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I Annex 1 PERSONNEL LICENSING
Annex 2 RULES OF THE AIR

Annex 3 M ET EO RO LOG CAL S ER V c E F o R NTL AIR N AV GAT o
Annex 4 AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

Annex 5 UNITS O F MEASUREMENT AIR GROUND OPS
Annex 5 OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT
Annex 7 Al C NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION
Annex 8 AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT
Annex 9 FACILITATION
Annex 10 AERONAUTICAL TELECOM
I=-!t Annex 11
Annex 12
AIR TRAFFTC SERVICES
SEARCH AND RESCUE AI
T-r Annex 13 c ACCIDENT / INCIDE VESTIGATION
Annex 14 ^l
AERODROMES
,.,,+
Annex t5 AERONAUTI ON SERVICES
OTECTION
-__? Annex 16 ENVIRON
Annex 17 SECUR UARDING INTL. CIVIL AVIATION FROM
--*!r
UNLA TERFERENCE
Annex 18 SPORT DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR
---
-=::i oircraft
- Manoeuvres intentionally performed by on
=*!t abrupt chonge in its ottitude, an obnormsl sttitude, or on
-- variqtion in speed.
AREA - That part of an oerodrome to be used for the take-off,

**l-!'
,l\tt snd taxiing of oircrofi, consisting of the monoeuvring drea and the
k I opron(s).
La
b=-3 for the toke'
MANOEIIVRING AREA - That port of dn oerodrome to be used
E-:5 off,landing and toxiing of aircroft, excluding aprons'
SAHIL KHURANA
SEC _ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
09871866290
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9.J Ruj.u ---t
t)rf t glrx Alr u i&rt,{'htd t

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FsQls^,,) Ild i"l}-'.}^nÎ { **$ry rfc "{"I

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alhfiud{- ,uJ^rh t"ls{r} FL & go *d rooofl . ulL!^ S
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Afrt * Aboue Arro&/owte t'*-l

A &L' ,{\boue kramd luul
AEROBATIC FLIGHT -NO PERSON SHALL FLY AEROBATICALLY
tr In the vicinity of an oerodrome at a distance of less than 2 NM from the

neorest point of the perimeter of the oerodrome unless being flown
higher thqn 7800m or 6000 feet.
O When flying over city town villoge or populated area except when
written permission hy DG.
tr Aerobatics should commence ot such o height so it is to be

ot a height not less than 2000 feet above AGL.
Q By o licensed pilot or dccompanied by a licensed pilot
J Over aerodrome Minimum Height-
t
6000 feet
PROHIBITED AREAS AND RESTRICTED AREAS
Aircrafi sholl not be flown in a prohibited a restricted ores, the

particulors of which have been duly in occordance with the
G.I conditions of the resfiictions or by of the State over whose
*--3 territory the qreas ore estqblish
J-!} J lf a following signdl indicate -
=\Q
A 'A series of ot intervols of 70 seconds, showing
on bursting lights."
\rr
:,v
_--L(
u is flying in the vicinity of a RESTRICTED,
or DANGER orea and should take necessary actions.
_\q
=-\r tr actions includes -

\rr Y - Will not fly further inta the Prohibited Area.
.1
,=rq
SECONDLY - Will not descend while still qbove prohibited Areo.
> =::::
lkil
*+f
A THRDLY- Will ASA he is oware of the fact , give the signal of distress
=ri MAYDAY,MAYDAY, MAYDAY bY R/T
A FOURTHLY- lmmediately Squowk Distress code'7700' ond land to the
R nearest oerodrome outside Prohihited Airspoce.

SAHIL KHURANA
SEC-7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
09871866290
:
,
, 3
I
Restricted qreq- An airspoce of defined dimensions, above the land qrecrs or
)
territorial waters of o Stote, within which the ftight of oircrofi is restricted in
)
accordance with certain conditions.
)
Prohibited qrea- An airspace of defined dimensions, qbove the lond areas or
t territoriql woters of a Stote, within which the flight of oircraft is totolly
prohibited.
PROHIBITED AREAS IN INDIA
(rowerof Silence)
VA Lp) *o 3
MATHURA REFINERY LOkms UNLIMITED
BHAWAN UNLIMITED
TOWER 50000'
t{aUpthh.^^
Danger which
the flight of airuaft may exist ot
not be flown among the

for formation
conditions prescribed by
DELHI
4
AVOIDANCE OF COLLI,S'ON RULES
Right of Woy meons the right to

proceed without alterotion of
course. The aircraft thqt has the
right of way is required to maintqin
its heading ond speed, ond observe
the other oircrafi whilst the collision
Hmrll-ffifi .&ltsr f,i uurm Tr: lti6llrt
risk exists.
:F
::
.:l
Right of way Approaching head-on - 'Sil .J
& When two oiruoft ore qpproaching

v Fdtght frf
i
Crr{ry
head-on or approximately so and
there is danger oI collision, eoch
shall alter its heqding to the right.
LIe. 'Tm Hiqlrt
Converging - When two oircrofi are
converging at opproximately the
sdme level, the oircroft thqt hqs the
other on its right sholl give woy,
I I
except as follows
GENEREAL CALUSION AVOIDANCE

w l\ rvrv
PA & ts
Power mqchines must give way to oirships, bolloons, gliders.
Airships way to balloons and gliders. Gliders must give way to
power driven flying mdchines must give way to towing oiruafts.
A/C which hos other oircrofi on its right shall give way and the
on the right has a right ol way
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
Aq"x*'*":-'s*'-'g
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ae4"
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t**rb s{^0" --^{i

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*t dr$." *r.&,4Jt
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h-q o{J.{,Ft
gt4. t"r,t *"t I
a) tu-s =
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6) Ro&
q q ryh*f*d qfu w*,l,li,rv,z / [r*, tu il,
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OVERTAKING
)
) An aircroft thot is being overtaken hus the right of way qnd the overtoking
aircroft, whether climbing, descending, or in horizontqlflight, shall keep out
)
of the way by altering its heqding to the right.
,
An overtaking oircraft is on aircrafr that opprooches from the reor on o line
) 4
forming an ongle of less thon 70o.
)
) LANDING
) An aircrafi in flight, or operoting on the to

ry
) aircraft landing or in the final stoges of ,
SURFACE MO OF AIRCRAFT
ln csse of danger of collision between

two on the movement
oreo of an qerodrome the following shall
tr When two aircraft are APPROACH, ON, or opproxirnately so,

each sholl stop or where its course to the right so os to
keep well clear.
tr When two oircraft ore VERGING COURSE, the one which hos
the other on its gtve wqy,
f]en aircraft 5 OVERTAKEN by another oircraft shall hqve

the the overtaking aircroft shall keep well cleqr of the
oth er
LIGHTS YED BY AIRCRAFT qJh* t*^rilb

"-.,. r I t1A .^*L* 30 nâ,L,.l
Wh ts must be Disployed From suffie++o-sut+ri,r+(or during any other [rt{"'*

prescribed by the oppropriate authority), oll aircroft in flight or on the )
^/Jrtlu4r
* tr attrqct the qttention of other oircraft.

Y
w J Novigation lights intended to indicote the relqtive poth of the oircroft

T to an observer. No other lights shall be displayed if they ore tikely to be
mistaken for the navigation lights.
SAHIL KHURANA
SEC - 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
09871866290
5
E Unless stotionary, and otherwise odequately illuminated, all aircroft on

the movement orea of on qerodrome shall disploy lights intended to
indicate the extremities of their structure ond to attroct ottention to
the oircrafi. (7 )
J oircrdft operoting on the movement areo of on qerodrome whose

Att
engines are running shalt disploy lights which indicqte that foct.
e NAVIGATION LIGI{TS *
w
*
*
{?fi{} f;M
.]t "1 tlU
*'* *"4- *${@
.e@ frMry
The angle of co to longitudinal oxis to 770o left and

LruA)
other 770" lo the right.
(-Po">
The ongle of Porallel to the tongitudinal oxis to 70" eithqr side
t&tuIi)/
Lights t(lshhtd *A Usrn^")

flight or operating on the movement area of on aerodrome,
in
# th are fitted with anti collision
lights, shatl disptay these lights dt otl times.lf an onti-collision light foils in
flight, the tight is to be repaired prior to the next flight.
SAHIL KHURANA
SEC _ 7, DWARKA, I.JEW DELHI
09871866290
t) ullît [t"t t n^tg\t .\t!-
^rxrxq}J
*ftl,,l^ U,.rj tMr :
oltt ett Ii-l. \utr eff,t^ *Iq\rr,. l*qrd1 ' 9* 1l^0,\ cn^[
ta s,"u
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Î"."\f \IL th
o) iUA *n*X"&i"^t [ittl {-
-Y{V,* t^surtX.I,t$q h?IJ \A{

I h'* L *tt" ^^q$l,$"hts^^ \r},l^h -qk J?
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c) uI h) *fi ',! X
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7
OLS PILOTS SAYING

C
Green to Green, all serene.
Red to Red, go oheod.
Red to Green, you must be seen
Green to Red, you could end uP dead
Failure of Lights
J When o pilot is awore that a navigation light hos foiled, A be

4 informed ond the aircroft is to land ond hqve the before
continuing the flight.
flight ond repair it

)
rt
) 18,.^ 5
&tvt{ tt^ff1 Sp \** I
3o.c It [s\1" htu .[r.#l
)
)
Q Any flight or portion of a an ATC service,
"lsu(
\uc.,u)
t"[*" l
)
)
tr Any tFR flight in
) tr Any flisht ATC service is required to provide o
ftisht (FlS),olerting service, ond sesrch qnd rescue

)
(sAR)
)
) tr outhority has determined thdt a FPL should be filed to

coordinotion between civilion ond military authorities;
)
) llight dcross international borders.
) i-
For o ftight to be provided with on ATC service or advisory ATC, the FPL is to
k k{o*
I
be filed at least 60 minutes before departure. lto *i/^&It^ Ebrl-r)
?Îl,"rhA tJ'tl" tru^r -
{
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
\
70 utes
For the filing ol q FPL in ftight, the FPL is to be filed.ot leqst 70 minutes belore
the oircrafi is estimoted to reqch:
tr The intended point of entry into an areq where A TC advisory is to be

provided; or
tr The point of crossing an airway or odvisory route.
DELAYS AFTER FILING
ln the event of a delay of 30 minutes in excess of the time
for o controlled flight or a delay of one hour for on uncon for

which o flight plon hos been submitted, the flight be omended or
a new flight plon submitted and the old flight Plon
Adherence to the FPL
A pilot operating a controlled ftight is qdhere to the CPL (Current

Flight Plon)
lnodvertent Changes
ff a controlled flight deviotes the FPL, the following action is to be

token:
tr Deviotion
Adjust the regain the desired trdck os soon ds practicable,
tr in TAS I s 7. TA\ ,J\^-^d,l"\
tf level chonges (or is expected to chonge) by 5% or more from

in the FPL inlorm the ATC.
A Change in ETA Lr"r d^rt^t Ern 'i*''Fl

t lf the ETA chonges bY more than +/-3 minutes, the ETA is to be revised to ATC.
ln an Oceonic Control Area, report changes in ETA of +/- 3 mins or more.
SAHIL KHURANA
SEC_7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
09871866290
t{4"
(1'/; A/c O{/t
3,-*^^d,
fu "J. tqr,.A *r,&.**r *tT

R,T (roP :
ltratg A{A b *e\ tq^d Sutdxeruurp e,r |tei"..t drcrrt tl.{,

{
,ir.-A
grurr^ Roh-x^ hD o${sdx$l/A *A ]
gi{rlr, to t
ar-*f ^t
th*Afl :rel4A 0q['r h" tq"d (]40).

