Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology

Nehru Gardens, T.M.Palayam, Coimbatore – 641 105

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Tensile Properties.

Hardness Properties.

Impact Properties.

Flexural Properties.

Shear Properties.

Fatigue Properties

Creep Properties

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Materials Testing is performed for a variety of reasons

 Material Testing provides wealth of information about the tested materials,

prototypes or product samples.

 The data collected during testing and the final test results can be very useful

to engineers, designers, production managers and others.

 Meeting requirements of regulatory agencies.

 Selecting appropriate materials and treatments for an application.

 Evaluating product design or improvement specifications.

 Verifying a production process.

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Impact Strength

Toughness

Impact Test - Principle

Impact Test - Types

Impact Test – Izod Test

Impact Test – Charpy Test

Applications

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Malleability is the property of a material that can be rolled or hammered into shape without rupture.

A piece of tube is placed over a piece of

Cracks / damage outside represents a lack of ductility. material and used as a lever. The
material is folded to 90 degrees.
Cracks / damage inside represents a lack of malleability

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  Ductility is the property of a material that can be pulled or

stretched into a thin wire or thread. Ex: Aluminium

 Ductile materials undergo excessive plastic deformation

and energy absorption (toughness) before fracture

 Brittleness is the ability of a material to get fractured by

impact load. Ex: Glass

 Brittle material undergo little plastic deformation and low

energy absorption (toughness) before fracture

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  Brittleness is the ability of a material to get
fractured by impact load. Ex: Glass
 Toughness is the ability of a material to
withstand blows or sudden impact. Ex:
Toughened Glass

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy up to
fracture.
 It is the energy required to break a uniform volume of material.
 It is calculated from the area under the stress-strain curve.
 The larger area indicates the tougher material which has
strength and ductility. Ex: Metals.
 The ductile fracture includes elastic and plastic energy.
 The smaller area indicates the material with small toughness.
Ex: Ceramics.
 The brittle fracture includes elastic energy.
 The very smaller area indicates the material with least
toughness. Ex: Polymers (unreinforced)
 Toughness can also be measured using impact test.
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  Impact test determines the amount of energy absorbed by a

material during fracture.

 This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's

toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-dependent

brittle-ductile transition.

 It is to determine whether the material is brittle or ductile in

nature.
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Impact Testing
Impact Testing

Charpy impact test specimen Izod impact test specimen

Charpy impact testing machine

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  Impact energy is a measure of the toughness of a materials, i.e.

materials resistance to fracture.

 When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb

energy until it yields. At this point, the specimen will begin to

undergo plastic deformation at the notch.

 The test specimen continues to absorb energy at the plastic zone

at the notch.

 When the specimen can absorb no more energy, fracture occurs.

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  The most common methods of

measuring impact energy are

 Charpy Test

 Izod Test

Charpy impact test specimen Izod impact test specimen

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  According to ASTM Standard E 23, “Standard Test Methods for
Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials”, Charpy test
specimens normally measure 55x10x10mm and have a notch
machined across one of the larger faces.

 The notches may be

 V-notch – A V-shaped notch, 2mm deep, with 45° angle and

0.25mm radius along the base.

 U-notch or keyhole notch – A 5mm deep notch with 1mm radius

at the base of the notch.

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Standard specimens of Charpy and Izod impact energy tests

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Specimen for Charpy impact test.

Charpy impact testing Machine.

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  The Charpy test involves striking a suitable test piece with a striker,
mounted at the end of a pendulum. The test piece is fixed in place at both
ends and the striker impacts the test piece immediately behind a
machined notch.

 At the point of impact, the striker has a known amount of kinetic energy.
The impact energy is calculated based on the difference between initial
and final heights of the swinging pendulum.

Impact energy (E) = mgh1- mgh2 = mg ( h1-h2) Tough materials absorb a lot of
Energy unit is Joule = N.m
h unit is m
energy, whilst brittle materials
g is gravity ( 9.8 N/Kg or m/s2 ) tend to absorb very little
m unit (Kg) energy prior to fracture

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 A B

A- Brittle fracture under Charpy impact test B- Ductile fracture under Charpy impact test

The left specimen brittle—looks like it just snapped in half.

The right specimen sample is ductile and bends without breaking
into pieces.
Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
  The Charpy test is most commonly used to evaluate the relative

toughness or impact toughness of materials and as such is often

used in quality control applications where it is a fast and

economical test.

 Charpy test is most commonly conducted on metals, but it is also

used on polymers, ceramics and composites.

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 1- Yield Strength and Ductility: For a given material the impact
energy will be seen to decrease if the yield strength is increased
due to the reduction of ductility

2-Notches: The notch serves as a stress concentration zone

and some materials are more sensitive towards notches than
others. The notch depth and tip radius are therefore very
important.

3- Temperature and Strain Rate: The higher strain rate, the

lower impact energy

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
The main differences between Izod and Charpy
Izod and Charpy tests are similar, but they are different in :

Point of Strike : Point at which the hammer strike the specimen is different for both of them. In Izod test hammer strike at the
upper tip of specimen while in Charpy test hammer strike at point of notch but in opposite direction
Direction of Notch: Face of specimen which faces the striker is different. The notch face in the izod test is facing the striker,
fastened in a pendulum, while in the charpy test, the notch face is positioned away from the striker.
Type Of Notch: In hardness testing two types of notches are used V-notch and U-notch. In the Charpy method, there are two kinds
of notches, the V-notch and the U-notch, while in the Izod method, there is V-notch is used
Specimen Dimensions: Even if you are testing the same material the test specimens have different dimensions for each test. The
basic Izod test specimen is 75 x 10 x 10mm, the basic Charpy test specimen is 55 x 10 x 10mm.

CHARPY IZOD TEST

TEST

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Ductile to Brittle Transition for metals
Body centered cube materials such as carbon steels undergo what is known as a ‘ductile to brittle transition’. This behavior is
obvious when impact energy is plotted as a function of temperature. FCC metals do not have a ductile to brittle transition
temperature and instead remain ductile at low temperatures. This is because the stress required to move dislocations is not
strongly temperature-dependent in FCC metals, and thus failure occurs by plastic flow instead of crack propagation.
In BCC metals, at low temperature the stress required to make crack propagation is less than stress required for plastic flow,
thus failure occurs by crack propagation.

Examples of Materials which have FCC structure are: Aluminum, Nickel, Copper,
austenite (Gamma-Iron)
Examples of Materials which have BCC structure are: Pure Iron, Chromium, (alpha, delta Iron)

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
 Impact Strength

Toughness

Impact Test - Principle

Impact Test - Types

Impact Test – Izod Test

Impact Test – Charpy Test

Applications

Dr. C.R.Raajeshkrishna, Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore