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Symmetry 14 00984
Symmetry 14 00984
Article
Laplace Transform for Solving System of Integro‐Fractional
Differential Equations of Volterra Type with Variable
Coefficients and Multi‐Time Delay
Miran B. M. Amin 1,* and Shazad Shawki Ahmad 2,*
1 Technical college of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
2 Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
* Correspondence: miran.bayan@spu.edu.iq (M.B.M.A.); shazad.ahmed@univsul.edu.iq (S.S.A.)
Abstract: This study is the first to use Laplace transform methods to solve a system of Caputo frac‐
tional Volterra integro‐differential equations with variable coefficients and a constant multi‐time
delay. This technique is based on different types of kernels, which we will explain in this paper.
Symmetry kernels, which have properties of difference kernels or simple degenerate kernels, are
able to compute analytical work. These are demonstrated by solving certain examples and analyzing
the effectiveness and precision of cause techniques.
Keywords: system fractional‐integro differential equation; Laplace transform; Caputo fractional
derivative; delay differential equations; difference and simple degenerate kernels
1. Introduction
Citation: Amin, M.B.M.; Ahmad, The purpose of this paper is to solve linear system integro‐fractional differential
S.S. Laplace Transform for Solving equations of the Volterra type (LS‐VIFDEs) with variable coefficients and multi‐time de‐
System of Integro‐Fractional
lay of the retarded type (RD):
Differential Equations of Volterra
Type with Variable Coefficients and
Multi‐Time Delay. Symmetry 2022,
14, 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑃 𝑡 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑃 𝑡 𝑢 𝑔 𝑡, 𝜏
sym14050984
(1)
Academic Editor: António M. Lopes
Received: 18 April 2022 𝑓 𝑡 𝜆 𝒦 𝑡, 𝑥 𝑢 𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎 𝑡 𝑏.
Accepted: 6 May 2022
Published: 11 May 2022
All 𝑟 0,1,2, … , 𝑚, as well as the fractional orders, have the basic ordering property
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu‐ 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 ⋯ 𝛼 𝛼 0, and are given together with the initial con‐
tral with regard to jurisdictional
ditions. For all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚 ; 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 , and historical functions, 𝑢 𝑡
claims in published maps and institu‐
tional affiliations. 𝜑 𝑡 for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑎 , as well as 𝑎 𝑎 max 𝜏 , 𝜏 ∶ 𝑗 0,1, … , 𝑚 , 𝑘
0,1, … , 𝜇 1, 𝜇 max 𝑑 ℓ | ℓ 0,1,2, … , 𝑛 , 𝑑 ℓ ⌈𝛼 ℓ ⌉, where 𝑢 𝑡 are 𝑚 1 . This
function is unknown and is the solution of LS‐VIFDE’s multi‐time RD, Equation (1), with
conditions and functions: 𝒦 : 𝑆 ℝ ⟶ ℝ. 𝑆 𝑡, 𝑥 : 𝑎 𝑥 𝑡 𝑏 , 𝑟, 𝑗 0,1,2, … , 𝑚
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Li‐ and 𝑓 ; 𝑃 : 𝑎, 𝑏 ⟶ ℝ for all 𝑖 1,2, … , 𝑛; 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚 for all real bounded continuous
censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. functions. In addition, for all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚 , where 𝑢 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, 𝐷 ℓ 𝑢 𝑡 is the 𝛼 ℓ ‐frac‐
This article is an open access article tional Caputo‐derivative order of the functions 𝑢 on 𝑎, 𝑏 and all 𝛼 ℓ , ∈ ℝ , 𝑑 ℓ 1
distributed under the terms and con‐
𝛼 ℓ 𝑑 ℓ , 𝑑 ℓ ⌈𝛼 ℓ ⌉ for all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚 ; ℓ 1,2, … , 𝑛. Moreover, the value of 𝜏 , 𝜏 ∈
ditions of the Creative Commons At‐
ℝ for all 𝑗 0,1, … , 𝑚 are called positive constant time lags or time delays. Because the
tribution (CC BY) license (https://cre‐
problem of LS‐delayed VIFDE’s time delay is a relatively new topic in mathematics, there
ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
are only one or two ways of solving it, and since the specific analytic solution no longer
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050984 www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 2 of 12
exists, an approximation method must be used. In this paper, we use the Laplace trans‐
form to provide an explanation for how to solve Equation (1) with conditions.