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tu.q o{t&"ttr lrot d etu\ au{s"hs+uo.{
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A
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Yxa_frltsrl 9!t
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0*{ q r\n$ h'?lt *.d l.tu"ot -C
ot
b*,h\ i"o\u"rftkr Uo"\ fid A/C fot ,,^d "I4
h Lrrd Û-% C
"*["q.fi"I C
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To qil,,r-$r)0dr" II"r LiS&oll A/c *ru ,.,s.h l,,r^ .<
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t-^,t^y g
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R.I |.Vd*r*"y* L,t A W) ^ f,o .*t ,rihh}.rd ,r^fl^ A
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Y
rime [rt .lr.h nUsnJd [*- *,^,t'gfu hD ur( tl*h *,,]l"^^ lo t"sn& '
tn utt communicotions, time is to be expressed os Co-ordinqted Universsl Time
Ufq ufifising the 24 hour clock. A time check is to be obtoined before
operating a controlled flight.
COMMUNICATIONS RULE
Q A controiled Ilight is required to maintoin two

communications with the controlling ATCU, ,r"lt )
C Communicotion Fsilure in VMC
tf on oircrofi is unoble to communicate (receive and ATC
instructions qnd indicqte o stote of emergency), in squawking
7600 qnd mointaining q visual watch for signals, VMC, maintoin
VMC ond land ot the neorest suitable -
s to be informed as
*,,[t [m t]tf
soon as possible once the aircraft lands.
Communicstion Fsilure in IMC

sp \ uyôla
J 'or level,
Mointqin the last assigned for a period of 20
minutes after the failure over the last compulsory reporting
point;
3 Proceed in with the FPL to the navigation locility serving

the destina ond hold on thot facility;
tr facility qt the last received and qcknowledged

rosch Time (EAT), or where no EAT hos been issued, st the
the FPL {4}; then
a normol instrument approach;
i,&.s
Land within 30 minutes of the ETA.
ltl
1,, Estimqted time of orrivol(ETA) - For flights, the time st wltich it is

IFR
estimoted that the oircraft will orrive over thut designoted point, defined by
reference to novigation oids, from which it is intended thst an instrument
approach procedure will be commenced.
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
I "'
-
r|,
t 10
T
Expected approoch time (EAT) - The time ot which ATC expects thqt on
T arriving aircroft, following a delay, will leove the holding point to complete
T its dpprooch for a londing
I RULES OF THE AIR FLIGHT RULES -VFR AND IFR
!'
.l, Ahove 3008
!,
I
.''
I
I
I
?
I
I
? lnstrument meteorological con conditions expressed
? in terms of visibility, distance ud, and ceiling, less thsn the minima
conditions.
I specified for visual m
:' Special VFR flight - A cleared by oir traffic control
? to operate zone in meteorologicol conditions below VMC.

I Visuol conditions - Meteorologicol conditions expressed in
I terms t distance from cloud, ond ceiling, equal to or better than
I
:! - Visibility for aerondutical purposes is the greoter of:
:,
I situqted near the ground, con be seen ond recognized when observed
I agoinst o bright hockground;
?
:' be seen and identified agoinst on unlit background.
:' SAHIL KHURANA
_ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
:t SEC
09871866290
?
:t
.t,
t
;
)
t\
!
Ceiting - The height ahove the ground or woter of the bqse of the lowest layer
I
of cloud below 6 OOO metres (20 000 feet) covering more thon holf the sky.
I
Clsrmf Tertlr*l trIirtanc* fr*nt
,toil,CSnnd# At rnd ufuve I krir
ffid FL 1fiil{rl
Fundff
lAkrve 1 ftfitili AM$I" *r
lrh*rr I fl{$li uiruvt
whrch*r'eris highrr]
Bslsrv FL lilil
FultdS iltrexr of tfrt*d and in sight af

At rnd brXurv 3 ffit,lff A[,[$l *r I fltX]ft fhe *urik*
whit.[leveri* thr
AND A tt*^t,,uhrA an^t)

'A
-l
flights cqnnot
VFR or lqnd at an oerodrome in a CTR, or enter dn
aerodrome or troffic pattern when:
l0"CItt
* thqn fi
t
The less 7500
.f. rs less than 5 km oo'

t5
("o0[
NIGHT - NO VFR AT NIGHT
_E €i
-,
+E
--
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
1
12
MINIMUM HEIGHTS
A VFR flight shail not be flown:

J over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements, or over an
open qir assembly of persons, ot o height less than (1000 300 m ft)
obove the highest-obstacle within a radius of G00 m from the aircraft.
Q tlsewhere, ot a height less than r50 m (soo fi) qbove the ground
wqter.
MINIMUM HEIGHT RULE (IMCI
Y Over high terroin or in mountainous oreos, atq is ot leost

600 m (2 000 ft) ahove the highest obstacle 8 km of the
estimoted position of the airuafi;
D Elsewhere thon as specified in o), ot a le is ot leost 300 m (7

000 ft) obove the highest obstocle 8 km of the estimoted
position of the aircraft
IFR is Flown when ever weqther VMC qnd when Pilot wishes to fty
IFR but with proper no t's on board
Weather Deterioration
lf it becomes controlled VFR flight will not remain in VMC, the

pilot is to:
tr clearance to continue to the destination

by another route remaining in VMC;
tr at the neorest useable aerodrome; or
tr lf operoting in o CTR, request a SVFR cleorance; or

l{
-\'
LI J fite dn tFR FpL.
=_-
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
0
I
JE htl [r**ua tutt
,th*fu Sooo AH( L.
,*,$r* 5 {^rl ,"'&fu " Fts/t
-TID .*A l*il"g
\ooo A GLL
1,1
0oc
rrs' t[t)
qrrn FL - tFR *&IFt - trR
o
EL bo,8o t\0 PLSo, ?o: $o-r
\\b
o'L{ ll Tftr a
-\FQ
tru s5,-l 5
.rr,.. FL\ too *!FR
?trt,8L, \o(
trto"tr1;
\.l r"Lt\)
I
13
SPECTALVFR (SVFR)
SVFR is defined as a cleqronce to fly within o CTR in conditions thon VMC

less
in which the pitot remqins clear of cloud qnd in visuql contoct with the
-tl^*{il'
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Provision of SVFR
(
Where o pilot cannot, or has good redson not to, comply with IFR in o
he/she may request q special VFR (SVFR) clearonce to:
Y Enter q CTR to lond ot qn oerodrome within the CTR;

CTR; or
Toke-off Conditions
According to ICAO a SVFR flight may toke an oerodrome in a CTR

providing the ground visibility is not 7500 m
Reduced
)
The desired cruising levels oircraft are adiacent to the
l tropopouse (typicollY F' , tn the upper airspace these levels quickly
become occupied and qrises.

)
l Too (in port), o system of reduced vertical seporotion is

l opplied wh 7000 ft sepdration between FLs is maintained up to
F1470. the inaccuracy in the altimeter operation is too great for
the reduced minima. This immediotely doubles the ovoilsble
FLs FL29O ond the limit of the opplicotion, F1410.
is known os Reduced Verticdl Separation Minima (RVSM)
REQUIREMENTS
To fly in oirspace where RVSM is opplied, an oircraft must be equipped with -

Q Two independent altitude messuring systems;
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A edditionolly, the operotor must be opproved for RVSM

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J (a) 70
(b) 140
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(d) 220
.,
,
2. A prohibited area means an area over which:
(a) Flieht within 2 miles is prohibited
(b) Flieht of aircraft is totally prohibited*
t (c) Low flying is Prohibited
IE\ (d) Only instrument flying practice can be done'
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(c) Return to deParture aerodrome
{- (d)Contlnue flying
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(a) With a radius of 1 NM
(b) With in a radius of 10
- (c) With in a radius of 20
i: - (d) With in a radius of
::-
6. Anti-collision I a light
r_r (a) Red i on top of the control tower
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_\i (c) vtsr ble 30deg above and below the horizon of the aircraft which is visible in all
s*
=ifr navigation lights of any aircraft are called anti-collision lights
d
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7. aircraft is following a track of L79'(M) on a VFR plan. The choice of flight levels
tli le to the pilot are
(a) 50,70, 90, 150, 17O, \9O, 2!0, 23O 25O, 27 O 290
-\ B. (b) 55, 75, 95, 155, 195, 215,, 235, 255, 275, 295,
(c) 50, 70,90,110, 130, 160, 180, 2O0,220,240,260,28O
(d) 55, 75,95,115, 1"35,*
No VFR above FL 150.
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8. Above flight level 290 the minimum vertical separation
tracks in RVSM area is
(a) L000 feet uPto F410*
(b) 2000 feet upto F410
(c) 4000 feet uPto F460
(d) 5000 feet uPto F460
9. All flight above flight level are to be cleared IFR irrespective of weather
conditions
(a) F 280
. (b) F 1s0* :a
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(c) F 1-40 d_:
(d) F 1oo h, l
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10. The highest flight level that can be flown in lndia is

(a) 460*
(b) 4so
(c) 440
(d) 4oo
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11. The most effective ways to use eyes at night is r,
(a) Focus only at dim lights At a distance
(b) Flutter eYes raPidlY
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(c) Scan slowlY to Permit off center
(d) Focus on bright lines
nce. On SSR You

12. During flight as a
should to set
(a) Mode A code
(b) Mode A code
(c) Mode A
(d) Mode C
13. plan is to be filed if a scheduled flight is delayed by more than
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=: D airspace is below basic VFR weather
iUi rfr.t weather at the airport located in
Class
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(c) The Air traffic control is not in operation
(d) Runway is blocked
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15. During a night flight, you observe a steady red Iight and a flashing red light ahead
and at the same altitude. What is the generat direction of movement of the other
airffaft?
(a) The other aircraft is crossing to the left*
(b) The other aircraft is flying away from you
(c) The other aircraft is approaching to the right
(d) The other aircraft is coming head on
16. During a night flight, you observe steady white

and at the same latitude, what is the general direction
(a) The other aircraft is flying away from you*
(b) The other aircraft is crossing to the Left
(c) The other aircraft is crossing to the right
(d) The other aircraft is approaching head-on
17. During the flight, you observe steady green and red I and at the same
altitude, the general direction of movement of the other ai
(a) The other aircraft is flying away from you
(b) The other aircraft is flying away from you li=:::ti!r
(c) The aircraft is approaching head-on* r.t til
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Et (b) Regularly spaced eye move h each L0 degree sector from left to right*
*-r$
(c) Scan small sectors and center viewing
:- (d) Movements focused
-\
:- 19. The of scanning for other aircraft for collision avoidance during
:- night the hours is
n the3-,9-, and 12-o'clock Positions
__. (a) Conce n
(b) ced eye movement to search each 10- degree sector
*
(c) mall sectors and utilizing off center viewing
\.
d for 30 secs
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__iia ,(r How can you determine if another aircraft is on a collision course with your
:rr.aircraft?
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(a) The other aircraft will always appear to get larger and closer at a rapid rate
-rr . . :' ii "' (b) The other of each aircraft is pointed at the same point in space
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(d) The nose of other aircraft is pointed towards your aircraft
21, Prior to starting each maneuver, pilots should
(a) Check altitude, airspeed, and heading
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(b) Visually scan the entire area for collision avoidance*

(c) Announce their intentions to the nearest ATC
(d) Fasten seat belt
22. When activated, an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) transmits on

(a) 1L8.0 and 118.8 MHz
(b) 1-21.5 and 243.0 MHz*
(c) L23.0 and 119.0 MHz
(d) 1l-8.L and 123.0 MHz
23. What is lowest altitude permitted for acrobatic flight? f

lii
(a) 1000 feet AGL :
(b) 1500 feet AGL \*,-+*--'

(c) 2000 feet AGL* ':,
(d) 6000 feet AGL
24. No person may operate an aircraft in flight when

(a) Flight visibility is less than 5 kms ..
(b) Over any congested area of a city, town bellow 1000'*'

(c) Less than 2,500 feet AGL .,. .
(d) Less than 3 ,OOO AGL
'ii ,,."i].
25. What preparation should a to adapt the eyes for night flying?
(a) Do not stress eyes after sunset for flight
(b) Avoid red lights at least 30 the flight
(c) Avoid bright white 30 minutes before the flight *
(d) Avoid any light at before the flight
26. What is way to use the eyes during night flight?

