EXAM REVIEWER - Unstructured Interview is a way of obtaining
information in this type of research design.
2nd Grading, Prelims
DAY 1
PR OC UC FI PE
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
9 - QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE R. DESIGNS
CASE STUDY
- To do a research study based on describing a
person, a thing, or any creature on Earth and
explain what they are and how they act, how
they behave, and its purpose or why it exists
in the first place.
- Usual methods of obtaining information in
this type of research design are…
questionnaire, interview, and observations.
ETHNOGRAPHY
- A study that involves an ethnic or cultural
group and to determine their characteristics
and the relations between group members.
- To obtain information for this study… you
must learn to fully immerse or participate in
the group’s traditions or culture and be able
to observe what their characteristics might
be.
HISTORICAL STUDY
- This research design determines the reasons
for changes or permanence of things in a
physical world on a certain timeframe.
- A study refers to the number of years
covered, the kind of events focused on, and
the extent of new knowledge or discoveries
resulting from the historical study.
- The data collecting techniques for this
research design are biography or
autobiography reading, documentary
analysis, and chronicling activities.
PHENOMENOLOGY
 Phenomenon – a lived experience of an
individual or a group
- This type of study helps you understand the
world views and experiences of a certain
group that is based on your research.
GROUNDED THEORY
- Aims at developing a theory to increase your
understanding of something in a psycho-
social context.
- A research study following a grounded
theory design takes place in an inductive
manner, wherein one basic category of
people’s action and interactions gets related
to a second category; to third category; and
so on, until a new theory emerges from the
previous data.
10 - DIFFERENT SAMPLING
PROCEDURES
SAMPLING
- Method or process of selecting respondents
or people to answer questions meant to yield
data for a research study.
KNOWN TERMS
 Population – the bigger portion of your
sample.
 Sample – chosen ones who you are to derive
facts and supporting details from.
 Sampling Frame - term that means the list
of the members of such population from
where you will get the sample. (Paris 2013)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING OR
UNBIASED SAMPLING
 Probability sampling - involves all
members listed in the sampling frame
representing a certain population focused on
by your study.
 Unbiased sampling – ability to obtain a
sample that is capable of representing the
population under study or of showing strong
similarities in characteristics with the
members of the population.
 Sampling error - occurs if the selection
does not take place in the way it is planned.
- How numerous the sampling errors are
depends on the size of the sample. The
smaller the sample is, the bigger the number
of sampling errors. Thus, choose to have a
bigger sample of respondents to avoid
sampling errors.
- The right sample size also depends on
whether or not the group is heterogeneous
or homogeneous. The first group requires a
bigger size; the second, a smaller one.
- For a study in the field of social sciences
requiring an in-depth investigation of
something such as one involving the
national government, the right sample size
ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 or up to 2,500.
- On the other hand, hundreds, not thousands,
of respondents suffice for a study about any
local government unit. (Suter 2012; Emmel
2013)
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
- It is the best type of probability sampling
through which you can choose sample from
a population.
- Pure-chance selection, every member the
same opportunity to be in the sample
- The only basis of including or excluding a
member is by chance or opportunity
- Simple random sampling happens through
any of these two methods: (Burns 2012)
a. Have a list of all members of the
population; write each name on a card,
and choose cards through a pure-chance
selection.
b. Have a list of all members; give a
number to member and then use
randomized or unordered numbers in
selecting names from the list.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
- Chance and system are the ones to
determine who should compose the sample.
- For instance, if you want to have a sample of
150, you may select a set of numbers like 1
to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students,
take every 15th name on the list until you
complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample. (skip counting)
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
- The group comprising the sample is chosen
in a way that such group is liable to
subdivision during the data analysis stage.
- A study needing group-by-group analysis
finds stratified sampling the right probability
sampling to use
CLUSTER SAMPLING
- This is a probability sampling that makes
you isolate a set of persons instead of
individual members to serve as sample
members.