The Laplace transform is a very useful method for solving various types of equations,
such as integro‐differential equations, integral equations, fractional equations, and delay
differential equations. It can also be used to solve initial and boundary value problems
related to differential equations and partial differentials with constant coefficients [1–6].
This transform method is also used for solving linear Caputo fractional‐integro differen‐
tial equations with multi‐time retarded delays [7] and for solving linear system integro‐
fractional differential equation of Volterra‐type equations [8]. When using this technique,
it is important and necessary to explain and define several properties of the Laplace trans‐
form that are important for driving this transformation of delay functions and the Caputo
fractional derivative, which is expressed in Equation (1).
This work is classified into these sections as follows: some definitions and important
properties are shown in Section 2. In Section 3, a system of integro‐fractional differential
equations of the Volterra type with variable coefficients and multi‐time delay technique
is presented. In Section 4, the results are illustrated with all of the examples. Finally, a
discussion of this method is included in Section 5.
2. Definitions with Important Properties
2.1. Fractional Calculus
In this subsection, we recall the most common definitions and results of fractional
calculus that will be useful for this research. First, we start from the definition of function
space 𝐶 , 𝛾 ∈ ℝ, which is the basic definition that operational calculus needs for the dif‐
ferential operator:
Definition 1. [4,7]. A real valued function 𝑢 defined on 𝑎, 𝑏 is in the space of 𝛾 ‐func‐
tions 𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝛾 ∈ ℝ if there exists a real number 𝑟 𝛾 , such that 𝑢 𝑡 𝑡 𝑎 𝑢 𝑡 ,
where 𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏 , and it is said to be in the space 𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏 if and only if 𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ .
Definition 2. [4,8]. For a function 𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝛿 1, the Reimann–Liouville fractional inte‐
gral operator 𝐽 of fractional order 𝛼 ∈ ℝ and origin point 𝑎 is defined as:
1
𝐽 𝑢 𝑡 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Γ 𝛼
𝐽 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 ,𝑎 𝑡 𝑏.
where Γ is the gamma function. 𝐽 has an important (or semigroup) property, that is:
𝐽 𝐽 𝑢 𝑡 𝐽 𝐽 𝑢 𝑡 𝐽 𝑢 𝑡 for arbitrary 𝛼 > 0 and 𝛽 > 0. Additionally, it has the
following properties
Г 𝛿
𝐽 𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 𝑎 ,𝛿 1.
Г 𝛿 𝛼 1
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 3 of 12
1
𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝐽 𝑢 𝑡 𝑡 𝑠 𝑢 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 .
Γ 𝑚 𝛼
𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 ,𝑎 𝑡 𝑏.
Additionally, if 𝛼 𝑚 ∈ ℤ and 𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏 , thus 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 .
2.2. Some Important Properties
In this subsection, we are interested some important properties which are used later
on this paper [4,7–9].
i. 𝐷 𝒜 𝒜 ; where 𝒜 is any constant; (𝛼 0, 𝛼 ∉ ℕ .
ii. If the Caputo fractional derivative of a constant function is equal to zero, it means
𝐷 𝒜 0, for any constant 𝒜 and all 𝛼 0.
iii. The relationship between the R‐L integral and Caputo derivatives are shown here:
Let 𝛼 0, 𝑚 ⌈𝛼⌉ and 𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏 , then:
𝐷 𝐽 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑎 𝑡 𝑏
𝑢 𝑎
𝐽 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 𝑡 𝑎 .
𝑘!
Definition 5. [1,10]. The Laplace transform (LT) for the suitable function, 𝑢 𝑡 , of real varia‐
ble 𝑡 0, is the function 𝑈 𝑠 , which is defined by the integral form:
𝑈 𝑠 ℒ 𝑢 𝑡 𝑒 𝑢 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (2)
ℒ 𝑢∗𝑞 𝑡 ℒ 𝑢 𝑡 𝑥 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑈 𝑠 𝑄 𝑠 (3)
If 𝑢 1, then:
1
ℒ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠 𝑄 𝑠 (4)
𝑠
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 4 of 12
𝑑 𝑑 (5)
ℒ 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 1 ℒ 𝑢 𝑡 1 𝑈 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
iii. From (ii and iii), we obtain:
𝑑 1 1𝑑 (6)
ℒ 𝑡 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 and ℒ 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 .