(a) Look only dim lights
(b) Scan
(c) few seconds
(d) avoid direct viewing'
ircraft above
1500 kg
1=
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4=-:--
l= (d) Allaircraft
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19
CONVENTIONS AND FREEDOM
1. ICAO CONVENTION WAS SIGNED IN CHICAGO IN 1944, 7 TH DEC
2. AS PER THIS CONVENTION FIVE FREEDOMS OF AIR WERE DECLARED
3. FREEDOM 1_ RIGHT TO OVER FLY WITHOUT LANDING
4. FREEDOM 2 _ RIGHT TO LAND FOR TECHNTCAL PURPOSE (NON TRAFFIC
PURPOSE)
5. FREEDOM 3 _ RIGHTTO PUT DOWN PASSENGER FROM HOME
5. FREEDOM 4 _ RIGHTTO CARRY PASSENGER FOR HOME
7. FREEDOM 5 _ RIGHT TO CARRY PASSENGERS TO THI
CONVENTIONS
1. TOKYO CONVENTION - OFF ENCE ON BOARD PENAL LAW
IT IS APPLICABLE TO AIRCRAFT IN THE CO ING STATE AND THE

INCIDENT SHOULD IN THE CONTRACTIN
2, ROME CONVENTION _ DEALS WITH E CAUSED BY FOREIGN AIRCRAFT
TO THIRD PARTY ON THE SURF

3. WARSAW CONVENTION _ D TH RESPONSIBILITY FOR CARRIAGE OF
PASSENGERS, BAGGAGE RGO.
4. MONTERAL CONVE EALS WITH OFFENCES ON BOARD LEADING TO
DAMAGE OF PR oF ATRCRAFT (UNLAWFUL VIOLE NT ACr )

5. CHICAGO CON N - 7TH DEC 1944 INDIA IS A SIGNATORY TO CHICAGO
6. o CoNVENTION 1944) - IS TO DEVELOP

FOR INTERNATION CIVE L AvtArtoru t [0"
ESTABLISES S A R P S _ STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED
v7 ,rt"tt,t )
FOR CONTRACTING STATES
t E=..-..'. gN/IISSION AND ADOPTING OF SARPS _ IS DONE BY AIR NAVIGATION
T
COMMISION.
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? Al' provided to notify appropriote organisations
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.l, traffic control service for arriving or deporting
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! Traffic Advisorv Service A service provided within advisory

Air
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Controlled Airspoce An airspace of defined dimensions within which oir traffic
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t the airspace clossificotion. Note.- Controlled airspoce is a gerteric term which
t covers ATS oirspace Clqsses A, B, C, D and E,
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Control Zone A controlled airspace extending upwords from the surfoce of the
t earth to a specified upper limit.
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Control Areq A controlled airspoce extending upwords from o
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ki Control Zone A controlled oirspace extending up the surfoce ol the
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a
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t The loterql limit of o CTR
flights orriving st ond deporting from
3 should extend ut leost 9,3 km (5 nm) centre of the oerodrome, or
! qerodromes
a & FRftishtsonty flights are subject to ATC and are

!
separoted from eoch
!
are permitted, oll flights ore subiect to A TC qnd
t
&
dre seporoted other.
-
t flights ore permitted, all Ilights are subiect to ATC, and
IFR separated from other IFR flights and from VFR Ilights, VFR
t
seporated from IFR flights qnd receive information obout other
\ ts.
\
E D. IFR qnd permitted, oll flights are subiect to ATC, IFR
VFR llights are
I ftights are separctted from other IFR flights qnd receive troffic information
I concerning VFR flights. VFR flights receive traffic informotion in respect of all
\- other flights.
I
I SAHIL KHURANA
! 09871866290
.t
{
Y
v
: 22
\ 0h*A"J
\ Clqss E IFR and permitted, IFR flights are subject to ATC and are
VFR are
seporoted from other IFR flights. Allflights receive traffic information as far
\
as is practicoble. Closs E is not used for CTRs.
I
flights are permitted, All participating IFR flights receive
and VFR
"t un ATC ADVISORY SERVICE ond ollflights receive flight informotian service if
a,
regrested.
It CD
Class G IFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight. lnform
\
.t
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SERVICE SHALL BE PROVIDED TO
.! VF R
a To oll IFR flights in A,B,C,D f r;q
I VFR )-
I a To all VFR flights in B,C,D \ vr(
I a
To all special VFR flights
SAHIL KHURANA
\
!t SEC 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
-
0987L866290
\
.!
{
o
"&^,f,,e,,.d,, &l,-lôt Ort L,wou!, a
L) ATIS u oL ,,rra t"*"tmt. t mr*ut *.qltu q atxMx- Si i
-e{,vt-[ *It* Sultt .îl tt Lt5oo ,^)

Sooo .
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lr{ o^^ c* &-otlfi Ur-rF >
e) ["(TI tyt..eo'I G,,. o,t Ou
& t ol{X .le"*A q UOR., ht $r^ &errtX tJ{ ptrt kl"{
uor& d"-^ru). d tL (-
.]
3) A1 il ty,"^J-r$" d^s.&A
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>
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Bt(
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{
[d,t rw ulwtt1l
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t.\
r) $t rS c\ *U-t iy,""il.arh -l l+*trJ 4,,'*CteY) u,L (.
L
o ldB\" -Il"d{ t-r*rrC
I
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P L
F F
FLR+ p$I tt- u{ilot^ L,_
t(
A E k
UABB
a
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23
. All traffic in controlled oirspace
VERTICAL SEPARATION IS PROVIDED
. Between oll flights in A & B oirspaces
. Between tFR flights in C,D & E
. Between IFR flights and VFR flights in C
. Between IFR flights and speciol VFR flight

. Between special VFR flights
Ars RoUTE DESTGNA TOR
. A,B,G,R - Regional network and not RNAV. ( )

. L,N,M,P - RNAV with Regionol network lnternational)
. QT,Y,Z- RNAV not forming part of routes.( Domestic )
. H,!,V,W - Not forming Regional or RNAV routes.( Domestic )
$ W is Domestic route in lndio

Ar!*"
U - Upper Airspoce
T
# S-Supersonicroute 2
ru,
K- Low level $"r,ki.
DGCA
Airspace in control qreos (crA), terminql qreds (TMA), control zones

and oerodromes troffic zones Af4,
Class E : Airspace in
routes outside CTAI/TMAs/CTRs/ATZs; Except ATS
ATS
routes segmented listed under closs F,
\l
Closs F : Airspace outside CTA;/TMAs/CTRs/ATZs .
SAHIL KHURANA
SEC_ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
09871866290
t
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,(
'
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*+
t^)
-:=
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[-h"], Orlrt *) 24
SEPARA AND
I
'RATION
a SEPE, - By maintaining qn intervol between A/C
operating along the some,converging or reciprocal trqcks expressed in
time or distqnce.
a ATERAL SEPERATTON - By mointaining A/c on Different routes or

y
different geogrophical locotions. ( \i\od{A)
LATERAL SEPERATION USING NAV AIDS

t
lJsing the sqme navigation qid
VOR: ot least 75 degrees ond ot leust one oircraft is ot a of 28 km

(15 NM) or more from the facility.
NDB: ot leost 30 degrees ond at q distance of 28 or more from

the facility.
DEAD RECKONING (DRI: Diverging bY ond of q distqnce
of 28 L!f n*) .
LONGI TION
'., ' SAME TRACK - The angular ce ol which is /ess than 45 degrees or
more thon 375 Degree
3) difference of which is more thqn 735

degrees but le degrees.
3) lntersecting trocks or portions there of other thon those

ond b) above.
L SEPERA ON TIME
track:
o) 75 minutes
b) 10 minutes, if novigotion aids permit frequent determination of position

ond speed
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
Y
e) s * r',
"n.f^l 1aoW l.ut-)
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1 -r\ :
6vr"^r^ \
Af"u:L\rtpt{^1 :
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=f-+ ri-)
A vrrll^
q.!-\dx$u^q
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c.) \( "ir^r --
:
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\S .^^,,r^r
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\['o^"' ,
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& u*'i1"Li*"t o,J
:
25
, c) 5 minutes if the preceding oircraft is mointaining o true airspeed of 37
, km/h (20 kt) or more.
d) 3 minutes if the preceding aircroft is maintaining o true airspeed of 74
/ km/h H0 kts) or more.

, FT ON cKs
t
, a) 75 minutes
b) 10 minutes if navigotion oids permit frequent determinstion of

\,
and speed.
\
! AIRCRAFT CLIMBING OR DESCENDING SAME TRACKS
,
tt a) 75 minutes while vertical separotion does not
t d only where
I b)70 minutes while vertical seParqtion does not
\, novigotion oids Permit frequent and speed
at exist, provided that the level
\?
4 Q 5
minutes while vertical seporotion
chonge is commenced within 70 the time the second aircroft hos
\t reported over qn exact rePortin 7
\! D ING
: o)75 minutes while does not exist

\!
b) 10 minutes separotion does not exist if navigation oids
\D
permit ation of position and sPeed
\p
\ !
\ Where lqterol seporation is not provided, verticql

\U shotl be provided for at least 70 MINUTES prior to ond after the
the aircrafi ore estimoted to poss, or qre estimated to hsve passed'
'S E^-{
+
\ a.
:= LONGTTUDTNAL SEPERATTON USING DME
\ Aircroft on the same track:

\
o) 37 km (20 NM), provided eoch aircraft utilizes "on'trock" DME stqtions
-t ll
SAHIL KHURANA
-i SEC _ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
09871866290
-
-
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"-X \ (tnî^^
N*, iJ
OÂ ItrÎ \^0.&J, -4
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IOrutn l_Tut)ru{\L srP6RATrofu {u.sIrua 0H6
G) Scrrn^t \"r-h -,
:-:
() iosx to NH
Dttf
-*+ +
)
rwor ----'1 d - tot*t*t r
\
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26
b) 19 km (70 NM) provided the leading aircroft maintains q true oirspeed of

37 km/h (20 kt) or more faster thdn the succeeding aircrafi
Aircroft on the tracks:
a) 37 km (20 NM), provided thot the relqtive angle between the trocks is less
thon 90 degrees.
b) 19 km (70 NM) provided the leading aircraft mointains o true

37 km/h (20 kt) or more faster than the succeeding aircrofi
FT CLIMBING OR ON SAME
Aircroft climbing or descending on the same track:
o) 79 km (10 NM) while verticql seporotion does not eqch

aircraft utilizes "on-trock' DME stotions.
AIRCRAFT ON RECIPROCAL TRACK [osfl

Aircraft on reciprocoltrocks - at leost l provided that it has been
positively estqblished that the X
h passed each other.
t^l",t'^lll *|,**tr:"*
l.rL hr"",Ad )
5 Minutes of flying time dreo or prescribed distonce. I
+
Sl:il r>t
FT- seporation is opplied trd.,r^
between light or
4 o/c taking off behind heavy
t,^^n^ +5
there
ts no se heovy or{heary
r'
f a) I ^)
if aircraft qre to fly on tracks diverging by
7
45
ofter take-off so that loteral separotion is provided,
is required il the
trocks are less than 4s degrees apart also if the
the preceding aircroft is v4 km/h (40 kt) or more,
faster than the
follo wing oircroft and both aircraft propose to follow the sqme trock,
!
c) Remember this obove mentioned is vatid when the o/c ore toking ofl from
the
7,Same runwdy
L(ohf ga u€4r
SAHIL KHURANA
[*I-) SEC_7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
09871866290
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3) t$t"u" hbt .'[ L"l^*d c^ l"r% id toq *h"t fw"'..
\t l^b ns\o\ionn h,r.t ho .-^*ii t."Iuil
s) tibt'"\ U-**t T w ^^'i'u t-rt k\"{ t h""d c14 4UqJirLbt
t* r^^q/L Ur{ *"lr5 \u,er,tt}- k%*J h. t**^*j ci 16 ,ftkf

\) *.r$ *fu$ unr l,)uo.l',r{d\ ",,1"u^ r 1r
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[.dJ h.Îf" { H" q& /I"l

r) tmr,i*fl
XI-*sJ$ t
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!
27
2 2.Parqllel runwoy seporated less than 750m.

2
DEPARTING AIRCRAFT
or Light
':,:.irir-:ritililillfi
':,iriilitiiiiifrtrii
lillrllr!lililiiiil;;
$$!lliiatr'
Medium
: , : .il.l..
Light 3 Minutes
Medium ( Full length

take off)
3 Minutes
D ISP LACED LAN DI NG TH RESH OLD
2 Minutes seporation shall be opplied between light, medium or heavy

I oircraft when runwoys has o displaced threshold.
rl
- ,RADAR WA ULENCE SEPERA
t APPROACH CONTROL
IL
r-
SAHIL KHURANA
I SEC-7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
t 09871866290
t
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[It tsb \ur* "ltu*/t tloJo,.t, '
R{\ c.|rh"*,t I !*rlqt I
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[** [e^*/Lds^r* 3M^rL

h,*"i".$l t lt'l U$t
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--.-i,', r,4-!-
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0r,l,ti,rr..er" --
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IA
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p*r u
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i) $r"ri^r"rru" ({g.o).q &l^ 8${.^ h"*tt r^ 3 ['{" fU
)) &,. a Reds^ Altf*t"d, Ar C ( (oAo,"t .*t,*tUnl d^rs*fuI ,u^)t,,^ *1"
-l) NT t -% ",Je
\o otô1yt ,h*A q ! so F.s
l) Q-IOU Q Lo$\T NL\ \^de,rt^b U* r\ IC l"N^ t&- tfr,,trpd 044 tlu
*d, rru\ru*tu,na L. lr*$-d{d tq,î*[*

