CARPENTRY

Carpentry is the term commonly referring to technology and science of cutting, fitting, and assembling
related materials in the construction of boats, bridges and piers, or any other structure made from
construction materials.

Woods are by-product of trees which are used for carpentry projects.

Woodworking is the skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinet making, wood carving,
joinery, carpentry, and woodturning.

. Lumber

– Woods that came from trees, either softwood or hardwood.

• Softwood – called as conifers

• Hardwood – comes from broad leafed (deciduous) trees

2. Yard lumber

– Prepared lumber for variety of uses.

• Select grade – lumber of good appearance that can take different finishes such
as stain, paint, and enamel.

• Common grade – suitable for rough carpentry. It is not of finishing quality (eg.
Coco Lumber)

3. Manufactured wood

– Also called man-made wood, this are timber sheets which are produced by
gluing wood layers or wood fibers together.

• Wood veneer – thin slices of wood

• Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer

3. Manufactured wood

– Also called man-made wood, this are timber sheets which are produced by
gluing wood layers or wood fibers together.

• Wood veneer – thin slices of wood

• Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer

PARTS OF A WOOD

• Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is made up of accumulated dead cells.

• Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close to the bark

• Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the inner part of the wood and the bark.
 • Bark – outermost layer of the wood

• Growth rings – are visible as concentric circles. They represent layers of cells produced by
vascular.

• Vascular rays - constitute the horizontal system of secondary tissues; this horizontal system acts
in the translocation and storage of food and water.

LUMBER DEFECTS

Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the wood along the grain like small crack or split

Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has been exposed when the log is cut.

Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains resinous materials. (usually attracts ants)
 Stain – discoloration of the wood surface

Wood warping is deformity in wood occurring when the moisture content of different parts of a piece of
wood changes unevenly.

The standard size of a common plywood is 4 x 8 feet

Board Foot
(unit measurement of lumber)

• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12

• Example:

– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board feet.

– 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.

 – (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00

– 56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00 = php 616.00

QUALITY OF WOOD

• S2S – planed or smooth on two sides

• S4S – planed or smooth on four sides

• S3S – board has been surfaced S2S first, then one edge is ripped straight

• Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes exact dimension in T, W, L.

• Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually lessened in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch

A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and trimmed in which cutting marks are visible is ____.

a. Rough

b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for finishing

c. Dressed – has been put through planning machine which gives fine surface

d. Worked – has been dressed and matched, ship lapped, or patterned

WOOD PREPARATION

• Seasoning the process of drying the wood in preparation for use.

– Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in open air

– Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven to dry wood

– Treated – Use of Chemical compound before seasoning

• approximate moisture content of drying hardwood for home furniture are:

20 % for softwood

6-12 % for hardwood

WOOD JOINTS

Joinery is the process of putting the work together.

Miter joint Lap joint Butt joint Rabbet joint

Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45 degrees and joined forming right angle.

Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs. (“Kaltas”)

Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint used for quality chairs, tables and benches. (Force
Fitting)

Dado - is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge of the second board. (“TnG”)

Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to hold glass in constructing drawers and
other cabinetwork.

• MITER JOINT – picture frame

• LAP or BUTT JOINT – tables and chairs

• MORTISE and TENON – chairs, table and benches

COMMON TOOLS

• Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is

assembled in a fixed casing and retracts
automatically by spring.

Try Square - is use for testing the squareness of

two surfaces. Woodworking tool used to mark a
line at 90 degrees to the edge of the wood or
finding "square".

Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and

marking the thickness and width of stock.

Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out any

angle.

Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for drilling

and boring holes.

Dividers are used for dividing space equally,

transferring measurements and scribing arcs and
circles.

HOLDING TOOLS

Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge

to edge and for clamping parts together when
assembling projects.

Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece to

allow work to be performed in it.
 Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener
bits and other tools with rectangular shape
shanks.

Back Saw – making wood joint.

Coping Saw – plywood

Crosscut Saw – across the grain

Hack Saw – cut metal

Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle shape in wood.

Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber

Rip Saw – along the grain

Fret Saw – deep accurate cut

Jigsaw – power tool, circular shape

CUTTING TOOLS

Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting

large and round timber.

Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along

the grain.

Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting

across the grain. The shape of the teeth is
similar to knife blades.

Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more

accurate work both on the bench and the
vise.

Hack saw – is used to cut metal.

Coping saw – used in cutting irregular

shapes.
 Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle
shape in a wood.

Fretsaw – is a bow saw used for intricate

cutting work which often incorporates
tight curves
Keyhole
Dovetail saw – small backsaw used to
cut dovetails.