- For example, if you want to have a sample
of 120 out of 1,000 students, you can
randomly select three sections with 40
students each to constitute the sample.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- Non-probability sampling disregards
random selection of subjects. The subjects
are chosen based on their availability or the
purpose of the study, and in some cases, on
the sole discretion of the researcher.
- This is not a scientific way of selecting
respondents. Neither does it offer a valid or
an objective way of detecting sampling
errors. (Edmond 2013)
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
- You resort to quota sampling when you
think you know the characteristics of the
target population very well.
- Tend to choose sample members possessing
or indicating the characteristics of the target
population.
- Specific set of persons whom you believe to
have the characteristics of the target
population involved in the study is your way
of showing that the sample you have chosen
closely represents the target population as
regards such characteristics.
VOLUNTARY SAMPLING
- Since the subjects you expect to participate
in the sample selection are the ones
volunteering to constitute the sample, there
is no need for you to do any selection
process.
PURPOSEFUL OR JUDGEMENTAL
SAMPLING
- You choose people whom you are sure
could correspond to the objectives of your
study, like selecting those with rich
experience or interest in your study.
AVAILABILITY SAMPLING
- The willingness of a person as your subject
to interact with you counts a lot in this non-
probability sampling method.
- If during the data-collection time, you
encounter people walking on a school
campus, along corridors, and along the park
or employees lining up at an office, and
these people show willingness to respond to
your questions, then you automatically
consider them as your respondents.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- Does not give a specific set of samples. This
is true for a study involving unspecified
group of people.
- Dealing with varied groups of people such
as street children, mendicants, drug
 dependents, call center workers, informal
settlers, street vendors, and the like is
possible in this kind of non-probability
sampling.
- Free to obtain data from any group
11 - DIFFERENT DATA COLLECTION
AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
SURVEY
- Data gathering process or procedure that
helps obtain facts and information through
the use of interviews or questionnaire
- Most popular data gathering technique for
both qualitative and quantitative research.
QUESTIONNAIRE
- Paper containing a series of questions
formulated for respondents that pertains to
your research topic.
- Can be factual or opinionative
- Usually formulated to have multiple choice
answers
- Responses are resulted in numerical forms in
order to determine the statistics of the
survey
INTERVIEW
- Purpose: Explore another’s perceptions,
views, beliefs, and/or motivations.
- Believed to provide much deeper
understanding of social phenomena
- Particularly appropriate in asking sensitive
topics
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
 Structured - verbally administered
questionnaires, in which a list of
predetermined questions are asked, with
little or no variation and with no scope for
follow-up questions to responses that
warrant further elaboration
 Unstructured - do not reflect any
preconceived theories or ideas and are
performed with little or no organization
 Semi-structured - consist of several key
questions that help to define the areas to be
explored, but also allows the interviewer or
interviewee to diverge in order to pursue an
idea or response in more detail.  
ORDER OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
 First set of questions – establish friendly
relationship. Usually personal questions not
meant for audio recording.
 Second set of questions - generative
questions to encourage open-ended
questions
 Third set of questions - directive questions
or close-ended questions to elicit specific
answers like those that are answerable with
yes or no.
 Fourth set of questions – ending questions
that give the respondents the chance to air
their satisfaction, wants, likes, dislikes,
reactions, or comments about the interview.
FORMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Use clear and simple language.
2. Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations,
jargons, and highfalutin terms.
3. Let one question elicit only one answer; no
double-barrel question.
4. Express your point in exact, specific, bias-
free, and gender-free language
5. Give way to how your respondents want
themselves to be identified.
6. Establish continuity or free flow of the
respondents’ thoughts by using appropriate
follow-up questions (e.g., Could you give an
example of it? Would you mind narrating
what happened next?).
7. Ask questions in a sequential manner;
determine which should be your opening,
middle, or closing questions.
FOCUS GROUPS
- Organized group discussion for research
purposes.
- Guided and facilitated by the
moderator/facilitator/researcher
- Used for generating information of
collective viewpoints from each member of
the group
- There is no 'best' solution to group
composition, and group mix will always
impact on the data, according to things such
as the mix of ages, sexes and social
professional statuses of the participants
OBSERVATION
- Using your sense organs, you gather facts or
information about people, things, places,
events, and so on, by watching and listening
to them; then, record the results of the
functioning of your eyes and ears.