&{^[H^6 ""J,CI" tlr# "d[ "*il
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ts) fu-g.o-r t.*.^lod.L" dr^.i,.[I r"p\,r.r/ *tr-,r4{-A
, ul'ln
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{ "l'l"rs.rt
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lr."r\t"t urt M" I xr u {^.^,
(r.10 HIq ggD NP hot\ tr{ '
L.,"rlnol[r;'{ .*,.lI NDN rtADA q LoruraolLEr? cTnlf uqzu
1\) t*}J"^ Rro AQ {0"r,.
6ItF\ \o^''
1$co - 1[oo * Lotlu FArutet ) +?oo - DrJ rREiJ : 2ooo." \pt!,t n .oo
l9) Ur5a.ch
tofu "U"hd !
13) ITC *"']k ro.o^liq l\/c **rlLrl, tut'r $u. cl+o^hL,xr-
.>n
ATt
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cr-t{CId}tpr\i,t{ v\,&01^\ - 9t ""*o\ [trrt 0. 6t^f]ult ltou'}{;1 yrr*S
rruu-"U.t
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\") -% ilsh *J r,1l tlq{ fu*r}i"aa .L ^nxuil;y q1c {r

{-rn "l..furo,^1l"
.jh h r^ 5 *{,rr' ub'.r^}lil fo l4
S,tl{-rl
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f hI^ "l X -^^;l .fl Ttil dq,r

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c
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\8) Rs.da"n c*/
It) ts,ntcru}r- ,rlp^dil

0{^ r,\ u. \r\ts^\ [,rL brt"îL [rC *% F-d-u-q ttrlriJ
u^îl. \oî"t^!. *)prr.u\tu.^ h c,. I-q
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28
TIJRBULANCE CATEGORY Ltotr: Lttt o \D]

\3 e ouo!g
l_root - (tB Io oe,\

less
**r^rr^{ 10"o t1 U1
less
L.roo t
B
i
RADAR SEPARATION MINIMA I

t
i
. 5 Nms up to 50 Nms and 6 Nms separation to oiruoft and
deporture Phoses of llight

I
I ' 70 Nms beYond 60 Nms
Qo^d.a/
A-^*-d Rqd,eu
-) e^\ di^hls$ crlt ,"r.ll * ql. t"tt'i6^ fu

"J^"tt^ * illrrk
{ *ffi'
c,"{-t.[ud"t
&^l,L ttg,rn ^r,rbL hru$^r.t
Qlutt +,-.I ,^^[ *t*J.r
1s' t\r"x[ta,1 r u,\^h*h* l.^t6f

\) h*Loh teJrh
6^n"
ts , ^l"a^rld
A, rc ^% ..,i"
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t {o3t r*Jrn
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SAHIL KHURANA
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Il)rUirI^ ,,lA.i' SAHIL KHURANA
SEC - 7, DWARKA, N EW DELH
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AERO NAUTICAL I N FORM ATI O N S ERVI C ES
31
(AIS) - Annexure 75
Aeronautical lnformation Publicqtion (AlPl- A publicotion issued by or with

the quthority of o State qnd contqining qeronauticol informotion of a lasting
charocter essential to air novigotion.
Aeronqutical lnformation Circulor (AlCl - A notice containing

that does not quolify for the origination of a NOTAM or for
AlP, but which relotes to flight sofety, air novigotion, technicol,
qdministrative or tegistotive mqtters. vr d.t^
-rJiryl *AU&"lt , 0u.0dr.r
Objectives of the AIS - The objective of the aeronoutical service is

.t.'
to ensure the flow of information necessqry for the qnd
efficiency of internationql oir navigotion.
consist of
\
r)
3)
t) Port 3 - Aerodrome Directory
An Aeronoutical is to include Generol (G t] the

following sections (DGcA)
trA t e competent authority responsible for the qir

n ties, services covered by the AIP
tr conditions under which the services of facilities qre

for internotionol use;
A list of significont differences between the nationol regulations ond
rL proctices of the stqte ond the stste and the reloted tcAo stondords,
f,=
\Y Recommended Practices and Procedures given in o form that would
enoble o user to differentiate readily between the requirements of the
Stqte and the relqted ICAO provisions
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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,
A fhe choice mqde by o State in eoch significant cqse where qn
t olternqtive course of oction is provided for in ICAO Standqrds,

Recommen ded Proctices qnd Procedures.
)
L
AIP $rnendmeaL
,,} changes to the information Contained in the
AIP. *l^0,\ }*adl"r
U"o.^" 1 \^s^^fl^l
AIPSupplement the information contained in
which are published by meqns of speciol pqges.
v AIRAC : Acronym ( Aeronautical lnformation Regulotion and con

Signifying a system aimed at odvonce notification, based on
effective dqtes of circumstqnces that necessitqte in
operoting practices Exomple : Change from NDB to a stotion.
lnformotion concerning the circumstonces listed be
distributed under the regulated system (A estohlishment,

withd rawa I or significan t chonges on o common effective dotes at
I
n interuqls of 28 days,
r
:\rr
re>
The informotion shall be AIS unit at least 42 days in
odvance of the effective information notified shall not be

changed for at leost days afier the effective date.
H-
E- INFORMATION TO BY AIRAC
rf=
F= The
Limits
wal of, and premeditated significont changes
ol triols) to:
tal qnd verticol), regulotions and procedures opplicoble to:

G-
;'-r t information regions;
x-
&'-! ,,,,, ',r2; control qreas;

:, :.
r-= " 3. control zones;
Positions, frequencies, call signs, known irregularities ond maintenance

periods, of radio navigotion aids qnd communicqtions focilities.
SAHIL KHURANA
09871.866290
33
tlolding and opproach procedures, qrrivol and deporture procedures, noise

abatement procedures and any other pertinent A TC procedures.
Meteorologicol facilities (including broadcasts) and procedures;
Runways and stopwoys.
> NOTTCES TO ATRMEN (NOTAM)

4
Definition: A NOTAM is o notice distributed by means of [qlecom
co ntoi ni ng i nf o rm oti o n co n ce r ni n g th e e stabl i sh m e nt, co n d iti o n tn
ony deronautical focility, service, procedure or hazard, the time
of which is essentiql to personnel concerned with flight o
NOTAMs ore originated by the internationol NOTAM umbai, Kolkota,

Delhi qnd Chennoi. The NOTAMs listed for intern ,on qre
promulgoted in series ArBrCrD ond G as fo llows :
SERTESA: Contoin informotion in respect serviceobility of
qeronoutical focilities, likely to last for 'han 2 hours.
I
SERTES B : Contqins informotion of cha n g e s/ u nse rvi ce ability li ke ly
to last for more thon 30 than 2 hours.
SERTES C:Contoin ut damestic flights
SERTES D: Contqin in respect of chonges/ unseruiceability of

oeronouticol respect of Defense- controlled qerodromes only
SERIES G: tion of general lasting choracter affecting oiruoft

ope 'ral. This series is operoted by the lnternotional NOTAM
office d issued under DGCA
M - lnformation concerning snow, ice ond standing water on

drome pqvement oreqs is to be reported by SNOWTAM.
ASHTAM - lnformotion concerning on operationolly significont change in

: volcanic dctivity, a volcdnic eruption and/or volcqnic ash cloud sholl, when
reported hy meons of an ASHTAM. Ltîr#e-il. i" R{.A)
SAHIL KHURANA
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34
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION CIRCULAR (AIC) : A notice contoining

information that does not qualify for the originotion of o NOTAM or for
inclusion in AlP, but relotes to flight sofety, oir navigation, technical etc..
Exomple :qdvice on medicql matters of speciol interest to pilots etc.
ICAO - Annexures
Annex 7 PERSONNEL LICENSING

."il
Annex 3 Meteorological Service for lntl Air
Chorts
::
Annex 4 Aeronautical
, ,f,,
.ai\
Annex 5 Units of Measurement Air
Annex $:'' ";'
Annex 7 A/C Nation Morks
Annex I o" *' o I Ai r c r o rt

:':.li:i15
Annex 9 Focil!tation
,,:k,
Anne* !,,?),,'i*
ta,.ltbron outical Telecom
"'u''
r,. tllt t.*.'
Annex 7'7 Air Troffic Services

''i
Annex 72 Search and Rescue Air
Annex 73 A/C Accident / lncident lnvestigotion
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
35
Annex 74 Aerodromes
Annex 15 Ae ro no uti col I nfo rm oti o n Se rvi ce s
Annex 76 Envi ro nme ntal P rote cti o n
Annex 77 Security Sofeguarding intl. Civil Aviotion from Unlowful

L
interference
Y
Annex 78 Sofe Trqnsport Dangerous Goods by Air t.,
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36
INFORMATION SERVICE 's, & *ttfug ,t{hl'tLt
A Flight informotion service (FIS) is to be provided to oll oircraft which qre

likely to be affected by the informotion qnd which are:
Q provided with oir traffic control seruice; or

J otherwise known to the relevont air traffic service units;
Note: FIS does not relieve the PtC of on oircraft of ony responsibilities
he/she has to make the final decision regarding any suggested
tlight plon.
Precedence - When ATSIJs provide both FIS and ATC of
ATC service shall have precedence over the provision 'never the
provision of A TC service so requires. ln certain aircroft on final
opprooch, londing, toke-off or climb may informotion
without delay, before ATC seruice
Scope of Flight lnformotion Service - 's the provision of pertinent

information likely to offect solety concerning:
F A ilGMET and AIRMET

J pre-eruption ., volconic eruptions and volcanic ash
F El the
clouds;
e otmosphere of rodioactive mqterials or toxic

ch
tr the serviceability of novigotion aids;
ges in condition of aerodromes ond associoted facilities, including
information on the stote of the oerodrome movement areqs when they

H *i
k
&.
are offected by snow, ice or significant depth of woter;
:tY Q un-monned free bolloons
H Voice - AT|S. Voice - qutomo.tic terminol informotion

broodcasts are provided at oerodromes where there is o requirement to
service (Voice-ATIS)
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
E-_,..,.
37
communicotion
reduce the communicotion lood on the A Ts vHF air-ground
chonnels. When provided, Voice-ATtS broodcasts
ore to comprise:
s. one broadcast serving arriving oircrqft; or
b. one broadcqst serving deporting oircroft; or
c. one broqdcast serving both orriving ond deporting oircroft
ALERTING SERVICE
to
provision of for all contrqcting
service - tt is o requirement
ln
provide sAR focitities for otl oircroft ftying in the oirspace of
mountqin
order to alert the SAR (and other services; fire; omb
rescue, civit defence), stotes are required to have
a
ATS AN
lJ nce rtai ntv Ph ose ( t N CE RF Al
Except when no doubt exists os to the the dircroft ond its occuPonts,
the uncertaintY Phose is declored
tr No communication hos from on aircraft within a Period

q communicqtion should hove been
of thirty minutes ofter
received, or th from the time qn unsuccessful attempt to
with the oircroft was first mode, whichever is
estoblish
the
to orrive within thirty minutes of the estimoted time

ot
trAn
notifiedto,orestimqtedbyATCUs,whicheveristheloter
) its occupont)
opprehe nsionexists os to the sofety of the oircroft ond
l or when the distress phose is more oppropriote, the
olert phose is declored
) when:
) to estqblish
Q Fotlowing the uncertainty phose, subsequent ottempts
) ony news of the
communication with the aircroft hove foited to reveal
) aircraft;
l SAHIL KHURANA
l 09871866290
I
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38
g) U An oircraft has been cleored to lond and foits to lond within five
minutes of the estimoted time of londing an.d communication hos not
been re-established with the oircroft, or when
r\
u)
Q lnformation hos been received which indicotes thot the operating
efficiency of the oircraft hos been impoired, but not to the extent thot
o
forced londing is likelY' or
tr An oircroft is known or believed to be the subiect of unlawful

\)
interference.
Distre ss ph a se ( D ETR ES F Al
When there is reosonable certointy that the oircroft are

r)
donger snd do
ossistonce, the distress phose is declqred when:
J Foltowing the alert phase further attempts to estoblish

communicotion with the aircroft probability that the
oircroft is in distress, or when
be exhousted, or to be insufficient to
3) D Thefuel on board is
enoble the oircroft to or when
Q lnformotion is indicotes that the operoting efficiency of

3) the aircraft to the extent that o forced londing is
likely or
qD received or it is reqsonably certoin thot the aircraft is

or hqs mode a forced landing.
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AN N EXLI RE - 74-AE RO D RO M ES
Aerodrome - Any area of lqnd or water designed, equipped, set opart or

commonly used for affording facilities for the tanding and deporture of
oircroft and includes ony oreq or spoce, whether on the ground, on the roof
ol a buitding or elsewhere, which is designed, equipped or set aport for
affording facilities for the tanding ond departure of oircroft capoble of
descending or climbing vertically, but sholl not include dny orea the
which for offording facitities for the londing ond departure of
been abondoned ond hds not been resumed.
Aerodrome Elevotion'The elevotion of the highest point oreo.
Aerodrome Reference Point' The qerodrome is the

geogrophicol locotion of the oerodrome ond the centre of its troffic
zone where an ATZ is established.
APRON - A defined qreq on q land vided for the stationing of

oircroft tor the embarkotion ond ol passengers, the looding
and unloqding of cargo, ond for -) Dtt gcJ<

