Advanced Civil Engineering Individual

Assignment 02 Assignment

Table of contents

Introduction

Task 01 Page No

 Parameters of the breakwater construction 01 - 03

 Important of hydrographic survey for breakwater construction 04
 Explanation of the terms “spring tides” and “Neap tides” 05 - 06
 Importance of tide surveys in break water construction 07

Task 02

 Alongshore component of the sea wave 08

 Marine structure for the erosion against alongshore component of waves 09 - 10

Task 03

 Different types of canal bank construction method 11 - 15

 Construction method for canal bank improvement 16
 Design cross section of canal using standard gabion box 17

Reference

Batch 02
Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

Introduction
Construction of dams, bridges, tunnel, and ports requires several advanced construction techniques
of construction. In this assignment,

 Breakwater systems
 Canal construction methods
 Canal design includes.

Batch 02
Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

Task 01

1.1

Breakwaters are structures constructed on coasts as part of the coastal defense or

to protect an anchorage from the effects of both weather and longshore drift. A structure protecting a shore area,
harbor, anchorage or basin from wave disturbance. A barrier that breaks the force of waves, as before a harbor.
Breakwater are the structures constructed to enclose the harbors to protect them from the effect of wind-
generated waves by reflecting and dissipating their force or energy. Such a construction makes it possible to use
the area thus enclosed as a safe anchorage for ships and to facilitate loading and unloading of water by means of
wave breakers.

Parameters of the breakwater construction

The breakwater is to be built at a certain location, and the environmental impact

of such a structure has already been evaluated and deemed environmentally feasible. The parameters are
required before construction and their parameters are given below,
 A detailed hydrographic survey of the site.
 A geotechnical investigation of the sea bed.
 A wave height investigation or hindcasting.
 A material needs assessment.
 The cross-sectional design of the structure.

Hydrographic survey

Hydrographic survey is the science of measurement and description of features which

affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration/offshore oil drilling and
related activities. Hydrographic surveys are carried out mainly under authority concerns. It is carried out mainly
by means of sensors, probe or electronic sensor system for shallow water.

The hydrographic surveys are necessary to show the nautical charts that it implies,

 Available depths
 Improved Channels
 Breakwaters
 Piers
 The aids to navigation harbor facility

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Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

Geotechnical Investigation

A geotechnical investigation of the sea bed is required to determine the type of founding
materials and its extent. The results of this investigation will have a direct bearing on the type of cross-section
of the breakwater. In addition, it is essential to determine what the coastline consists of,

 Soft or hard rock(like coral reefs or granite)

 Sand(as found on beaches)
 Clay(as in some mangrove areas)
 Soft to very soft clay, slit or mud(as found along some river banks, mangroves, and
other tidal areas)

Wave height investigation or hindcasting

The height of the wave incident on a breakwater generally determines the size and
behavior of the breakwater. It is hence of the utmost importance to obtain realistic values of the waves expected
in a particular area. The behavior of water waves is one of the most intriguing of nature’s phenomena. Waves
manifest themselves by curved undulations of the surface of the water occurring at periodic intervals. They are
generated by the action of wind moving over a waterbody, the stronger the wind blows, the higher the waves
generated. They may vary in size from ripple on a pond to large ocean waves as high as 10 m.

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Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

Material need assessment

The most breakwaters consists of either rock or concrete or mixture of both, it is evident
that if these primary construction materials are not available in the required volume in the vicinity of the project
site, then either the materials have to shipped in from another source (by sea or by road) or the harbor design
has to be changed to allow for the removal of the breakwater (the site may have to be moved elsewhere). To
calculate the volume of materials required to build a rock breakwater. For example, equidistant cross-sections
are required. Each cross-section consists of the proposed structure outline superimposed on a cross-section of
the sea bed.

Cross-sectional design

Ideal brake water for the relevant location should be design with the appropriate cross-
sectional design. The core structure of the breakwater should be solid structure usually concrete structure. Either
side of the core structure should be covered with rubble or concrete cubes.

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Assignment 02 Assignment

1.2
Important of hydrographic survey for breakwater construction
Hydrographic survey, it is the branch of surveying which deals with anybody of still or
running water such as lake, harbor, stream or river. Hydrographic surveys are used to define shoreline and under
water features.