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
The following shows the important lemma for the Laplace transform of a constant
delay function:
Lemma 1. [7]. Let 𝑢 𝑡 be a continuous differentiable function on a closed bounded interval 0, 𝑏 ,
𝑏 ∈ ℝ , and let τ be a constant delay such that:
ℒ 𝑢 𝑡 𝜏 ;𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏 . (8)
𝑛 𝜏 𝑛!
ℒ 𝑢 𝑡 𝜏 ;𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 1 𝑝! 𝑒 (9)
𝑝 𝑠 𝑠
Lemma 2. [4,9]. Laplace transform of Caputo fractional of order 𝛼 𝑚 1 𝛼 𝑚 , 𝑚 ⌈𝛼⌉
can be obtained as:
ℒ 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠 ℒ 𝐽 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠 𝑠 ℒ 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠
(10)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 0 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 0 .
3. Solving LS‐VIFDE’s Multi‐Time RD Using the Laplace Transform Technique
In this section, we try to find a general analytical solution to a linear system of in‐
tegro‐differential equations of the arbitrary orders with variable coefficients and multi‐
time delays using the Laplace transform method in various types of kernels.
3.1. First Type (Difference Kernel)
We use Equation (1) with different kernels and 𝑎 0 as the starting point. Further‐
more, we consider 𝑃 𝑡 as a power function, with difference kernels form 𝒦 𝑡, 𝑥
𝒦 𝑡 𝑥 , where 𝐶 𝑡 ℓ , 𝐶 ∈ ℝ are constants and ℓ are arbitrary non‐negative inte‐
gers for all 𝑟 and 𝑖, and the Laplace transformation is taken for all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚, which is:
ℒ 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠 ℒ 𝑃 𝑡 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠 ℒ 𝑃 𝑡 𝑢 𝑔 𝑡, 𝜏 ;𝑠
(11)
ℒ 𝑓 𝑡 ;𝑠 𝜆 ℒ 𝒦 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠 .
After applying the Laplace transformation in Equation (11), using Lemma 2 with the
initial condition for the first part, where 𝑚 1 𝛼 𝑚 for all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚, and
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 5 of 12
also using Definition (5; part (ii)) and Lemma 2 for second parts, where 𝑚 1
𝛼 𝑚 , for all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚, we obtain:
ℒ 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 0
(12)
𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 , .
where 𝑢 , are given for all 𝑟 from the conditions. For all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚 using
Equations (5) and (10) and conditions, for each 𝑖 1,2, … , 𝑛 1, we obtain:
ℒ 𝑃 𝑡 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
(13)
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑢 , .
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
where ℓ is the order of 𝑃 𝑡 for each 𝑖 1,2, … , 𝑛 1 and 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚 . Conse‐
quently, we use Equation (5) and then apply the Lemma (1, Equations (8) and (9)), respec‐
tively, with the defined 𝑔 𝑡, 𝜏 𝑡 𝜏 , thus obtaining for each 𝑟:
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
ℒ 𝑃 𝑡 𝑢 𝑔 𝑡, 𝜏 ;𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏 .
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
where:
𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏 𝑒 𝜑 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
ℓ
𝑑ℓ 𝑑ℓ 𝑞 𝜏 𝑑ℓ 𝑞 ! (14)
𝐶 1 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 1 𝑝! 𝑒 .
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑝 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑠
the Laplace transform of the homogenous part is simply written as:
ℒ 𝑓 𝑡 ;𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 ,𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚. (15)
By applying Equation (3) from Definition 4 with Lemma (1, Equations (8) and (11))
with defined 𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑥 𝜏 for all 𝑟; 𝑗 0,1, … , 𝑚, the last part of Equation (11) will
become:
ℒ 𝒦 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠 𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏 .
where:
𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏 𝑒 𝜑 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
ℒ 𝒦 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠 (16)
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 6 of 12
𝑞 𝜏 𝑞 !
𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 1 𝑝! 𝑒 .
𝑝 𝑠 𝑠
After putting Equations (12)–(16) into Equation (11), they become:
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 , 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
ℓ
𝑑ℓ ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑢 , 𝐶 1 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ
𝐹 𝑠 𝜆 𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏 .
𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 ,
ℓ
𝑑ℓ ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑢 ,
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ
(17)
ℓ ℓ ℓ
ℓ
𝑑 𝑑 𝑞 𝜏 𝑑 𝑞 !
𝐶 1 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 1 𝑝! 𝑒
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑝 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑠
𝑞 𝜏 𝑞 !
𝐹 𝑠 𝜆 𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 1 𝑝! 𝑒 .
𝑝 𝑠 𝑠
ℓ
𝑑ℓ ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑒 𝜆 𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝜆 𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐶 1 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 .𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
where
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐹 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 , 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑢 ,
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 7 of 12
ℓ
𝑑ℓ 𝑞 𝜏 𝑑ℓ 𝑞 !
𝐶 1 1 𝑝! 𝑒
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑝 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑠
𝑞 𝜏 𝑞 !
𝜆 𝒦 𝑠 1 𝑝! 𝑒 .
𝑝 𝑠 𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝜆 𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 . (18)
where:
ℓ
𝑑ℓ ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐻 𝑠 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑒 𝜆 𝒦 𝑠 𝑒 .
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ
3.2. Second Type (Simple Degenerate Kernel)
Some types of linear‐system VIFDEs of consistent multi‐time can be solved using the
Laplace transform approach. We take the same conditions as Equation (12) with all con‐
ditions by changing the kernel from difference kernel to a simple degenerate kernel. De‐
fine the kernel: 𝒦 𝑡, 𝑥 𝑐 𝑡 𝑑 𝑥 , where 𝑐 , 𝑑 ∈ ℝ for all 𝑟, 𝑗 0,1, … , 𝑚 and
𝑘 , 𝑘 ∈ ℤ ; then:
ℒ 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠 ℒ 𝑃 𝑡 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 ;𝑠 ℒ 𝑃 𝑡 𝑢 𝑔 𝑡, 𝜏 ;𝑠
(19)
ℒ 𝑓 𝑡 ;𝑠 𝜆 ℒ 𝑐 𝑡 𝑑 𝑥 𝑢 𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠 .
The left hands in all parts of Equation (19) are the same as Equation (11) in Section
3.1, while for the integral part, it is different. We apply the important property of Equation
(6) part iii in Section 2.2 using Equations (8) and (9), respectively, and for higher deriv‐
ative of multiplication functions using Leibniz’s formula [7,14], with the property
𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑥 𝜏 ; then, after some manipulating, we obtain:
ℒ 𝑐 𝑡 𝑑 𝑥 𝑢 𝑔 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑠
𝑒 𝑘 1 𝑘 𝑑
𝑐 𝑏! 𝜏 𝑑 𝜏 𝑑 1 𝜏
𝑠 𝑏 𝑠 𝑏 𝑑𝑠 (20)
𝑘 1 𝑘 𝑏 𝑑
𝑐 1 𝑏! 1 𝜏 𝑈 𝑠
𝑏 𝑠 𝑝 𝑑𝑠
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 8 of 12
1 𝑘 1 𝑑 𝑑
𝑐 1 𝑏! 𝑑 1 𝐻 𝑠 .
𝑠 𝑏 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
for all 𝑟, 𝑗 0,1, … , 𝑚, where:
𝑄 𝑠, 𝜏 𝑒 𝜑 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
After some simple manipulations, and using Equation (20), we obtain the general
solution for Equation (19):
𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 ,
ℓ
𝑑ℓ ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑢 ,
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ
ℓ
𝑑ℓ 𝑑ℓ 𝑞 𝜏 𝑑ℓ 𝑞 !
𝐶 1 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 1 𝑝! 𝑒
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑝 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑠
(21)
𝐹 𝑠
⎧⎧ ∑ ! ∑ ⎫ ⎫
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 𝑈 𝑠 ⎪
⎪⎨ ⎬ ⎪
𝑒 ⎪ ∑ ! ∑ ⎪
𝜆 ⎩ ⎭ .
𝑠 ⎨ ⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ∑ ! ⎪
⎩ ⎭
Equation (21) becomes:
ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐹 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 , 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝑢 ,
𝑑𝑠 ℓ
ℓ
𝑑ℓ 𝑞 𝜏 𝑑ℓ 𝑞 !