Jigsaws – are used for cutting shapes and

curves in wbestood with its narrow blade

Chainsaw – is a portable gasoline-,

electric-, or battery-powered saw that
cuts with a set of teeth attached to a
rotating chain driven along a guide bar.

Boring Tools

Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in

woods.

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other

tools with rectangular shape shanks.

Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box

wood handle. It is used in boring holes with small
diameter.

DRIVING TOOLS

Claw Hammer – it is used in driving

and pulling nails.

Mallet – it is made of wood and it is

used in driving chisels with wooden
handles.
 Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round
knob at the back of the hammer. It is
used in metal work

Pin Hammer – very lightweight

hammer which is used for very fine
work

Cross Pein Hammer – It is used in

metal work, stone work,
blacksmithing or woodworking

SMOOTHENING TOOLS

Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or

width of a piece of wood and for smoothing
surfaces

Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and

concave edges

Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge

and carving of woods.

Sandpaper – used to remove material from

surfaces, either to make them smoother

Scraper – is tool made of steel. It is used to

produce a very smooth surface.

Wood Fillers - this are used to eliminate deep

cuts and holes in your finished project, so that
surface can be made even and smooth.

FINISHING TOOLS
 Enamel paint – used on copper, metal
surfaces, glass, wood, plastic, and even walls. It
is resistant to moisture, and it's perfect for
surfaces that need to be washed multiple
times.

Opaque Wood Finish – a premium quality, low

maintenance, alkyd resin based wood finish for
interior and exterior use.

Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived

from different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany and natural color.

Shellac - a finishing material came from gums

substance of insects.

Varnish - a finishing material when applied

produces high glossy finish to a project. It came
in different forms, from gum, linseed oil, resin,
turpentine and or chemical drier.

WOODWORKING METHODS

• Planning

– Drawing and designing

– Identify bill of materials (canvassing)

– List procedures

– List tools and materials

• Cutting – size and shapes

• Assembling – constructing

• Sanding and Finishing – smooth finish

DESIGN A PRODUCT

Designing processes to follow;

1. Clarify the purpose, condition and place of use.

2. Draw a conceptual picture.

3. List the materials needed.

4. List the tools and equipment to be used in processing.

5. Prepare technical drawings and parts drawings.

6. Make prototype if possible.

Wood Floor System

1. Girder – principal beam extending from wall to wall.

2. Floor joist – placed on the girders where the floor boards are fastened

3. Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation

4. Header – Short transverse joist that supports the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole

5. Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an end portion of header.

6. Flooring – tongue and groove board which is most common of wood flooring materials.

TYPES OF ROOF

Shed or Lean-to-Roof
Simplest form of roof consisting of one single
slope.

Gable or Pitch Roof

Most common type and economical form of roof
Hip Roof
Common form used in modern houses

Hip and Valley Roof

Combination of hip roof and an intersecting gable
roof forming T or L shaped building.

Pyramid Roof
Modification of hip roof

Gambrel Roof
Modification of the gable roof with each side
having two slopes

Dome
Hemispherical form of roof

Butterfly Roof
Otherwise known as an inverted pitch roof.
• Provides the added benefit of allowing
larger walls and windows to a structure,
with an easily managed way of harvesting
rainwater through the middle channel in
the roof.

Curved Roof
• help to reduce resistance to wind, but are
mainly chosen due to the stunning
aesthetic look they can add to a building
Dormers
• contain a window that projects vertically
from a traditional pitched roof
• most popular in loft conversions
• providing an easy way of expanding the
space and natural light in the converted
loft room

Flat Roof
• a slight pitch to allow water to run-off
and drain
• most commonly used for industrial and
commercial buildings such as offices and
warehouses

M-shaped Roof
• double-pitched roof; essentially a double
gable
• Central guttering runs between the two
pitches to stop any snow or rain building
up in the winter season

Parapet Roof
• addition of a parapet makes a flat roof
far safer, providing a small barrier that
provides additional security to reduce
the likelihood of anyone standing the
roof falling over the edge.

Truss

– series of triangles used to distribute load and stiffen the structure spacing

– Girts – the structural member that supports the rafters or truss of a building.

– Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite sides of roof.

 – Purlins – the structural member placed on top of the rafter or top chord of a truss that
support the roofing materials

Common Parts of a Stair

Rise Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.

Riser Vertical face of stair step.

Run Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair flight.

Landing Horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.

Well Place occupied by flight of stairs

Well Hole Opening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.

Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair tread to any overhead
Stair Headroom
construction.

Tread Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.

Step Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.

Winders Steps not parallel with each other

The Stairs