MANOEUVRING AREA - ThOt qn oerodrome provided for the toke-off
and londing of oircroft an movement of oircroft on the surface,
excluding the opron on oI the qerodrome provided for the
mqintenance of t {?rr-rft ]
MOVEMENT pan of an oerodrome intended for the surface
movement inctuding the monoeuvring area' aPron\on d any port
-t^r*%t A\r"s^t
of the provided lor the mointenance of oircroft Ltqrr**U i ,
- An areo.the end of the take-off run qvailohle ond under the

st
of the aerodrome licensee, selected or prepored os q suitable orea
over which an aircrolt moY make o portion of its initiol climb to o specified
heisht(ssft.)
STOPWAY - A defined rectangular areo ot the end of the take-off run

ovoilable, prepored ond designoted os suitqble crreq in which on oir$oft con
I
be stopped in the cose of q discontinued toke-off. t
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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DECLARED DTSTANCES - calculated to the

The fotlowing distances shalt be
neorest metre or foot for o runwcry intended for the use by international
co m me rci al oi r tro nsPo rt:
O Tqke-off run available; ToftA

Q Take-off distqnce oroitobt"; ToD
A = Tof(A + ti.I"*"-t
*[OltA't
Q Accelerote-stop distqnce ovailoble; and AtU& .
O Landing distonce available. LDA d

tl,allte#
AERODROM E REF ERENCE CODE
for aerodrome purposes, is a

lJse - The reference code, which is used
simple method of interreloting the specificstions the
chqrqcteristics of oerodromes' so os to provide facilities that are
suitoble for the aeroPlon es thqt ore intended at the qerodrome.
Elements - The code is composed of two which are reloted ta

a e ro pl a ne p e rf o rm on ce ch a rqcte ri sti cs
*tL
Element 7 is a number based on e reterence tield length
hh
I- Element 2 is a letter bosed wing span. ad *I*" ffi
?er
lv -Iffi
:\ c ntle ntement 1 . '*',,," "*ts,,' 2
Outer main gear whed
tl'. '.
Code Aeroplane.r: rence Codc Wing span
(t)
Ietter spln
numbcr field'lq"nfitlt
Up to but not including
I r"GffiqnToo, I
A Up to bu{ not
including 15 m 4.5 m
ll
B 15 m or more, but less 4.5 rn up to but not

2 or more, but less
than 24 m including 6 m
than I 200m
F .
*"t
,qt
$".:
1-r'JF
j
I 200 m or mor€, but
I
than I 800 m
800 m or more
less C
D
24 rn or more, but less
than 36 m
36 m or more, but less

6 nt up to but not
including 9 m
9 m up to but not
than 52 m including l4 m
*-
i- b.'
%,
g
E 52 m or more, bul less
than 65 nt
9 m up to but not
including l4 m
E F 65rn up to but not

\2)
)4 m up to but not
including I6 m
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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PAVEMENT STRENGTHS - Where povements ore used by airuaft with

moximum toke off mass greoter thon 5 7A0 kg, the strength of the pavement
is reported by the oircroft classilicotion number - pdvement clossificotion
# number (ACN-PCN) system.
/ Pavement type for ACN-PCN determinqtion;
/ Subgrade strength cotegory
{ Moximum ollowable tire pressure value
{ Evaluation metho.d
Pct-l
The povement clossificqtion number (PCN) reported shott on
& oircroft with an oircroft classificotion number (ACN) less thqn the
reported PCN con operate on the povement limitation on the
tire pressure, or aircrolt oll-up moss for type(s).
Pavement type for ACN-PCN
Rigid Pavement R
,,.1
High strength: choroiteiized by K= 750 A

MN/m3
-
rL,*".."
Lowistrength: choracterized by K = 40 c
MN/m3
SAHIL KHURANA
09871856290
42
fWaximum allowqble tire pressure csteqorv:
High: no pressure limit W
Medium: pressure timited to 7,50 MPa
Low: pressure limited to 7.00 MPo Y
Very low: pressure limited to O.5O MPo

9;'11...-$Y"
i
Technicol Evqluation Method
Representing o specific study of the pavement ''l

choracteristics and application oI povem en t
,
technology.
lJ si ng oircroft experience: of the

specific type and moss
supported under regular use.
# PcNso/R/B/w/r & 3
lf the bearing rigid pavement, resting on q medium strength
I r\
subgrode, has by leChnicol evoluotion to be PCN 80 ond there
is no tire pre, then the reported information would be
fur
U,
aerodrome to be used for commerciol transport, the schedules ogreed

must he oble to be operoted. This meons thqt the runwoys ore not only long
enough qnd strong enough for the oeroplones to use, but qlso sited to take
into occount prevoiling greteorological conditions, oir traffic requirements,
ond obstacle clearanr"frwird is probabty the most important meteorologicol
consideration and runway direction must be based towords the prevailing
SAHIL KHURANA
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wind. lt is o requirement of \CAO that on oerodrome must be useable for not

less than 95% of the notified hours of operotion Cqlled qs USABILILTY FACTOR
ryPES OF RUNWAY
Runways qre described by the types of operations thqt cqn be conducted on

the runwdy:
r) Non lnstrument (Visual) Runway
The toke-off ond landing criteria qre determined visuolly with

ground visibility, RVR cloud ceiling, ond doy/night conditions.
a)
are opplied,
There qre two types of instrument runways:
(i) tr Precision ntnwcrys, # --4 tAl \ \ \ / CAr ltt

(i,)tr Non-precision runwoys.
Toke-off Runway
A runwoy used only for usually due to excessive obstocles

precluding o useful
LENGTH OF qctuol length of a runwoy should be adequote to

meet the 'ments of the aeroplanes for which the runway is
intended be not less than the longest length colculated to correct
for locol (elevation, temperature, runway slope, humidity ond
OF RUNWAYS - The width of a runwoy should not be less than the

specified in the tsble below.
!!
L"-
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3 3O mr 3Om 45m
4 45m nl
RUNWAY MARKINGS
RUNWAY DESIGNATOR MARKINGS - A runwoy designotion

consist of a two digit number qnd on porallel runways shall
with o letter.
A runway designation morking sholl consist of a ond on

parollel runwqys shqll be supplemented with a
Q for two parallel runwoys "L" "Rtt.
tr for three parollel runwoys "L"
O for four porallel runwoys 'L" t'R" (in

", this case the QDM for one
poir will be increased 'rentiqte thot poir form the other).
Runwoy centre line runwoy centre line morking shall be provided

on o poved runway. line morking shall be locoted olong the centre
line of the the runway designotion markings,
runwoy centre line marking sholl consist of a line of

stripes ond gaps. The length of o stripe plus o gop shall be
not 50m or more than 75m, The length of each stripe sholl be ot
to the length of the gop or 30m, whichever is greater.
DOWN ZONE MARKINGS - Touchdown zone markin gs consist of poirs

,ft rectangular markings symmetrically ploced obout the runway centre line
- with the number of poirs related to the londing distonce ovailoble. These are
750 m spaced longitudinally
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
45
less than 900m 7
900m up to but not including 1200m 2
7200m up to but not including 7500m 3 's*t''
7500 up to but not including 2400m 4
2400m or more 6
The aiming point morking shqll commence no threshold than the

distqnce indicated in the appropriote, except runway equipped with
o visuol approoch slope indicotor system, of the marking shall
be coincident with the visual opproach
Locqtion Of Aiming Point Morking
Landlng
Location and I,200m up to

up to hut
dimensions Less trut not 2400rn and
not including
including rbove
I,100m
2,400m
Distancr ,r. iiis=.
from
..1.
150m 250 m 300 m 4or) n:
old Marking - A thresihold marking is required to be provided at the

thresholds of poved instrument runways, and of poved non-instrument
runwqys where the code number is 3 or 4 ond the runwqy is intended for use
by internationql commercial air transport (CAT)
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Chdrqcteristics A runwqy threshold marking is a pottern of longitudinal

-
stripes of uniform dimensions disposed symmetrically about the centre line of
the runwoy
TAXIWAY MARKINGS.
4A Taxiway markings ond oircroft stand markings are yellow.
J Taxiwqy centre line marking sholl be provided on a poved run

when the runwoy is port of a standord toxi-route and:
l. There is no runway centre line marking; or
tt. Where the tqxiwoy centre line is not coincident wit way centre
line.
RUNWAY HOLDING POSITIO N MARKING
A runwoy holding position morking is holding position. The

holding point itsell is indicated by the sign(s) at the side of the
taxiwoy. There ore two types of morking: pattern A ond
pottern B.
drome ot night is o profusion of lights. Aport

$ from the moin g around the opron and passenger oreas, the
runwqys qre lit toxiways; buildings ond vehicles hove lights on
them as do the coloured lights have c, purpose ond the
ts qlso hove meonings,
VA LIGHTS
(brillionce) of the following lights is to be varioble:
\. D Approoch lighting systems .SAL[ / ctf l l tfr$oot\ /t tl ta[^]ut

/ 'tooq I
l?.rcwr *
boo v\4 \"4 $ltau)
\?
Y Runway edge lights 1,fub t
Y Runwqy threshotd tights r\"esoir,{ t^r.t
Y Runway end tishts tt.todl6 hA
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tlh"*fu 'd fa-A

Y Runwoy centre line lights "'\-f,- "rui
|
D Runwoy touchdown zone lights -"Lfu

AERODROME BEACAN
Q Ftashing white ond green for civilian lond oirports.

C Flashing white ond yellow for o woter oirport'
Q Ftashing white, yellow, ond green, for a heliport'
Q Two quick, white ftashes followed by a green flqsh

oirport,
An oerodrome beacon is usually situated on top of tower or at an

#
elevoted position elsewhere on the oerodrome,
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Approach lighting s'ystems ore provided ce the ability of o Pilot to

4
visually ocquire the runway ot night or visibility, For an instrument
runwdy the dPProach lighting is part ol the instrument sYstem
ond can vary in comPlexitY system consisting of o centre line
ond o cross bor.
'r 3 grfiPE nPP SYSTEM {AU*
l)tr CAT I LIGHTING SYSTEM t oo "T
II AND III LIGHTING SYSTEM 3O O
3)nrn CH CATEGORY 'q
LIGHTING SYSTEM
system consists of singte light source centre line extending

o from
the threshold of the run woy along the opprooch poth for 420 m.
tr A single crossbsr min 78 m wide and mox 30 m wide is ploced ot o

point 300 m from the threshold.
tr lhe lights ore fixed (not ftoshing) varioble intensity white, showing
towords on oqqroaching aircroft.
SAHIL KHURANA
SEC - 7, DWARKA, NEW DELFII
09871866290
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ta.d
Y Runuroy centre line lights -fuf. I"Iht'fu "{i "rl^Ji
D Runwqy touchdown zone lights urt"fu
AERODROME BEACAN
J Hashing white and green for civilian lond airports.
C Flashing white and yellow for o water airport.

Q Ftashing white, yellow, ond green, for a heliport.
O Two quick, white flashes followed by o green flash iden
airport.
On aerodrome beqcon is usually situated on top of tower or of an

#
elevoted position elsewhere on the oerodrome,
APPROACH LIG HTING SYSTEMS
4 Approach lighting systems ore provided ce the obility of a pilot to

visually ocquire the runway ot night or visibility, For qn instrument
runway the approoch lighting is iol part of the instrument system
and con vary in complexity e system consisting of o centre line
and a cross bar.
A SMPLE APP NG SYSTEM 4AD*

3) E PREcrs CH CAT I LIGHTING SYSTEM $ Do "'r
$urn ,ROACH CATEGORY II AND III LIGHTING SYSTEM 30 A '4
stM CH LIGHTING SYSTEM
system consists of o single light source centre line extending from

the threshold of the runwoy olong the approach path lor 420 m.
E
+,'+,
a
tr A single crossbor min 7g m wide qnd mox 30 m wide is ploced ot a
point 300 m from the threshold.
tr rhe lights ore fixed (not floshing) vorioble i ntensity white, showi ng
towards an crpproaching oircroft.
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SEC_ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELI-II
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48
tr The centreline moy be mode up o! barrettes not more than 3 m wide"

o The system may be used for q non precision instrument runway.
BARRETTEI f tJ.D+dA
tauA t e,., [^.l^ tidÎ^ ,r c*ltr{l brt lhu
a.
l-
i:3 lights on the extended centre line of the runway extendin
\ possible, over q distance of 900m from the with a
-t row of lights forming a crossbar 30m in len at of 300m
\r from the runwoy threshotd
m
- o
o or60 m
- 3.O m -4,5 m.
30m 15 m In visibllitiGs b€low
- 35O m RVR
o a+- Runway 6dg6 ltght
- o
Runway toucttdown zon6 ltght (TDZ)
l-
- tludway cent.a linq light
- o
'T
l60mmo*
- o .J
o
Thre8hold
= Threehold liglrt
sp€cing 3-O m ma
E:]
4mmnm
- I
+H E=' E + Sidc rcw trar€tto
t! m
t-E
F-)ta.€l<x Equal to that of .TDz,
tS I '-'
rffi-*a-I + crossbar
I EI I
=
t! % I r
Cu]+whoro
=
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*-.".-..--=.-.'--=--
Either aingle light 6ource or.
3OO
the @nire [n€ beyond
m frorn the threshold consists
of b6rrettes, centre line lraar6tt6
centre line lrarette
r!
&0.trud CAr \t7111
- J
J The centreline must be exoctly 900 m tong.
'!
I Q The spocing between the crossbars is lS0 m.
tl
SAHIL KHURANA
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09871866290
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B rhe lights forrning the centre line shatt be ptoced at longitudinat

intervols of 30m with the innermost tights locoted 3am from the
threshold.
u rhe lights torming the side rows shott be placed on eoch side of the
centre line, at a longitudinol spacing equol to that ol the centre line
lights ond with the first light locoted 30m from the threshold.
J the lqterol spocing (or gauge) between the innermost lights of

row sholl be not less than l8m nor more than 22.5m
PREC|SION Aq1ROACH \ATH IND1CATOR (pApl )
PAPI qre the latest generation of visual approach slope which ore
used to give the pilot a visuql indicotion of the
from the
# ./ When on or close to the approach two units nearest the

L,I
runwoy os red ond the two units the runway as white;
/ When sbove the opprooch the one unit nearest the runwoy
qs red qnd the three units
from the runwoy as white; and
when further obove slope, see all the units os white;
/ When below the slope, see the three units nearest the
runwqy qs unit forthest from the runwqy os white; ond
when the approach slope, see allthe units qs red.
APAPI T PoPr)
The only two light sources and gives indicotion:
white - qbove the glide path
L. One white one red - on the glide path
t"* Q Two red - below the glide pqth
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RUNWAY LIGHTS
RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS
J Runway Edge lights ore used on runways used at night or in low

visibility operations (RVR less thon 800 m).
O They ore fixed (not flashing), white, variable in intensity and

unidirectionol (facing the approach direction)
tr
ol
l the runway. This is colled a caution zone.
t
i RUNWAY THRESHOLD AND WING BARS
)
Threshold lights ore provided for runwoys lights ond additional
) ore fixed, green,
wing bors where there is o disploced
varioble intensity, ond unidirectionol the
s
opproach,
RUNWAY END LIGHTS
3 Runway end be fixed unidirectionol lights showing red in

the woy.
Q Where 'y is creoted ot the end of the runway all four sides of
the y ore outlined in red lights,
LIGHTS
treline lights ore required on CAT llfill runways,
) They ore fixed, white, and variobte in intensity, and qre unidirectional
showing towards the opprooch end of the runway.
Q Runwoy centre line lights shall be fixed lights showing vqriable white
from the threshold to the point 900m from the runway end; dlternote
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51
red ond variable white from 900m to 300m from the runwoy end; ond
red from 300m to the runwoy end, except thot:
for runways less than 1.,800m in length, the olternote red and variable white
3A0m from the runway end.

RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTS
O Touchdown zone lights shall be provided in the touchdown

precision opprooch runwqy cotegory ll or lll.
O Touchdown zone lights sholl extend from the threshold

longitudinol distance of 900m, except that, on than
1.,800m in length, the system shall be it does not
extend beyond the midpoint of the
tr fhe longitudinal spacing between sholl he either 30m

or 60m. A barrette sholl be leost three lights with a
spacing between the lights ol no thqn 7.5m.
Q Touchdown zone lights sh u ni di recti o n al li ghts showi ng

vorioble white.
STOPWAY LIGHTS
#
Stopwoy lights sh unidirectional lights showing red in the direction
of the runway.
TAXIWAY qxr-,J^
,#4"r> g-0u.r Urt
tr Lighting system consists of centreline lights, edae liohts. ouord
"yJI*
ond s"lPPJWs ot holding Points.
ih-tr
TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTS -The lights qre to be of fixed vqrioble intensity
g=
-:i'
showing EIAE showing oll round ond up to 30" above the horizontal.
\ .\E
SAHIL KHURANA
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52
TAXIWAY CENTRE LINE LIGHTS.
Q Taxiway centre line lights on a toxiway shall be fixed light showing

green such thot the light is visible only from the oeroplones on or in the
vicinity of the taxiway.
B Toxiwoy centre line lights on on tnr rffxtwAY shott be fixed lights.

Alternate lights shall show green and yellow from their heginning
the runway centre line and thereofter oll lights shall show
i)
MARSHALL SIGNALS
t \ti:
TURN TO YOUR LEFT "',
I
in
Right arm downword, lett arm repeotedly moved up word.

>
Speed of orm movement indicating rate of turn.
TURN TO YOUR RIGHT
r
1--
Left orm downword,
Speed of arm movement
MOVE AHEAD
right drm repeote ved upword bqckward
turn,
* r
Arms a little aside, bockward and repeatedly
;\
FrrL moved up m shoulder height.
-
-*,ii-. r CHOCKS
_"_ 'NSER
sr\L
Arms do facing inwards, move orms from extended position
tn
::- ,
REMOVED
'-.
' Arms down, palms faciqg outwords, move arms outwards,
r-r
*-\ srART ENGTNE(S)
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Left hand overheod with oppropriate number of fingers extended, to indicote

the numher of the engine to be started, and circular motion of right hand ot
heqd level.
CUT ENGINES
Either arm and hond level with shoulder, hond crcross the throqt, palm
downward. The hand is moved sidewoys with the orm remaining bent.
SLOW DOWN
Arms down with palms toward ground,
STOP
Arms repeatedly crossed obove the heod (the orm movement

should be related to the. urgency of the stop ie movement the
quicker the stop), , :itlt _.
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54
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k arr\^*.r)
HUMAN FACTr,ES t t{ "^q"}"\)
HypoxtAis d state * n*frffiry sufficientto impair
qnd other organs
functions of the brain
0 q ANAEMII HYPoxtA tgt rd.)

Andemic Hypoxia is caused by the inobility of the blood to carry oxygen
moy be due to a medicql condition (anoemio) or
to corbon monoxide
Yt,..
poisoning r
t' b'
S) s HYPoxtc HYPoxiA. Ldfihd.i

This cqn
The term for the effects of o shortoge of oxygen is
as for as
result from q number of reasons' But the most impo
pilots sre concerned, is oltitude.
PREVENTION OF HYPOXIA
For protection , Pi'lots ore encouraged entol oxygen qbove

7O,OO0 during the Day, and 5000' abo
DALTONS LAW
1. DALTON LAW EXPLAINS HYPOXIA, HE EXPLAINED THAT THE TOTAL
PRESSURE IS EqUAL F PARTIAL PRESSURE OF GASSES

zlYoO2,.9 % ARGON, '03 YoCOZ, REST
2. CHEMICAL COMP rs 78 % N2,
RARE GASSES.
IS TRANSPORTED BY RBC (RED
3. OXYGEN COM WITH HB IN BLOOD
BLOOD
4. PER OF 02 IS SAME AT ALL LEVELS
.2 L%
5. IC PRESSURE AT 18OOO FT IS HALF
5. SURVIVE AT ANY ALTITUDE IF ENOUGH 02 AND HEAT IS PROVIDED
ING 1OO % 02 AT HIGH ALTITUDE (38000) ls
EqUIVALENT TO
7.
BREATHING AMBIENT AIR AT 1OOOO FT.
FT WILL CAUSE
8. BREATHING 1OO % OLWITHOUT PRESSURE AT 38OOO
i'l \
HYPOXIA.
hs\F.ue ahshe,'. {\ Airh lCI -14,, ,il,e { r.'Y'[,o''rc ^*
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55
.HYPERVENTILATION
tT ts AN,THER WORD FAR OVERBREATHTNG , L|NGS VENTILATION tN EXCESS

oF BODY NEEDS (LACK OF CO2 tN THE BODY)
CAUSES O F HY P ERVE NTILATIO N
. ANXTETY ) *"r0,tl)
. sHocK , Fqrr
. HEAT
. G FORCES
. MOTION S'CKruESS
iB
4 SYMPTOMS OF HYPERVENTTLATTON
'iu,y}I*
1)
# YoT'
'\orsrhsss\t\ s)lr"tt*i
r{uul
\) NIREAIED HEART RATE
5) ross or
+ CO2 ---- BLOOD - CO2 ----. BLLOD ALKALINE
Treotment of on
The treat a potient suffering from Hyperventilation is to make
h e into o paper bag,
s
notural reaction to q shortage ol oxygen is for the body to try to obtoin
.-Y
oir by breathing foster and deeper. The hypoxic individuol may
Hyperventilote in an eflort to get more oxygen, but this is of little volue when
in an environment of low ambient pressure.
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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",ft fl"*"A "êt
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ta) Ar-,r*rd o*.Jd -| No t""r, *l"{^2alt ct irt ."h*t *Z

tt) \Iso <: gur tt.11 tl^D..^,u^d t^* Lrr\&dd '
\3) lrr o&s -;> h.r,^^t^îlhd. cLa S,^L S{^r qr$tJ Ju"i.t*"\ Br,rD t^5
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56
tn night it difficult to distinguish the symptoms of tlypoxia and

con be
Hyperventilstion, The appropriate response of pilots must be to assume the
i
) utorst
t
, BE HYPOXIA
DO NOT ASSUME HYPERVENTILATION IF IT COULD
ri
?
HYPERVENTILATION - AFTER UNCONSCIOUSNESS - RECOVERY
\
i
a
HYPOXIA - AFTER UNCONSCIOUSNESS - DEATH
ia CO is on colourless, odourless and tqsteless gas contoined in
tt It cqn significontlY reduce the obility of the blood to carry oxyge
i to HYPOXIA
\t - CARBON MONOXIDE POISON'NG

t CO POISON'NG IS LIKELY TO OCCUR IN AEROPLA
'RE CABIN HEAT IS
r)
+
U
!
-
!
-
IJ
At d.[ fu totu^ tut"'^
I ^4
.*tA, it tt*01
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lr^ I ^,^,1 lrrlt"
I 3. NA USEA
# 4. IMPAIRED
\,( A$ÂI {o (sl^J U^ d(o
\
th .'[
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f
A CTION TO B,E
t^rl,L
tfrt c",^
I SWITCH OFF EAT , OPEN CABTN VENTILATION , USE FRESH AlR, USE
\ {I
02IF A
I POSSIBLE
\ CABIN DECOMPRESS'ON
\
;q Loss of cabin pressurisotion can occur in flight'
il
si ckness
]! D e compression
\ ( ABOVE
! DUE TO CABIN PRESSIIRE I,OSS WHEN FLYING AT HIGHER ALTITUDES
:! 18000 FT)
:! SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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57
HENRY EXPLAINED THE REALESE OF NITROGEN GAS BUBBL ES THE BODY

FLLltDscAUStNGJHdr,rhH?r,tffi H?rrr"rtrBltld 'N
L SYSTOMPS
Lt-) G) t
Lq Iu)
PAX SUFFERING FROM RAPID DECOMPRESS'ON SHOULD WAIT FOR 72
HOURS BEFORE NEXT FLIGHT
SYMPTOMS OF DECOMPRESSION S'CKNESS CAN APPEAR WITH THE DELAY

AFTER THE ATRCRAFT t$ ON GROUND
TUC (T|ME OF USEFUL CONSCTOUSNESS/
TUC IS THE TIME UPTO WHICH PILOT CAN ACT PHYSICALLY AND E, Y
WELL, AFTER TUC BOTH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PE, RADE,
TUC VARIES INDIVIDUALLY AND DEPENDS ON CABIN ALTITUDE
ALTITUDE TUC
78000 FT 30 MIN
22000 FT 5-70 MtN '?/I.rn ,.
25000 FT 3-5 MtN
4 30000FT 7-2
35000FT EC(30-e0 sFc)
4 40000FT sEc ( s-7s sEc)
{ n.rra PILOT MAY DEVELOP SYMPTOMS OF DECOMPRESSION