𝐶 1 1 𝑝! 𝑒
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑝 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑠
1 𝑘 1 𝑑 𝑑
𝜆 𝑐 1 𝑏! 𝑑 1 𝐻 𝑠 .
𝑠 𝑏 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 9 of 12
As a special case, if the 𝑃 𝑡 and 𝑃 𝑡 are the only constants, this means that
ℓ and ℓ are equal to zero. Thus, after some simple manipulations, system Equation
(21) was formed, and we obtained the following system, for all 𝑟 0,1, … , 𝑚:
𝐻 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝜆 𝐾 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 . (22)
where:
ℓ
𝑑ℓ ℓ
𝑑ℓ
𝐻 𝑠 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑠 𝐶 1 𝑒 𝜆 𝐾 𝑠 𝑒 .
𝑑𝑠 ℓ 𝑑𝑠 ℓ
and:
𝑘 1 𝑘 𝑑
𝐾 𝑠 𝑐 𝑏! 𝜏 𝑑 𝜏 𝑑 1 𝜏
𝑏 𝑠 𝑏 𝑑𝑠
𝑘 1 𝑘 𝑏 𝑑
𝑐 1 𝑏! 1 𝜏 .
𝑏 𝑠 𝑝 𝑑𝑠
If the (HF) is any continuously differentiable function 𝜑 𝑡 . Consequently, there is
an ordinary differential equation in 𝑈 𝑠 , 𝑈 𝑠 , which is solved to find 𝑈 𝑠 , 𝑈 𝑠 . Fi‐
nally, the inverse of the Laplace transform is used on 𝑈 𝑠 , 𝑈 𝑠 to obtain the solution
𝑢 𝑡 , 𝑢 𝑡 for the system of integro‐fractional differential equations with variable coeffi‐
cients and multi‐delays.
4. Analytic Examples
Here are some examples of the system of integro‐fractional differential equations
with variable coefficients and multi‐delays, which were solved by Laplace transform
method:
Example 1. Consider the linear SIFDEs of the Volterra type with the constant multi‐time delay
and variable coefficients of retarded delay on 0, 1 :
. .
𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑡 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 3𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 1
(23)
𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥.
.
1 .
1
𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 0.2
2 2
(24)
𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 0.3 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 0.5 𝑑𝑥 .
2 .
2 .
1 7
where: 𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡 4𝑡 5𝑡 1.
𝛤 1.5 𝛤 2.5 12 3
2 .
1 .
1
𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 0.1 𝑡 0.045 𝑡 𝑡 0.3.
𝛤 1.1 𝛤 1.5 4
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 10 of 12
𝑒 , 𝒦 , 𝑡, 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 ; 𝒦 , 𝑡, 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 and 𝜏 1 , 𝜏 , 2, 𝜏 , 1, 𝜏 0.2, 𝜏 ,
0.3 ; 𝜏 , 0.5 , which are constant different time delays, and 𝑃 , 𝑡 𝑡, 𝑃 , 𝑡 3𝑡, 𝑃 , 𝑡
,𝑃 , 𝑡 are variable coefficients.
The Laplace transform is taken to the above equation and Equations (17) and (18) are used to
obtain:
𝑒
𝐻 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 . (25)
𝑠 1
.
𝑒
𝐻 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 . (26)
𝑠
where:
.
𝑑 .
𝑑 1
𝐻 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 3 𝑒 𝑒 .
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠
.
1 .
1 .
2 .
𝐻 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑒 𝑒 .
2 2 𝑠
and:
2 5 6𝑒 18 𝑒 2𝑒 2𝑒 𝑒
𝐹 𝑠 .
𝑠 . 𝑠 . 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 1 𝑠 𝑠 1
. . . . .
2 1 1 1 𝑒 𝑒 2𝑒 4𝑒 2𝑒
𝐹 𝑠 .
.
𝑠 𝑠 . 𝑠 . 2𝑠 . 𝑠 2𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
After substituting Equation (25) into Equation (26) and solving this with 𝑈 ∞ 0,
which is ODE of the first order, the following is obtained: 𝑈 𝑠
By substituting 𝑈 𝑠 into one of either Equation (25) or Equation (26), we obtain:
𝑈 𝑠 .
