if we have any
volunteer.
( Maca raising her hand )
Lois: Can you please introduce yourself?
Maca: I`m Ma. Rizza Maca but you can call me rizza
Shayne: good morning rizza! So what do you know about the
introduction to life science.
Maca: Life science is the study of all thing that has life and
living things are called organisms. Life science is also referred
to as biology. We all know that life is complex and living
things are incredibly diverse, that`s why life science is divided
into many fields.
Lois: Can you tell us what those fields are?
Maca: Well for example we have ecology, botany,
microbiology, zoology, biochemistry, cell biology and many
more.
Shayne: Wow, you really know a lot about life science.
Lois: Thank you for sharing those information to us. Now that
we know what introduction to life science is we invited a
special guest to teach us about the historical development of
the concept of life.
Shayne: So let`s all welcome Dr. Jonas ( full name).
Lois: Good morning Dr. Jonas!
Jonas: Good morning everyone!
Shayne: I`m sure we`re not the only ones who`s curious
about the historical development of the concept of life, so
can you please tell us more about it?
Jonas: yes of course, earth is much older than life. Based on
radioactive decay studies of rocks, it was revealed that Earth
is round 4.5 billion years old – 1 billion years older than the
oldest fossils. So how did life begin? Where did it came from?
In 1920 Oparin-Haldane hypothesis suggested that if the
premature atmosphere was reducing ( as opposed to oxygen-
rich) and if there was an appropriate supply of energy, such
as lighting or ultraviolet light, then a wide range of organic
compounds might be synthesized. Primordial soup. Haldane
coined the term `prebiotic soup` or `prebiotic atmosphere`
that consisted of an abundance of methane, ammonia, and
water. This term became a powerful symbol of the Oparin-
Haldane view of the origin life.
Moving on to our next topic the Miller-Urey experiment in
1953. Stanley Miller performed an experiment that replicated
early earths conditions together with Harold Urey, He
provided proof that amino acids and other organic molecules
could be framed. The atmosphere that miller and urey ,
introduced into the flasks contained simple molecules that
were probably present in the early Earth atmosphere;
Hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrogen,
ammonic, and carbon monoxide. They heated the mixture
zapped it with electrical sparks to stimulate lightning, within
days, a dark smelly mixture develop that when this mixture
was analyzed they found out that many complex molecules
had formed, including some amino acids, which are the
building blocks of proteins. Using slightly different
combinations of starting molecules, miller and other
scientists were able to generate many amino acids, RNA and
DNA nucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).
Shayne: Thank you for sharing this to us. I didn`t know that
there`s a lot to learn about the historical development of the
concept of life.
Lois: Yeah me neither, again thank you Dr. Jonas!
Jonas: You`re welcome.
Shayne: So now let`s talk about the origin of the first life
form.
Lois: Yes sure.
Shayne: So what do you know about the origin of life?
Lois: The earliest life form we know of were microscopic
organisms (microbes) that left signals of their presence in
rocks about 3.7 billion years old. The signals consisted of a
type of carbon molecule that is produced by living things.
Shayne: Are you talking about the possible fossil examples
that have been found in rocks that are around 3.5 million
years old, in Western Australia?
Lois: Yes, I`m talking about cyanobacteria. Although
commonly referred to as blue-green algae, cyanobacteria are
not actually algae. Cyanobacteria, and bacteria in general, are
prokaryotic life forms. This basically means that their cells
don’t have organelles (tiny structures inside cells that carry
out specific functions) and do not have distinct nuclei—
genetic material mixes in with the rest of the cell. This
characteristic is distinctive of bacteria and archaea; all other
life forms on Earth, including real algae, consist of eukaryotic
cells with organelles and with genetic material contained in
one place.
Prokaryotes were the earliest life forms, simple creatures
that fed on carbon compounds that were accumulating in
Earth’s early oceans. Slowly, other organisms evolved that
used the Sun’s energy, along with compounds such as
sulfides, to generate their own energy. When cyanobacteria
evolved at least 2.4 billon years ago, Cyanobacteria then
went a step further: they started to utilise water during
photosynthesis, releasing oxygen as a by-product. Over time,
enough oxygen accumulated in Earth’s atmosphere to allow
for the evolution of oxygen-metabolising organisms.
Shayne: but do you know that we may owe bacteria more
than the air we breathe. It is likely that eukaryotic cells, of
which humans are made, evolved from bacteria about two
billion years ago. One theory is that eukaryotic cells evolved
via a symbiotic relationship between two independent
prokaryotic bacteria. A single bacterium was engulfed by
another one, and the smaller cell continued to exist inside
the other, which was beneficial to both. They evolved to
become the more advanced eukaryotic cell, with its
membrane-enclosed nucleus.
Cells also began living together, probably because certain
benefits could be obtained. Groups of cells might be able to
feed more efficiently or gain protection from simply being
bigger. Living collectively, cells began to support the needs of
the group by each cell doing a specific job. Some cells were
tasked with making junctions to hold the group together,
while other cells made digestive enzymes that could break
down food.
These clusters of specialized, cooperating cells eventually
became the first animals, which DNA evidence suggests
evolved around 800 million years ago. Sponges were among
the earliest animals. While chemical compounds from
sponges are preserved in rocks as old as 700 million years,
molecular evidence points to sponges developing even
earlier.