EVEN TITUDE IESS THAN TSOOOFT
'S
FL TELY AFTER SCUBA DIVING IS PROHIBITED. $INCE IT
{t<o,.'^hru,uuen
RtsK oF DECOMRESyON STCKNESS) *-,[ôJ ]-^q]'
t
FL AND DIVING
DO NOT FLY WITHIN 72 HOURS OF SWIMMING USING CAMPRESSED AIR
AND AVOID FLYING FOR 24 HOURS IF A DEPTH OF 30 FEET HAS BEEN ".
EXCEEDED,
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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'r^di e*[ *, fon *Ar.d *iru)
rrAN pA rU
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\o ,iry^r-q ^-\,$.t lr^*^ tIiflJ
{u'd , *-kI [oa L A
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ET
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kj.io^^ 3t k-h *L- ) :-, i$, h**h, u,;0\ (Irt ""d t*lJ, tu..f.fura _,
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)
58
What ore the constituents of the otmosphere?
a) Oxygen 22% NitrogenTT% Other gases [%

b) Oxygen 22% Nitrogen 78% Other gases2%
S|Oxygen 21% NitrogenTS% Other gases 1 %
d) Oxygen 227o NitrogenTT% Other gases 1 %
At what height is the pdrtiol pressure ol oxygen in the lungs

half that ot seo level?
a) 10,000 feet !
b) 25,000 feet I'
c) 30,000 feet
$",r,1::--"'i
df8,ooo feet
Whqt ore the restrictions to ftying ofter scubo diving?
a) No flying within 48 hours if a depth of 40 feet has been the limit is 12 hours.
b) No flying within 48 hours if a depth of 30 feet has been the limit is 24 hours.
c) No flying within 12 hours if a depth of 30 feet has been the limit is 24 hours.
dfro flying within 24 hours if a depth of 30 feet has otherwise the limit is 12 hours.
lrtd.
Tidal volume is:
L90
a) The volume of air inhaledwith each
b) The volume of air exhaled with each
c)The volume of air breathed when d ?oo *1.
volume of air inhaled an with each normal breath
Pn" 3oo*!.
EYE
J Lisht 'n eye through the Cornea
tr When experiencing sudden high levels of illumination

quickly adjusts in 70 seconds.
$hs most common foctors offecting night vision qre :
4
Age
9-
b) Mild hypoxia.
c) Cobin oltitudes above 8,000 ft.
SAHIL KHURANA
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d
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+-
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tlû,rd*nkba,r,r ,
I
59
d) Smoking.
It takes time for our eyes to adapt to dorkness. Ihis odoptotion does toke
time - about 7 utes the cones ond 30 minutes --
for the rods.
c? Rtso
VISUAL DEFECTS
Most visual defects qre coused by the distorted shape of the eyeball.
t) JHypermetopia. tufl*tt -t d)
ln long sightedness, Hypermetropia, o shorter thon normal qge
being formed behind the retina"
3) o Myopia. t [e^t$-^ %d'"$f )
ln short-siahtedness. Myopio, the problem is that ,s thon

normql ond the imoge forms in front ol the
ln the qbsence of onything to focus on the naturol focus point of

the eye is not ot infinity, os wos long but on qverqge at a distance
of between just under 7 metre qnd
3) O Cataracts.
Cataracts are nomi nally with the ageing process though some
diseases cdn cause ot ony age, With time, the lens cqn become
cloudy cousing a of vision.
{) BG
ol the eye which cquses o pressure rise of the liquid
the use of contact lenses by aircrew is permitted, under

JL autho ri sed m e dicql su pe rvisi o n
*-+B-G
Bi-focol contact lenses are prohibited .
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
60
COLOUR BI.'NDNESS
Totol col'our blindness is o bar to the issue itf a flying licence' lt

C
is
caused by a defect in the structure of the colg'a!:sen:sitive

canes in the
retina #
o It does not alfect acuitv ond mony people go through their lives with
no knowledge thot they suffer from this imperfection'
x
a tt is the abitity to discriminate ot varying distqnces.
MIN
a DEFtcIENcYoFu|TAMINA'AUSESNIGHTBLINDNESS'
A ESSENTIAL FOR REGENRATION OF TISSUES
'S
THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE EYES OR LOW
a ADAPTATION -
LEVELS ILLUMINATIONS
'oR coNEs ,
a BRIGHT LIGHT 70 SECONDS,DARKNESS ?O_t'/lU!O('
RODS
Ga R-3o
a CONES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR S'NCE THEY ARE COLOUR
sENStrtvE (cD TR,CK)
a RODS ARE RES IGHT VISION
a FOVEA - AREA IN CONES PRE DOMINATE
a FOVEA BEST FOR DAY VISION AND NO NIGHT VISION AT

ALL
a LIGHT SENSITIVE LINING CONTAINING PHOTO

'NNER
ESSENTIAL FOR VISION
IPHERAL VISION IS IMPORTANT FOR DETECTING MOVING

a
OBTECTS
t-s
THEAM}UNToFLIGHTENTERINGTHEEYEtScoNTRoLLEDBYcoRNEA
,as
BY
a THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT ENTERING THE RETINA IS CONTROLLED
PUPIL
a PRESBYOPIA - FAR SIGHTEDNESS LINKED WITH AGE
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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a NTGHT VtStON SCANNTNG : SCANNING TECHNIQUE ts To LooK FROM

M -l^"S S $rr*-d4
stDE TO SIDE ( 7s - 20 DEGREES ) OF AN OBJECT OPt
What is "emPtY field mYoPio"
a) tt is d term used when the eye, if it hos nothing on which to focus will
to focus ot infinitY,
b) lt is o term used when the eye, if it hos nothing on which to tend

to focus between 4 to6 metres
c) lt is q term used when the eye, if it hos nothing on will tend

to focus between 70 to 12 metres
i- is o when the eye, if it has

term used to focus will tcnd
to focus between iust under 7 to 7.5
or short sightedness ?",,':,,,...
o) Presbyopio
b) Astigmatism
r{oirtortion of thte e
d) Distortion ol
8. What effect night vision?
oltitude ond smoking
lnstrument lights ond smoking
c) lights, olcohol, altitude ond smoking
Age, alcohol, altitude ond instrument lights
Does lack of oxygen offect sight? l
a{r",
SAHIL KHURANA
09871866290
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3) h"d*^k -r [}*i\,;rr t lr{ta' "{il^,^.. tk "*o,rrJ { \fp q^rJ"l&,:

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1) &Io.,hur,h *, t"x^\-^sq t ol,or,t S f^) h^t *ilriAr*$ fur"rt co,aduurr^4
"nU
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62
b) No
c) Sometimes
d) lt depends on the heqlth of the individuol

Dark adoption takes about for the rods and for the cones
a) 30 minutes 7 minutes
b) 7 minutes 30 minutes
c) 75 minutes 20 minutes i
ti1.e,P.*
d) 25 minutes 45 minutes
Glaucoma is caused by :
. o) An increose in the pressure of the
b) A decrease in the pressure of the

'
c) A defect of the cornec,
d) A defect of the retina
The oxygen required by the obtoined from the oir we breothe.

Whereos the brqin opproximately 2% of body weight, it
consumes 20% of oxygen for the normolfunctioning of the
body.
Joo*"[ 2o- o ,.,.!.
Tidal ,s volume of oir inhaled and ghqledwith eoch normql
breqth, to obout 500 m!, in the normal mole odult.
EAR
'
.t: INNER EAR
coNsrsr oF sEMl-clRcuLAR 0ANAL oroLlrHs AND COCHLEA
2, MIDDLE EAR
coNsrsrs oF TINY BoNEs, osslcLEs
/ruNER EAR tS RESPONSTBLE FOR PERCEPTTON OF NOISE(COCHLEA)
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.t *?
3) "{hA
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,l
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^^^*d
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63
vEsTtBUt-AR APqARATUS ( OTOLTTHS +SEMICIRCULAR CANALS ) HELSqS

MAI NTAI NS SPATIAL O RI ENTATI O N
OTO LITHSENSES U U TAA ACCELERATIO N
S EM I CI R C IJ LA R CA N A LSENSES A N G U LA R ACCE L E R AT I O N
INTENSITY OF SOUND IS MEASTJRED IN DECIBLES
HUMAN HEARING RANGE - 76 HZ - ZOOOOHZ

76 HZ- 20 KHZ t
sa._,
,.,
PROLONGED EXOPURE TO NOISE IN EXCESS OF 90 DECIBLES DUPIN
NOICE INDUCED HEARING [OS5
BAROTRAUMA - IS LIKELY TO CAUSE PAIN CAUSED IN

PRESSURE EXISTING BETWEEN THE MIDDLE EAR AMBIENT AIR
(EITHER SIDE OF EAR DRUM
-
& SOLUTION REDUCE RATE OF DESENT
MORE TIME FOR PRESSURE
OR LEVELLING OUT, GIVE
l.
lllusions
Vertiao - Another with the vestibulor is Vertigo,

o loss of spotiol individual so rotating,
tumbling or
sensotion.
i)
tfa tum is being mqintained then o sudden movement (greater than
q second) of the heod will be detected qs o change in the turn rote.
lllusion - The Somatogravql lllusion results from the in ability of
the semi-circular cdnals to register occurately a prolonged rototion
Thus o Somatograval lllusion is the sensotion of turning in the
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t h \&
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54
apposite direction that accurs whenever the body undergoes angular

decelerotion from a condition of sustoined ongular velocity.
{) So-, togrovic illusion. The iltusion of pitching up or down qs s result of the

movement ol the Otoliths due to linear acceleration [ ,^]tqr^ rt9A o,edL*otr' $.^*q
\UU tMC :BELIEVE youR tNsrRUMENrs

o,\ t\!*rrrso tt I^!h,f .,b sr( I
4 u vMc: LooK our AT THE HoRtzoN
E) ,auro KNETtc tLLustoN - (AUToKtNEsr, tLLustoN tN

STATIONARY LIGHT IF STARED FOR SEVERAL SECONDS
WITHOUT ANY VISUAL REFERENCE APPEARS TO MOVE,
6) NARROW RUNWAY - PILOT MAY FEEL HE IS AT A GR IGHT THEN

ACTUAL AND TENDENCY TO LAND SHORT. (UNDE
- ptLor MAy
) 0 wDE RuNWAy FEEL HE ts L ACTUAL AND HAS A
TENDENCY TO OVERSHAOT THE RUN
l
! r) RUNWAY SLOPE
t)
iyDOWNSLOPE- HE MAY FEEL HE THAN ACTUAL, THIS ILLUSION MAY
t, CAUSE HIM TO LAND AHEAD UND OUT)
l,
UPSLOPE - MAY FEEL THEN ACTUAL, THIS ILLUSION MAY
it
CAUSE HIM TO ,fl
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,4 65
T AIRC ACT 19 A DAI CRAFT LES 19
THE ASSENT OF THE

THIS ACT WAS PASSED BY THE INDTAN TEGISLATORS AND RECEIVED
GOVERNOR GENERAL ON 19TH AUGUST 1934 . IT IS THEREFORE
KNOWN AS THE AIRCRAFT ACT
t934.
IT EXTENDS TO THE WHOLE OF INDIA AND APPLIES -

A. TO CITIZENS OF INDIA WHERE EVER THEY MAY BE
B.ToTHEPERSONoN,AIRCRAFTREGISTEREDININDIA
THEY MAY BE.
THE ACT OF 1934 AND RULES FRAMED IN 1937 WERE BROUGHT

OUT IN A BOOK
KNOWN AS THE INDIAN ATRCRAFT MANUAL'
-K{ THIS MANUAL IS PUBLISHED EVERY FOURTH YEAR BY THE OFFICE OF
THE NAME OF THIS BOOK HAVE BEEN CHANGED TO AIRCRAFT
THE ACT 1934
1. PROHIBITION OF SLAUTERING AND DEPOSITTNG

OF
RUBBISH WITHIN A RADIUS OF 10 THE ARP.
2. POWER TO DETAIN ANY A/C BY COVERNMENT
3. POWER TO PROHIBIT TLIE N OF BUILDINGS AND,
PLANTING OF TREES OF THE ARP.
4. PENALTY FOR FLYING CAUSE DANGER _2 YEARS
IMPRISONMENT OR 1 FINE OR BOTH
5. REMOVAL OF
A. ON A/C N WATER OR LAND MAY BE REMOVED
UNDER VISION OF OFFICER OF POLICE OR
oR cAD(CML AVIATION DEPARTMENT)
_J PARKING AND HOUSTNG CHARCES ARE BASED ON THE

ALL UP WEGHT (AUW) OF AN AIRCRAFT. CONTAIN IN THR
A.
re'\ *4. l, ,-*i\hr,ta n" U"l iot A
RULES 1937
I. CLASS RATING _ SINCLE ENGINE LAND, SINGLE ENGINE SEA'
MULTI ENGINE LAND AND MULTI ENGINE SEA.
,.*
a, 2. PETROLEUI\,I IN BULK - PETROL CONTAIN IN AMOUNT oF
EXCEEDING 9OO LITRES IN CAPACITY. E(T&A
3.TYPERATING-RATINGoNEACHAIRCRAFTWHENEVER
CONSIDERED NECEAASRY BY THE AUTHORITY.
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ry\ .tp , lrCI S.e^r tt*r[rÂ ; te"S -"^-h] r**fl