Direct Observation - Seeing, touching, and
hearing the sources of data personally
 Indirect Observation - not through your
own eyes and ears, but by means of
technological and electronic gadgets like
audiotapes, video records, and other
recording devices used to capture earlier
events, images, or sounds
CONTENT ANALYSIS
- Makes you search through several oral or
written forms of communication to find
answers to your research questions
- Basically parang RRL lang
ORAL COMMUNICATION 11
SPEECH
- Contains the IBC Format
(Intro, Body, Conclusion)
- Speech Style will matter
- Discusses a topic that takes importance in
combining ideas and its main topic/idea
- Considered as an art
SPEECH: PURPOSE
INFORMATIVE
- Give information about an issue or a
problem
- Getting information through searching from
reliable sources
- Data sharing to others
- Ex. SONA, Seminars, Orientation
PERSUASIVE
- To convince
- Should pique one’s interest
- Needs information to develop topic
ENTERTAINMENT
- Not only for jokes
- Manner of delivering in an informal and
entertaining manner
- Can have a serious topic but humor as a
speech style
SPEECH: DELIVERY
READ FROM A MANUSCRIPT
- Prepare a paper with written to text to be
used for later
- Strength: Easiest way of delivering a speech
because you can depend on the paper, longer
time to practice, better execution
- Weakness: May be perceived by people as
unprofessional who is dependent on the
paper
MEMORIZED
- Longer time to prepare, lacks script
- Projecting of idea without the use of written
script
- Strength: Perceives sentiment & affection,
adds spice, let ideas freely flow, perceived
as a professional
- Weakness: When you forget a line, it loses
momentum
IMPROMPTU
- Free flow
- “on the spot”
- Usually when you have less time or no
practice.
EXTEMPORANEOUS
- Similar to impromptu
- Main difference is that this type of delivery
has proper information and research, without
the use of a written script or memorization.
SPEECH: MANNER OF DELIVERY
 Speech according to manner of delivery
ARTICULATION
- Pronouncing the words the way they should
be said
 Articulators – lips (bilabial – p, b), jaw,
teeth, tongue, palate, glottis (glottal – k, g),
nasal (m, n, ng)
MODULATION
- Adjust/change/manipulate the…
 Intonation – rise and fall of the voice
 Pitch – lowness and highness
 Volume – loudness or softness
STAGE PRESENCE
- Speaker’s ability to own the stage, fill the
space, and projects one’s own personality
 Stage Fright – opposite of stage presence,
topmost fear in the world of public speaking
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS,
GESTURES, AND MOVEMENT
- Reinforces, clarifies, and complements your
stance through the use of nonverbal
communication.
PRINCIPLES OF WRITING A SPEECH
CHOOSE A TOPIC
- Must be a familiar topic, already talked
about, considers you and the audience’s
interest
KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE
- Backgrounds, cultures, interest, and
persuasion method must be taken account
- Audience must be respected in order to not
have a difficult situation
SOURCING/ CITING THE INFO
- Acknowledge the information from other
sources (according to…, in an article of…,
etc.)
- Makes speech reliable and convincing
 OUTLINING AND ORGANIZING
THE SPEECH CONTENT
- Sorting the information
- Logically arrange your ideas
- Must be properly sequenced
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 Patterns – helps you follow ideas easily and
understand the text better
 Sequence – the order of patterns
- Logical arrangement of ideas
TYPES OF PATTERNS
Develop your paragraph using….
NARRATIVE (STORY)
- Telling a story, needs chronological
ordering, uses transitional words, signals
time
DESCRIPTION (DESCRIBE)
- Convey sounds, smells, tastes, feels, and/or
looks, transitional words, indicates location
 Spatial Order – root word: space,
describing the senses of the description,
using space
EXEMPLIFICATION (EXAMPLE)
- Uses specific illustrations or examples to
clarify a statement, uses transitional words
- Picturing or portraying something in order to
further understanding
PROCESS (HOW-TO)
- Describes how something works, steps in a
strict chronological order
- Uses transitional words and phrases that
signal time
CAUSE AND EFFECT (WHY AND WHAT)
- Why events happen and what their results
are.