By taking the inverse of the Laplace transform of 𝑈 𝑠 and 𝑈 𝑠 , the exact solu‐
tions, 𝑢 𝑡 and 𝑢 𝑡 , are obtained from Equations (22) and (23): 𝑢 𝑡 ℒ 𝑡 ;
𝑢 𝑡 ℒ 2𝑡 1, which is the exact solution for our given system.
Example 2. Consider linear SIFDEs of a constant multi‐time retarded delay with variable coeffi‐
cients on 0, 1 :
.
𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 2𝑢 𝑡 0.4 𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 . (27)
.
1 .
𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝐷 𝑢 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 0.2 𝑑𝑥. (28)
2
1 .
5𝑡
where: 𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 0.8 𝑡 0.16.
𝛤 1.7 6
1 .
1 .
1 0.7 0.64
𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 0.04 𝑡 .
𝛤 1.2 2 𝛤 1.5 5 3 3
With initial conditions and historical functions:
𝑢 0 0; 𝑢 0 0; 𝜑 𝑡 𝑡 ;𝑢 0 1; 𝑢 0 2; 𝜑 𝑡 𝑡 1 , since here we
have: 𝒦 , 𝑡, 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 ; 𝒦 , 𝑡, 𝑥 2𝑡 2𝑥 ; τ 0.4, 𝜏 , 1, 𝜏 , 0.2 , which are
constant different time delays, and 𝑃 , 𝑡 2, 𝑃 , 𝑡 ; are variable coefficients.
Taking the Laplace transform for the above equation and using Equations (21) and
(22), we obtain:
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 11 of 12
𝐻 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝜆 𝐾 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 . (29)
𝐻 𝑠 𝑈 𝑠 𝜆 𝐾 𝑠 𝑒 𝑈 𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 . (30)
where:
1 1 𝑑
𝐾 𝑠 2 2 .
𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
1 2 𝑑 𝑑
𝐾 𝑠 0.48 2 2.8 .
𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
. .
𝐻 𝑠 𝑠 2𝑒 .
.
1 .
𝐻 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 .
2
and:
.
1 2𝑒 5𝑒 5𝑒 2𝑒
𝐹 𝑠 .
.
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
1 1 1 1 10.4 𝑒 . 0.48 𝑒 . 24 𝑒 .
𝐹 𝑠 .
𝑠 . 2𝑠 . 𝑠 . 2𝑠 . 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
After substituting Equation (29) into Equation (30) and with 𝑈 ∞ 0, which is ODE
of the first order, after solving it, the following is obtained:𝑈 𝑠 . Next, by substitut‐
ing 𝑈 𝑠 in either one of Equation (29) or Equation (30), we obtain: 𝑈 𝑠 . By tak‐
ing the inverse of the Laplace transform of 𝑈 𝑠 and 𝑈 𝑠 , the exact solutions, 𝑢 𝑡 and
𝑢 𝑡 , are obtained from Equations (27) and (28): 𝑢 𝑡 ℒ 𝑡 ; 𝑢 𝑡
ℒ 𝑡 1, which are the exact solutions for our given system.
5. Discussion
In this work, after using the Laplace transform to solve a linear system of integro‐
fractional differential equations of the Volterra type with variable coefficients and multi‐
time retarded delay using some illustrating examples, we found the following:
1. Generally, this method which was amended here, provided good results and valida‐
tion.
2. Here: we successfully applied the Laplace transform method for two different types
of kernels, which were difference and simple degenerate kernels.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.B.M.A. and S.S.A.; methodology, M.B.M.A.; valida‐
tion, M.B.M.A. and S.S.A.; formal analysis, S.S.A.; investigation, M.B.M.A.; resources, S.S.A.; writ‐
ing—original draft preparation, M.B.M.A.; writing—review, S.S.A.; editing, M.B.M.A.; visualiza‐
tion, M.B.M.A.; supervision, S.S.A.; project administration, M.B.M.A.; funding acquisition, S.S.A.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the
Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Technical college of
Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, and Department of Mathematics, College of Science,
University of Sulaimani Sulaymaniyah 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the
study.
Symmetry 2022, 14, 984 12 of 12
Data Availability Statement: The data used during the study are available from the corresponding
author.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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