Assessment of Community
The nursing process is cyclic, with each
Health Needs
Review of Nursing Process
Nursing Process - is a systematic method of
planning, delivering and evaluating
individualized care for clients in any state of
health or illness using the scientific method of
problem solving. It constitute the foundation of
nursing practice.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING
PROCESS
1. The nursing process is a systematic and
organized with specific components
a. Assessment - review or examination of
the collected data.
b. Nursing Diagnosis - analysis of the
assessed data to determine the client’s
actual and potential health problem.
c. Planning - development of a plan of
action to reduce, resolve, or prevent
potential problems, establish priorities,
formulating goals/expected outcomes
and planning nursing actions while
documenting the nursing care plan.
d. Implementation - the delivery
nursing care, performing the planned
nursing interventions while continuing
to collect the data about the client.
e. Evaluation – determining
effectiveness of the plan of care.
2.
phase leading logically in the next phase.
a. Each phase is dependent on the
accuracy of the preceding one.
b. The inter-connectivity between and
among the different phases of the
nursing process requires the nurse to
periodically move fro one phase to
another and back since the
assessment data may prove to be
dynamic and changing from time to
time
3. The nursing process is purposeful and
goal-directed.
 The goal of which is to provide quality,
individualized, client-centered care.
4. The nursing process is dynamic.
 That is, it is naver static or fixed since
the client’s needs and condition
changes from time to time.
5. The nursing process is interactive
 It involves reciprocal cooperative and
interpersonal relationship between the
nurse and the client, family, significant
others and other health team members
of
6. The nursing process is theoretically-
based
 It is grounded in the knowledge of the
the different sciences and it is
scientifically-based since it uses the
 problem solving method and evidence - Mentally Handicapped
based practice - Infant or Child
- In other instances, if the client is coherent
ASSESSMENT and conscious, the family or significant others

DEFINITION are equally important in providing

 The systematic collection and analysis of supplemental data clarify to validate

data culminating in a nursing diagnosis. information

 It is the initial phase of Nursing Process

and is identified by the professional nurses 3. Medical records and nurses notes

as the first standard for professional

nursing practice. 4. Nursing staff and other members of the

 It is a continuous aspect of the nursing health team

process and involves collaboration with

patients, caregivers and health care 5. Communication with other members of the

providers who contribute to the patient health care, nursing care conferences, nurses

care. notes, nursing care conferences, nursing

rounds, Kardex, change of shift report

SOURCES OF ASSESSMENT
6. Other sources ie… nurse patient interaction
INFORMATION
(NPI), first hand data that nurse obtain, nursing
literature etc.
1. The client’s provide the subjective data
and is usually the primary source of
ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY
information ie…
HEALTH NEEDS
 Past and Present History
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
 Lifestyle
 is a process of looking as many kinds of
 Health Beliefs and Practices
information about a target group or
 Health Care
community. The needs assessment will
include a review or demographic/census
2. The family or significant others are the
data, surveys and interviews of the
sources of objective data in situation where
population
the client is unable to participate ie…
- Client is Disoriented
- Client is Unconscious
- Critically ill
HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT STEPS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
 is the process of systematically collecting NEEDS ASSESSMENT
information to enable the practitioner, team
1. Profiling is the collection of relevant
and policy-makers to identify, analyze,
information that will inform the nurse about the
prioritize and meet the health needs of an
state of health and health needs of the
individual, family and the population
population. Analysis of these information
enables the nurse to identify the major health
COMMUNITY HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT
issues.
 is a process that describes the state of
2. Deciding on priorities for action.
health of local people, enables the
3. Planning public health and health care
identification of major risk factors and
programs to address the priority needs.
causes of ill health and identification of the
4. Implementing the planned activities.
actions or interventions that are needed.
5. Evaluation of the health outcome
 It is way of using information to plan health
care and public health programs in the
DATA TO BE INCLUDED IN THE
future
ASSESSMENT
1. Characteristics of the population
PURPOSE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
a. Geography
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
b. Numbers
 Community health needs assessment will
c. Age distribution and gender distribution
enable the health practitioners, NGOs,
d. Ethnicity and religion
civic-oriented societies and policy
e. Population trends
makers to identify the members of the
f. Language and literacy
population who need the health care
services and resources the most and to
2. Health Status of the Population
ensure the these resources are used
a. Mortality and Morbidity rate
following the rule of equity.
b. Communicable diseases
 Thus, becomes a very important process in;
c. Low birth weight
 Health care planning to identify priority
d. Breast feeding rate and Immunization
health needs,
rate
 Utilize the internal and external
e. Health behavior such as smoking
resources of the community
f. Health Service use
 Develop community participation and
involvement
3. Local factors affecting health (Strengths  Health status
and Weaknesses)  Available health and social services.
a. Work and employment
b. poverty and income TWO TYPES OF
c. Environment COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
d. Social Cohesion?social support
1. Comprehensive Community Diagnosis
e. Distabilizing factors
 aims to obtain general information
f. Resources (formal and informal)
about the community.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY 2. Problem Oriented Community Diagnosis

HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT  type of assessment that responds to a
 Health Status particular need.
 Health action Potential
 Heath Resources IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
Community Diagnosis  It allows nurses to develop individualized
plan of care.
 is a comprehensive assessment of health
 Distinguishes the role of a nurse to a
status of the community in relation to its
physician and the medical diagnosis and
social, physical, and biological
nursing diagnosis focus on human
environment.
responses and alterations in a client ability
 As a PROFILE, it is a description of the
to function as an independent human
community state of health as determined
being.
physical, economic, political, and social
factors.
 It defines the community and states the
STEPS IN CONDUCTING
community problems. COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
 It should be the first stage in planning 1. Determining the objectives
health programs for the betterment and the  The nurse decides on the depth and
improvement of any community. scope of the data he/she needs to
 It includes: gather.
 Definition of the community’s
demographic characteristics. 2. Defining the Study Population
 Environment.
  The nurse identifies the population
group to be included in the study.
3. Determining Data to be Collected
 The objectives will guide the nurse in
identifying the specific data he/she will
collect, and in deciding on the sources
of these data.
 It will depend largely on the type of
data obtained tabular form:(descriptive
& numerical)
9. Data Analysis
 Aims to establish trends and patterns
in terms of health needs and problems
of the community.

4. Collecting the Data 10. Problem Identification

 The nurse decides on the specific  Identifying the community problem
methods depending on the type of data
to be generated. 11. Health Status Problems
 Increased or decreased morbidity,
5. Developing the Instrument fertility, or reduced capability for
 Instruments or tools facilitate the wellness.
nurse’s data gathering activities (i.e.
survey, questionnaire, interview guide, 12. Health Resources Problems
observation checklist)  Lack or absence of manpower, money,
materials, or institutions necessary to
6. Actual Data Gathering solve health problems.
 The nurse supervises the data
collectors by checking the filled-up 13. Health Related Problem
instruments in terms of completeness,  Existence of social, economic,
accuracy, and reliability of the environmental and political factors that
information collected. aggravate the illness-inducing
situations in the community.
7. Data Collation - sorting out
 The nurse is now ready to put together PRIORITY SETTING
all information.  prioritize which health problem can be
attended to considering the resources
8. Data Presentation available at the moment.
 SOURCES OF DATA
Community
1. Primary Source
2. Secondary Source WHAT IS A COMMUNITY
 key informant  A group of people living in the same place
 information with health worker or having a particular characteristic in
common.
TYPES OF NURSING PROBLEMS  A feeling of fellowship with others, as a

1. Actual result of sharing common attitudes,

interests, and goals.
a. A problem that is being currently or
presently experienced by the client.
b. This type of problem is validated by the WHAT IS THE MEANING OF
presence of defining characteristics or HEALTHY COMMUNITY?
signs and symptoms.  A healthy community is one in which all
residents have:
2. Risk/high risk  Access to a quality education,
a. A problem which has the potential of  Safe and healthy homes,
developing in the future due to the  Adequate employment,
presence of certain risk factors.  Transportation,
b. This may be developing into the full  Free from chronic disease, such as
blown illness or disorder unless cancers, diabetes, and heart disease.
specific nursing actions are applied
and implemented. HOW DO YOU MAINTAIN A
c. This type of problem is validated by the HEALTHY COMMUNITY?
risk factors.
 Here are five ways you can improve
health in your community.
3. Possible 1. Practice healthy habits with kids in
a. A problem which may exist, but your life.
additional data is needed to confirm its 2. Engage in your school's efforts to
presence encourage healthy practices.
b. “Possible” alerts the nurse to 3. Learn more about the decisions local
undertake further data collection and officials are making that impact your
observation environment.
4. Give back healthy options to your
community.
 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF 10. Everyone is working to attain Healthy