COMPARISON & CONTRAST
(SAME AND DIFFERENT)
 Comparison – Similarity of the subjects
 Contrast – Difference of the subjects
DIVISION & CLASSIFICATION
 Division – break down parts
 Classification – group separate items
DEFINITION
- The meaning, the term, and the details.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
KINSHIP
- Relationship or connection between two or
more people.
- Can either be by blood (descent), marriage
(affinity), ritual, or politics
KINSHIP BY BLOOD / DESCENT
 Unilineal – based on links through maternal
and paternal line.
 Matrilineal – family relatives on the mother
side provide support.
 Patrilineal – family relatives on the father
side provide support.
 Bilateral – family relatives on both sides
provide great support.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE / AFFINITY
POLYGYNY
- Marriage in which one man marries two or
more women at a given time.
Types of Polygyny:
a. Sororal – the wives are sisters.
b. Non-Sororal – the wives are not related.
POLYANDRY
- Marriage in which one woman marries two
or more men in a given time.
Types of Polyandry:
a. Fraternal – the husbands are brothers.
b. Non-Fraternal – the husbands are not
relatives nor do have any close
relationships with each other.
MONOGAMY
- One man marries one woman or the other
way around.
Types of Monogamy:
a. Social – permitted to marry again, often
after the death of previous partner.
Situations where you’re allowed to
marry again: Divorce, Annulment, or
Legal Separation.
b. Straight – remarriage is not allowed.
OTHER TYPES
 Polygamy – marrying more than one man or
woman.
 Group Marriage – marriage of two or more
women with two or more men.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL
- Created to forge bonds between people who
are not literally related.
Types of Kinship by Ritual:
a. Endogamy – marrying within the ethnic
group, class, or social group.
b. Exogamy – the opposite.
KINSHIP BY POLITICS
 Political Dynasties – lineage of hereditary
succession to an essentially same position.
 Political Alliance – agreement for
cooperation between different political
parties on common political and mutual
agenda.
FAMILY
- Set of relationships between at least 2
people related by birth, marriage, blood or
adoption.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
 Nuclear – a father. Mother, and their
child/children.
 Extended – nuclear and its relatives living
and functioning together as a unit.
 Polygynous – a father with two or more
mother with their children.
 Polyandrous – a mother with two or more
fathers and their children.
 Single Parent – either a mother or a father
with their child/children.
AUTHORITY BASE
 Patriarchal – father plays a dominant role
and has a predominanat influence in a
family structure.
 Matriarchal – mother plays a dominant role
and has a predominanat influence in a
family structure.
 Egalitarian – both parents play a dominant
role and has a predominant influence in a
family structure.
RESIDENTIAL ARRANGEMENT
 Neolocal – independent living.
 Patrilocal – residence in the father side
 Matrilocal – residence in the mother side.
 Bilocal – residence with both sides
 Avuncolocal – residence with relatives.
POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
BANDS (12 and up)
- Fairly small, usually nomadic
- No formal system
- Elder Members: Decision Making
- Dozens and Up
- Less Complicated
TRIBES
- Economy based: crop cultivation
- More complex than band: political org.
- Several bands, connected through clan
structure
- Informal Leadership
 Headman/Tribal Chief
- Qualifications: Hardworking, Generous,
Excellent Hunter and Farmer, Possesses
good personal skills
CHIEFDOMS
- Life and hereditary ruling, serves to unite
- More complicated
- Two types of chief:
 War Chief
 Peace Chief
STATE
- Most formal, centralized
- May use force to regulate affairs
NATION
- People wo share a collective identity based
on: common culture, language, territorial
base and history
AUTHORITY
 Authority – right to command/power to
give orders/enforce rules
 Legitimacy – a value, something/someone’s
acknowledged as: acceptable, lawful, right,
and proper.