Hydrographic survey is used for,

 Offshore engineering and the shipping industry have continued to expand.
 Drilling rigs (extracting oil, gas etc from deep sea) locating up to 125 miles offshore, search for resource
particularly oil and gas.
 Offshore islands are constructed of dredged material (to bring material from somewhere and dump
there) to support marine structure.
 Harbor depth up to 80 is required to accommodate larger ships and tanks.
 Containerization has become an efficient and preferred method of cargo handling.
 The demand for recreational transportation ranges from large pleasure cruise ships to small sail bond.
 Cruise ships to small sail bonds; Hydrographic surveys are made to a quire and present data on pecans,
lakes, and harbors. It comprises all surveys made for,
 The determination of shorelines, soundings (measurement of depth below the water level)
characteristics of bottoms, areas subjected to scouring and silting, depth available for navigation
and velocity as well as characteristics of flow water.
 The location of lights rocks sand balls, buoys (anything that floats on the surface of the water)

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Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

1.3

Explanation of the terms “spring tides” and “Neap tides”

Spring tides
The sun has a similar tide-producing effect on the earth to that of the moon. However, the forces
involved are not as great. At new and full moon the sun, moon, and earth are nearly in a straight line. The tide
raising forces act together to produce tides with a large range. These tides occur fortnightly and are called
“Spring tides”.

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Neap tides
The moon’s first and last quarter the moon’s tide raising force is to some extent counteracted by
the sun’s tide raising force producing tides with a small range. These tides are called “Neap tides”(neap being
high water at its lowest value).

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Assignment 02 Assignment

1.4

Importance of tide surveys in break water construction

Tides should not be confused with “tidal streams”, although loose terminology has
undoubtedly come to use the word “tide” for both. A tide is a periodic vertical movement in the level of the
sea, whereas a tidal stream, even though resulting from a tide, is a periodic horizontal movement. Tides affect
the depth of water at a place; tidal streams affect navigation courses.

A tide is a periodic vertical movement in the level of the sea. In consequence of the
solar cycle, at times of new and full moon, at a place the highest high waters (HHW) and the lowest low waters
(LLW) of a tide cycle,

SPRING TIDES - will be experienced and (7¼) days after these, with the first and last
quarters of the moon.

The lowest high waters and the highest low waters of a tide cycle,

NEAP TIDES - will occur. There are thus two separate tide cycles: height fluctuations from
SPRINGS to NEAPS twice each in a lunar month (29 days).

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Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

Task 02

2.1

Alongshore component of the sea wave

The speed at which the waves approach the shore depends on the seabed and the
characteristics of the coast and the depth of the water. As one wave moves towards the beach, the different
segments of the wave find the beach before the others, which slows down these segments.

As a result, the wave tends to bend and adjust to the general shape of the coast. In
addition, the waves do not usually reach the beach perfectly parallel to the coast. On the contrary, they reach a
slight angle, called the "wave approach angle".

When a wave reaches a beach or coast, it releases a burst of energy that generates a
current, which runs parallel to the coast. This type of current is called "alongshore component".

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Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
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2.2

Marine structure for the erosion against alongshore component of waves

There are many marine structures for shore protection and these are given
below,

Seawalls - seawalls are usually massive, vertical structures used to protect backshore areas from heavy wave
action, and in lower wave energy environments, to separate land from water.

 Bulkheads- these are vertical retaining walls to hold or prevent the soil from sliding seaward.
 Revetments - revetments are a cover or facing of erosion resistant material placed directly on an
existing slope, embankment or dike to protect the area from waves and strong currents.
 Dikes and levees - dikes are typically earth structures (dams) that keep elevated water levels from
flooding interior lowlands.
 Breakwaters - breakwaters are generally shore parallel structures that reduce the amount of wave
energy reaching the protected area.
 Groins - groins are the most common shore connected beach stabilization structure.
 Sills/perched beaches - construction of a low retaining sill to trap sand results in what is known as a
“perched beach”, one that is elevated above its original level.
 Jetties and piers - jetties are shore normal structures commonly used for training navigation channels
and stabilizing inlets. Pier structures are sometimes referred to as jetties.

Recommend marine structure - Groins

A groyne (in the US groin) is a rigid hydraulic structure built from an ocean
shore (in coastal engineering) or from a bank (in rivers) that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of
sediment. It is usually made out of wood, concrete or stone. In the ocean, groins create beaches or prevent them
from being washed away by longshore drift. In a river, groins slow down the process of erosion and prevent
ice-jamming, which in turn aids navigation. Ocean groins run generally perpendicular to the shore, extending
from the upper foreshore or beach into the water. All of the groins may be underwater, in which case it is a
submerged groin. The areas between groups of groins are groin fields. Groins are generally placed in groups.
They are often used in tandem with seawalls. Groins may cause a shoreline to be perceived as unnatural.