A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT? citizenry

 Clean air and water

 Sanitation and green spaces WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF
 Safe workplaces can enhance people's COMMUNITY?
quality of life  The three types of communities are rural,
 Reduced mortality and morbidity urban, and suburban.
 Healthier lifestyles
 Improved productivity of workers and 1. Rural
their families  Rural communities are placed where
 Improve lives of women, children and the houses are spread very far apart.
elderly Many people think of rural communities
 NOT crucial to mental health. as farmland.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY 2. Urban

COMMUNITY  Urban communities are located in
1. The members are aware of their own cities.
health and biologic status.
2. Members give credit to the governing 3. Suburban/Rurban
authority.  The suburban areas are the mix of
3. The natural and biological resources are the urban and rural.
open for everybody, but the consumption is
controlled to help in preserving the resources. 6 BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY AND
4. Has a strong and reliable governing body.
CONNECTION IN CHALLENGING
5. The people work together to attain
TIMES
independence.
1. Vital social connection and engagement.
6. Environmental and physiologic needs are
2. Community belonging boosts physical and
sustained by the community and families.
mental health.
7. Parents and guardians serve as role models
3. Resilient communities come together and adapt.
for the children.
4. Never being alone.
8. The people are concerned with their health
5. Easy access to well-balanced, nutritious meals.
status.
6. Assuring safety and well-being.
9. Health needs are accessible and affordable
to the public and free for the indigent.
 WHAT ARE THE THREE WHY IS COMMUNITY HEALTH
COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT IMPORTANT?
HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT?  A community health assessment gives

1. Strengths organizations comprehensive information

about the community's current health
 The internal strengths of your
status, needs, and issues.
organization, team, stakeholders, and
 This information can help develop a
initiative.
community health improvement plan by
justifying how and where resources should
2. Challenges
be allocated to best meet community
 The internal weaknesses or threats
needs.
facing your organization or team.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF

3. Needs
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT?
 The external challenges, needs, and
 This data is gathered directly from the
gaps in service that exist in the
people in your jurisdiction.
community.
 Four basic types of primary data (listed
from strongest to weakest):
TECHNIQUES USED IN
 Community Surveys
CONDUCTING A COMMUNITY
 Key Informant Interviews
HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT
 Focus Groups
 Data for determining community needs can  Community Forums
be collected through
 Surveys CATEGORY OF HEALTH PROBLEMS
 Questionnaires HEALTH DEFICIT
 Focus Groups  a gap between an actual and
 Public Meetings achievable health status.
 Direct Observations  Instances of failure in health
maintenance
 Interviews

POSSIBLE PRECURSORS AT THE HEALTH

DEFICIT
a. History of repeated infections or miscarriage
b. No regular health check up
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH DEFICIT 4. Divorced or Separation
1. illness state (diagnosed or undiagnosed) 5. Loss of Job
2. Disability 6. Menopause
a. Transient 7. Death
- aphasia or
- temporary paralysis after a CVA

b. Permanent
- leg amputation secondary to
diabetes
- blindness from measles
- lameness from polio

HEALTH THREAT
 A condition that are conducive to disease,
accident or failure to realize one’s potential.

EXAMPLES OF HEALTH THREAT

1. Family History of Hereditary Disease
2. Threat of Cross Infection
3. Accident Hazards
4. Family Eating Habits
5. Poor Environmental Sanitation
6. Unhealthy Style and Personal Habits

FORESEEABLE CRISIS
 Anticipated periods of unusual demand on
the individual or family of adjustment or
family resources.

EXAMPLES
1. Marriage
2. Pregnancy
3. Parenthood