OTHER STRUCTURES
 Traditional – governing power must
continue to rule as it is historically accepted.
Found in monarchy and Tribalism
 Charisma – personally attracts & influence
people.
 Rational – popular acceptance of authority.
FILIPINO 11
MGA SITWASYONG PANGWIKA
 SWS Survey noong 1993, lumabas na 18
porsiyento na mga Pilipino ang may
kahusayan sa paggamit ng Ingles, karamihan
sa kanila ay isinilang sa America pero
bumalik lang sa Pilipinas.
 SWS Survey noong Disyembre 1995,
lumabas ang mga sumusunod:
 2 sa bawat Filipino ay nagsasabi na
ang wika ay mahalaga.
SA TELEBISYON
 Telebisyon ay itinuring
pinakamakapangyarihanh media dahil
madami ay naaabot nito (- dahil sa cable o
satellite connection).
 Wikang Filipino ay nangunguna sa
ginagamit na wika o midyum sa bawat
channel natin.
 Mga uri ng channel sa telebisyon:
Patanghaling Palabas, Magazine Shows.
News and Public Affairs, Komentaryo,
Dokumentaryo, Reality TV, Mga
programang Showbiz, at Programang
Pang-edukasyon.
SA RADYO AT DIYARYO
RADYO
 Nangunguna din ang wikang Filipino sa
midyum na ito.
 Ang radio ay may dalawang klase ng
estasyon: AM at FM
DIYARYO
 Broadsheet – ginagamit ang wikang Ingles
 Tabloid – ginagamit ang wikang Filipino
maliban sa People’s Journal at Tempo. Mas
binibili ng mga bus drayber at jeep, mga
tinders sa palengke, mga ordinaryong
manggagawa, at iba pa.
 Nagtataglay ng malalaki at nagsusumigaw
na headline na ubod na makakaakit sa
mambabasa.
SA PELIKULA
 Ingles ang karaniwang ginagamit sa mga
pamagat ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino.
 Ginagamit ang Filipino upang makaakit ng
manonood, tagapakinig, o mambabasang
makauunawa at malilibang sa kanilang
palabras, programa, at babasahin upang
makakita ng malaki.
 Ang tono sa mga pelikula ay mostly
inpormal.
SA IBA PANG ANYO NG KULTURANG
POPULAR
FLIPTOP
 Isinasagawa sa pang-rap
 Nahahawig sa balagtasan (ang deperensya
ay ang FlipTop ay hindi nakalahad o walang
malinaw na paksang pagtatalunan).
 Laganap ito sa mga kabataan.
 Battle League - malalaking Samahan na
silang nagsasagawa ng kompetisyon
PICK-UP LINES
 Makabagong bugtong kung saan may tanong
na sinasagot ng isang bagay na madalas
maiugnay sap ag-ibig at iba pang aspekto ng
buhay
 Nagmula sa boladas ng mga batang
nanliligaw.
 Ito ay maaaring nakatutuwa,
nakapagpapangiti, makakikilig, cute, cheesy,
o corny.
 Ogie Alcasid - Nagimpluwensiya sa pick
uplines at kinilala bilang boy pick up sa
Programang Bubble Gang.
HUGOT LINES
 Tawag din love lines o love quotes
 Mga linya ng pag-ibig na nakakilig,
nakatutuwa, cute, cheesy, o minsa’y
nakakainis.
SA TEXT
 SMS (Short Messaging System) na lalong
kilala bilang text message o text.
 Mas-murang mag text kaysa tumawag sa
telepono pero ang text ay di mo makikita
ang ekspresyon ng mukha o tono ng boses.
 Humigit-kumulang apat na bilyong text ang
ipinadadaa at natatanggap sa ating bansa
araw-araw.
 Pilipinas - Texting Capital of the World”
 10%- ang itinataas na porsyento ng mga
taong konektado taon-taon sa mga
networking site sa ating bansa.