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Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

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Batch 02 10
Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

Task 03

3.1

Different types of canal bank construction method

The purpose of the canal bank construction is to retain water so long as the berm is
not formed. They thus have to with stand full pressure of water above the ground level. Mainly, there are two
types of canal bank construction methods and there are given below,

Hard Surface lining

It includes all linings exposed to wear, erosion and deterioration effect of the flowing water,
operation and maintenance equipment and other hazards. Such linings are constructed across of cement
concrete and mortars, asphaltic materials, bricks, stones, and exposed membranes. Although the initial cost of
all these linings is generally high, the reinforced cement concrete linings are costliest and are usually
recommended for use only where structural safety is the primary consideration.

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Assignment 02 Assignment

 Concrete canal lining

 It has high initial cost so its use limited.
 It has excellent hydraulic properties.
 Thickness varies from 5 - 10 cm for M 15 concrete and 7.5 to 15 cm for M 10
concrete.
 A subgrade is prepared and compacted.
 Subgrade is satutated to a depth of 30 cm in sandy soil and 15 cm in other soils.
 Lay a base coat of 1:4 cement and sand slurry on the subgrade.
 Spread oil paper/crude oil on the subgrade.
 The concrete is usually laid in alternate blocks.

 Shotcrete lining
 Shotcrete consumes large amount of cement.
 Cement and sand in the ratio (1:4) is shot at the subgrade through a nozzle.
 Thickness of this type of lining varies from 2.5 to 6.5 cm.
 Shotcrete is also used for repair of old but sound concrete lining.

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 Precast concrete lining

 This consists of precast slabs usually 90 cm x 30 cm in size.
 Thickness of each slab varies from 5 to 6.5 cm.
 Blocks are manufactured with an interlocking arrangement.
 Slabs are laid on well prepared and compacted subgrade.

 Brick lining
 It consists of a single or double layer of brick masonry.
 The size of brick is restricted to 30 x 15 x 5 cm for convenience of handling.
 It is hydraulically as efficient as concrete lining.
 In case of failure repair can be done easily.

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 Boulder lining

Boulder lining is constructed with dressed stone blocks laid in mortar. Properly dressed
stones are not available in nature. Irregular stone blocks are dressed and chipped off as per requirement. When
roughly dressed stones are used for lining, the surface is rendered rough which may put a lot of resistance to
flow. Technically the coefficient of rugosity will be higher. Thus the stone lining is limited to the situation
where loss of head is not an important consideration and where stones are available at moderate cost.

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Earth type lining

Earth type lining material is available near the site of construction, or is in-situ, a lining of
compacted earth is an inexpensive and efficient means of controlling seepage. Compaction reduces soil pore
sizes by displacing air and water. Reduction in void size increases the density, compressive strength and shear
strength of the soil and reduces permeability. This is accompanied by a reduction in volume and settlement of
the surface. Proper compaction is essential to increase the stability and frost resistance (where required) and to
decrease erosion and seepage losses.

 Soil cement lining

 In this mixture in proportion of 90 to 95 % soil and 10 to 5 % cement is
thoroughly mixed dry and is then added with water to rise the moisture content to
optimum.
 It is therefore placed on the subgrade and properly compacted.
 In U.S.A plastic soil cement has been used with a higher consistency to get a
faster rate of construction.

Batch 02 15
Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

3.2

a)

Construction method for canal bank improvement

Construction method: - Boulder lining method

The budget is limited for the project and canal bank can improve in the boulder lining. Because
this is the simple way of the canal bank improvement without loss of head.

By the way, properly dressed stones should be used for the canal bank improvement in order to
reduce the resistance because water should quickly flow to prevent floods without any disturbance due to
roughness of the canal banks.

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Advanced Civil Engineering Individual
Assignment 02 Assignment

b)

Design cross section of canal using standard gabion box

100 mm thick cement, sand rendering

1 m x 1.10 m

1.5 m x 1m 3.20 m

2 m x 1m

50 mm thick screed 6m 125 mm thick concrete

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Assignment 02 Assignment

Reference
 Lecture notes
 https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/canal-linings-types-advantages/11052/
 www.slideshare.net
 Wikipedia

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