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4*- h' "ltlîol
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ohr- tt*\il hCIrt {I '.^*"*t'
]nrt[run .*lt^*i U^l k$,.r^î[^t 4"u 14,\io,^ CrJq
G*"I L-
0"\ .*A b}*,ar.'t
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3
0-3s ! o'3 F\d.ru,lruir
o.AE-o.OL [tdr*q h [w. ?
[r a tto-^ D 'P S P*, t

***IiaIfu j
fu*Ar"\
t
t 66
\ 4.STATE AIRCTTAFT _ INCLUDE MILITARY AIRCRAFT AND A/C

L' EMPLOYED FOR GOVERNN{ENT SERVICES EX- POLICE,
CIJSTOMS, POST ETC
5. MILITARY AIRCRAFT _ INCLUDE AIRFORCE MILITARY AND
NAVAL AIRCRAFTS q*Afu[o"
6. INSTRUMENT TIME INSTR UMENT GROUND
- TIME +
\ INSTRUMENT F'LIGHT TIME I t
7. ' _ THE LASTEST TIME
-\\, THE AIRCRAF'T IS EXPECTED TO LEAVE THE HOLD
L\ COMPI,ETING THE INSTRUMENT APPROACH FOR F'IN
\t DESEND FOR LANDING.
\ 8. _ THE
ESTIMATED TO RBPORT OVERHEAD STATI
-t
\, AIRCRAFT PUBLIC HEALTH RULES 1954 -
\r 9 x THE COMMANDER OF THE A/C MUST
OFFICER IN INDIA U
THE HEALTH
ANCE ON R/T OF
-t ANY PERSON SUFFERING FROM ABLE DISEASES.
.l'
\D
.' 4.--- INCUBATION PERIOD
CHOLERA
-
S S+ CO
---g PLAGUE P LtP
\ 'D
-)
YELLOW FEVER
-__, RELAPSING FEVE R
Y- DAYS
_ 8 DAYS
t- Y
L (ot'rtEs"r)
*+SMALL POX 8-r Qf,
D
----r TYPHUS
- 14 DAYS lq+ S
T _14 DAYS
-.t
!
\"r47
\ ID CARRIAGE OF AND CREMATED REMAINS
\rrD DEAD BODY OR THOSE WHO DIED BECAUSE OF THE
THE OT BE BROUGHT TO INDIA.
rq
> PAYG L r yllsru t"*,1 tlq^dr,',
\ry PRO TED ASHES OF DEADBODIES OR HUMAN REMAINS CAN
BE TO INDIA.
\
r\ ASHES SHALL BE PLACED IN AN URN OR CASKET HAVING AN
3
PACKING OF SUITABLE MATERIAL.
\
IN CASD OF UNCREMATED REMAINS _ IT SHOULD BE HERMETICALLY
ri SEALED INA ZINC CONTAINER.
\I AIR DEFENCE CLEARANCE L\OL)
\L
ADC IS TO ISSUED EXPECT WHEN F'LYING WITH IN A RADIUS
OF 5 NM
FROM TIIE ARP. AND VERTICAL LIMIT OF IOOO FT (NO ADC
\U REQUIRED)
rt
- SAHIL KHURANA
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t0rud '^^'U tu Fb*
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A \"td t"t" ds$ ,1^^l A^std q. w.{id, *S t"rÂrf "A"j t,

t*F t t* c.rlla^d d-t8 c.^ it* .tY"ôtor,tolrrr J */il
$sr b.D uffir^d *S .J d fu"4} .'1nr l.o^fuT J "*$f

to a^( a$-slr'.f.&U &}\ 'h q il^/J
\rrr,Qt^l V* PP {4^
,il"ll}o^ ,{ 4qr4d
Vtr $& c\o+u
l-
b -.h u, P tt , Lr -*rrt tro tL""", q4 r* {"to\ J-",
dEfu rg }.t,g1^llri
[on
J
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67
ADC VALIDITY
ADC IS VALID FOR THE ENTIRE ROUTE IRR.ESPECTIVE OF NUMBER OF
I{OLTS IN BETWEEN
MORE THAN 30 MIN DELAY IN DEPARTURE NEW ADC IS TO BE

REQUESTED
ALL AIRCRAFT NEED ADC 10 NTIN BEFORE ENTERING DEFEN

IDENTTFICATTON ZONE)
CARRIAGE OF CABIN CREW

b.toJa-, Llo'-
tt\
l0-49 I io"- t >So -1
s0-99
t00-149
a
3
[t* 55 "?
150-199 4 bg- lh5 3
200-249 5 \t6- ltt 1
250-299 6 ZuO- ){rb (
CARRIAGE OF ARMS AND EXPLOSIVE ( DAN
* ONLY WITH THE WRITTEN PERMISSION IN G WITH THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT
CARRIAGE OF MAILS
ONLY WITH THE PERMISSION OF GENERAL OF POST
AND TELEGRAPH
CARRIAGE OF PRISONE
WITH PERMISSION OF
k-r
(DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL) , DRI
(DTRECTOR INFORMATTON), CAD (CIVTL AVIATTON
DEPARTMENT)
CARRIAGE OF UFFERING FROIVI MENTAL DISORDERS OR FROM

EPILLEPSY - ACCOMPAINBD BY THE MEDICAL PRACTIONER
PH TAN AERODROME CAN BE DONE WITH THE
o AL MANUAL IS PREPARED BY THE OPERATOR(JET AIRWAYS )

BY DGCA.
{ G $ geh* -r
-tl3Y BUILDING - I5 M
- =
P PERSON _ 15 M
s SMOKING - 30 M (NAKED FLAME)
r) TUtfi u*
^*[
- Bou"g
'=lo J JET BLAST - 43 M ( 200 FT) &) , OI,t **[, sf,.nxsttort
^t{3 (alt,,o${A
MAXIMUM SPEED FOR CIVIL AIRCRAFT .92 NTACH h DhtA)
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U$t"L .,e^-\.}1r^{ *lt

!
uA[T tild d"rr-dA ""\ 'ud{,c1 la$ur^.l.b
IU,.tv\,\ lrr,tO"f,rrff hI-^ LBrtq t-tl
1t\NU1 tr-.-furu d*qu nus\ l'*ful',)t t'J*l [-e^. ""€ 1

>trrnlt \t^{rs\ ':
t.d
{
k 8{Q. I cuq --a e"Ib k^lxlt^t o1^ ot A/C lr,AI wr.e.$rt ^{^d,.llt. .I, stf9ry\ eur-Ut q
.1fu.I {sh. Corn U ,.^kd Pon [*" li^h,iJ -

tr ttq& 't lh^ 't [*,ru
tbd"* \918) 68
x
)r cvR ( cocKPlT voICE RECORDER) RECORDS 30 MIN/2 HOURS OF CREW
CONVER,SATTON HELPS IN INVESTIGATION
F,DR ( FLIGHT DATA RECORDER) - rT RECORDS FLIGHT DATA. FOR 2s
}IOUR.S LOCATED BACK SIDE OF THE AIRCRAFT HELPS TO KNOW A/C
PERFORMANCE AND INVESTIGATION
COLOUR OF FDR IS ORANGE
DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED ON BOARD

1. cERTTFICATE oF REGTsTRATIoN t'{r R \o o5u,*i*^l
) CERTTFTCATE OF ATRWOTHTNESS tq N t\, tu{r"l
3. cREw FLIGHT LICENCEtf L b
4. RADToLICENCE Rr tits"& LFtto*

5. PASSENGER LIST Ii ,?
6. CARGO MANIFEST '.$e,,,-
1. LOGBOOK AIRCRAFT
t Ltrthl*k
ll$"fu $^^.&l!
t' CERTIFICATE OF RBGISTRATION IS VALID TILL AIRCRAFT IS
4 DESTROYED IN AN ACCIDENT.
SMOKTNG IS PERMITTED OR PROHIBIT IN THE C OF'A
CREW LOG BOOKS SHOULD BE FOR 5 YEARS FROIVI THE DATE

OF LAST ENTRY
DROPPING OF PAPER LEAI?S FROM AIR IS DONE WITH THE

PERMISSION OF LOCAL GISTRATE. /
* ION OF IS GIVEN BY OPERATOR
THE COLOUR OF DROPABLE CONTAINERS

1. RED ICAL SUPPLIES AND FIRST AID EQUIOMENTS
2. R FOOD AND WATER
3. IS FOR BLANKET AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
FOR MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
AIR VlSUAL SIGNATS
IRE ASSISTANCE
X- REQUTRE MEDICAT ASSISTANCE
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v

GAIPftr. SINHIL re{URINNIA

(+9[) W1E66A9O, 997n66!34190

tt)L CPI^ + I-R- I

tt r. ogt i I ytou t& agr. - ?(q^l

fto^ gp - t( ttnr,"3r- (( yrcrq

ftod"r"\ rx"[il\ - L Sr',t (*,'") Htun.,te\ *Iid^.hy- t ?,0^ L-ro

luu^,rr &liA,h1 5 *qrq tPL tremt u^hd,ty S {r4o^4}

too l"rq Ptt t Souo o?ERAroR) too \"r.) Plt t Sdo

lor\R\ x ^ toUtufay [roors*) Lrcor:{''t)

A I ? l- ---* t) tti" .$q - 9\ -,ruq tto.^. -xl - G( grqlq

a) t.t-ilrrr,\ ,-Lilr|* - \ yqry t-'{D) [*"lil^o L+ to;

I Annex 1 PERSONNEL LICENSING

Annex 2 RULES OF THE AIR

Annex 4 AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

AREA - That part of an oerodrome to be used for the take-off,

t)rf t glrx Alr u i&rt,{'htd t

FsQls^,,) Ild i"l}-'.}^n^I { **$ry rfc "{"I

AI t {r..lq',A^A ta o,^ **d :

L0,.4^,(rt^${^ WVry &n" b*.,tt rV\ rr,r{^1"t4 LJ-I

Soo ti al'^r ux tx.,0s^r) a

Afrt * Aboue Arro&/owte t'*-l

tr In the vicinity of an oerodrome at a distance of less than 2 NM from the

tr Aerobatics should commence ot such o height so it is to be

Q By o licensed pilot or dccompanied by a licensed pilot

J Over aerodrome Minimum Height-

Aircrafi sholl not be flown in a prohibited a restricted ores, the

=-\r tr actions includes -

A FOURTHLY- lmmediately Squowk Distress code'7700' ond land to the

R nearest oerodrome outside Prohihited Airspoce.

PROHIBITED AREAS IN INDIA

MATHURA REFINERY LOkms UNLIMITED

not be flown among the

AVOIDANCE OF COLLI,S'ON RULES

Right of Woy meons the right to

Right of way Approaching head-on - 'Sil .J

& When two oiruoft ore qpproaching

GENEREAL CALUSION AVOIDANCE

t**rb s{^0" --^{i

gt4. t"r,t *"t I

) An aircrafi in flight, or operoting on the to

ln csse of danger of collision between

tr When two aircraft are APPROACH, ON, or opproxirnately so,

f]en aircraft 5 OVERTAKEN by another oircraft shall hqve

LIGHTS YED BY AIRCRAFT qJh* t*^rilb

Wh ts must be Disployed From suffie++o-sut+ri,r+(or during any other [rt{"'*

* tr attrqct the qttention of other oircraft.

w J Novigation lights intended to indicote the relqtive poth of the oircroft

E Unless stotionary, and otherwise odequately illuminated, all aircroft on

J oircrdft operoting on the movement areo of on qerodrome whose

*'* *"4- *${@

The angle of co to longitudinal oxis to 770o left and

Lights t(lshhtd *A Usrn^")

-Y{V,* t^surtX.I,t$q h?IJ \A{

B{W b *D"r W t0r{

o.) *h*ul e^r \qlal.t k-&, ".1 I !';

A{ A},.1* {.su}0}L h tt^! xi7/t* !z

OLS PILOTS SAYING

Red to Red, go oheod.

Red to Green, you must be seen

Green to Red, you could end uP dead

J When o pilot is awore that a navigation light hos foiled, A be

ftod"r"\ rx"[il\ - L Sr',t (,'") Htun.,te\ Iid^.hy- t ?,0^ L-ro

' "4- ${@

o.) hul e^r \qlal.t k-&, ".1 I !';

Clsrmf Tertlrl trIirtanc fr*nt

5) ht"ruaaa"r-ur&^ ulrr.n\..^ Llr R vt(t{ FL $gO

t.hj- 4r 1,'.,t ."ot hqd +^d

A tJ d*Jr& .,.o4{ a