 Ang gumagamit at konektado:
Facebook- 96%, Youtube - 92%,
Messenger- 85%
URI NG TEXT MESSAGE
 Code Switching – pagpapalit-palit ng Ingles
at Filipino sa pagpapahayag
 “Daglat” o Shortcut – pagiikli ng mga
salita upang maipadala ang mensahe ng
madali
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 11
Chapter 4: Modifiable Risk
Factors of Lifestyle Diseases
ACCORDING TO…
 The World Health Organization…
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
are the top killers in the Philippines.
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) –
non-infectious illneses, can either be
inherited or developed based on an
individual’s lifestyle.
- Examples: Heart disease, cancer, liver
cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, obesity,
stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes.
- Of the total deaths in 2008, 57% are due
to to the ‘fatal four” NCDs
(Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer,
Diabetes, and Chronic Respiratory
Diseases)
  Dietary Habits
SMOKING - Dietary habits – usual choices of food
- Almost every organ in the body is that people make.
damaged when a person smokes. - Diet affects an individual’s health
- 5 million die early from tobacco condition.
- Each stick of cigarettes contain more - Having a healthy and balanced diet
than 4,000 chemicals. Consuming one early reduces the risk of developing
can cut one’s life for at least five diseases.
minutes.  Poor dietary habits
- Estimated to kill over 73,000 Filipinos - Occurs when the person does not follow
per year. the principles of good nutrition-
REASONS WHY PEOPLE… adequacy, balance, and variety.
 People start smoking… - Can occur if you either overconsume or
a. Parental Role Model underconsume the necessary intake of
b. Adolescent Experimentation and Rebellion food.
c. Depression - Leads to malnutrition
d. Limited Education
e. Weight Control
f. Aggressive Marketing SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
g. Stress - Occurs when and individual lacks the
h. Addiction recommended level of regular physical
 People keep smoking… activity.
a. Pleasure DISEASES ASSOCIATED BY
b. Fear of weight gain UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE
c. Nicotine Dependence
d. Use of other substances

CHEMICALS FOUND IN…
 Smoke in cigarettes, hydrogen cyanide,
insecticides, methanol and butane fuels,
benzene, cadmium, and formaldehyde.
 Tobacco contains… Tar, Nicotine, and
Carbon Monoxide)
TYPES OF SMOKING
MAINSTREAM
- More commonly known as “first-hand
smoking”, it is directly inhaling and
exhaling from a cigarette
SECOND-HAND
- Smoke puffed out by smokers (also
known as “sidestream smoke” then
taken in/inhaled by another person.
THIRD-HAND
- Cigarette offshoots attached (Ex. Smoke
in smokers’ hair, clothing, walls, floors,
furniture, chairs, and toys.)
- Will remain in the environment even if
the smoke is already gone.
POOR DIETARY HABITS
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- Disease of the heart and blood vessels
- Types of Cardiovascular Disease
 Arteriosclerosis – arteries to harden and
thicken
 Atherosclerosis – deposited fat hardens and
becomes plaque
 Coronary Heart Disease – coronary
arteries are narrow or blocked
 Heart Attack – cardiac muscle failure
 Angina Pectoris – chest pain from
narrowed coronary arteries
 Rheumatic Fever – immune system attacks
the heart
 Heart Rhythm Abnormalities/Arrythmia
– irregular heart rhythm
 Congestive Heart Failure – heart is not
able or below its normal capacity to pump
blood
CANCER
- Disease where cells divide in an
uncontrolled pace
- Types of Cancer
 Malignant – cancerous
 Benign – non-cancerous
- Four Major Categories:
 Carcinoma – most common
 Sarcoma – supportive cancer
 Lymphoma – immune system
 Leukemia – blood
DIABETES
- Disease wherein body is not able to
produce or effectively use insulin
- Types of Diabetes
 Type 1 Diabetes – insulin-reliant
 Type 2 Diabetes – non-insulin dependent
 Gestational – Body not responding to the
insulin produced
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
- Occurs In Air Paths and Other Parts Of
The Lungs
PREVENT LIFESTYLE DISEASES
 Eat healthy food
 Do daily routines of physical activity
 Do not smoke
 Drink moderate amounts of alcohol only
 Manage Stress