ACCELERATED MASS

& COASTAL MOVEMENTS

by: Lanz Joshua
:
G. GADORES
& Paul Germae L. OÑATE
MASS MOVEMENT
MASS MOVEMENT, ALSO CALLED MASS WASTING,
BULK MOVEMENTS OF SOIL AND ROCK DEBRIS
DOWN SLOPES IN RESPONSE TO THE PULL OF
GRAVITY, OR THE RAPID OR GRADUAL SINKING OF
THE EARTH’S GROUND SURFACE IN A
PREDOMINANTLY VERTICAL DIRECTION. FORMERLY,
THE TERM MASS WASTING REFERRED TO A VARIETY
OF PROCESSES BY WHICH LARGE MASSES OF
CRUSTAL MATERIALS ARE MOVED BY GRAVITY
FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. MORE RECENTLY,
THE TERM MASS MOVEMENT HAS BEEN
SUBSTITUTED TO INCLUDE MASS WASTING
PROCESSES AND THE SINKING OF CONFINED
AREAS OF THE EARTH’S GROUND SURFACE. MASS
MOVEMENTS ON SLOPES AND SINKING MASS
MOVEMENTS ARE OFTEN AIDED BY WATER AND
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BOTH TYPES IS THE PART
EACH PLAYS IN THE ALTERATION OF LANDFORMS.
• THE VARIETY OF DOWNSLOPE MASS MOVEMENTS REFLECTS
THE DIVERSITY OF FACTORS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR
ORIGIN. SUCH FACTORS INCLUDE: WEATHERING OR
EROSIONAL DEBRIS COVER ON SLOPES, WHICH IS USUALLY
LIABLE TO MASS MOVEMENT; THE CHARACTER AND STRUCTURE
OF ROCKS, SUCH AS RESISTANT PERMEABLE BEDS PRONE TO
SLIDING BECAUSE OF UNDERLYING IMPERMEABLE ROCKS; THE
REMOVAL OF THE VEGETATION COVER, WHICH INCREASES THE
SLOPE’S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MASS MOVEMENT BY REDUCING
ITS STABILITY; ARTIFICIAL OR NATURAL INCREASES IN THE
SLOPE’S STEEPNESS, WHICH WILL USUALLY INDUCE MASS
MOVEMENT; EARTHQUAKE TREMORS, WHICH AFFECT THE
SLOPE EQUILIBRIUM AND INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF MASS
MOVEMENT; AND FLOWING GROUND WATER, WHICH EXERTS
PRESSURE ON SOIL PARTICLES AND IMPAIRS SLOPE STABILITY.
THESE FACTORS AFFECTING SLOPE CONDITIONS WILL OFTEN
COMBINE WITH CLIMATIC FACTORS SUCH AS PRECIPITATION
AND FROST ACTIVITY TO PRODUCE DOWNSLOPE MASS
MOVEMENT.
TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENTS
 ROCK FALL
A ROCKFALL OR ROCK-FALL[1] IS A
QUANTITY/SHEETS OF ROCK THAT HAS FALLEN
FREELY FROM A CLIFF FACE. THE TERM IS ALSO
USED FOR COLLAPSE OF ROCK FROM ROOF OR
WALLS OF MINE OR QUARRY WORKINGS. "A
ROCKFALL IS A FRAGMENT OF ROCK (A BLOCK)
DETACHED BY SLIDING, TOPPLING, OR FALLING,
THAT FALLS ALONG A VERTICAL OR SUB-VERTICAL
CLIFF, PROCEEDS DOWN SLOPE BY BOUNCING
AND FLYING ALONG BALLISTIC TRAJECTORIES OR
BY ROLLING ON TALUS OR DEBRIS SLOPES.“
ALTERNATIVELY, A "ROCKFALL IS THE NATURAL
DOWNWARD MOTION OF A DETACHED BLOCK
OR SERIES OF BLOCKS WITH A SMALL VOLUME
INVOLVING FREE FALLING, BOUNCING, ROLLING,
AND SLIDING". THE MODE OF FAILURE DIFFERS
FROM THAT OF A ROCKSLIDE.[
 MUDFLOW
A MUDFLOW OR MUD FLOW IS A FORM OF MASS WASTING
INVOLVING FAST-MOVING FLOW OF DEBRIS THAT HAS
BECOME LIQUIFIED BY THE ADDITION OF WATER. SUCH
FLOWS CAN MOVE AT SPEEDS RANGING FROM 3
METERS/MINUTE TO 5 METERS/SECOND.[ MUDFLOWS
CONTAIN A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF CLAY, WHICH
MAKES THEM MORE FLUID THAN DEBRIS FLOWS, ALLOWING
THEM TO TRAVEL FARTHER AND ACROSS LOWER SLOPE
ANGLES. BOTH TYPES OF FLOW ARE GENERALLY MIXTURES
OF PARTICLES WITH A WIDE RANGE OF SIZES, WHICH
TYPICALLY BECOME SORTED BY SIZE UPON DEPOSITION.
MUDFLOWS ARE OFTEN CALLED MUDSLIDES, A TERM APPLIED
INDISCRIMINATELY BY THE MASS MEDIA TO A VARIETY OF
MASS WASTING EVENTS.[ MUDFLOWS OFTEN START AS
SLIDES, BECOMING FLOWS AS WATER IS ENTRAINED ALONG
THE FLOW PATH; SUCH EVENTS ARE OFTEN CALLED FLOW
SLIDES
 LANDSLIDE

LANDSLIDES, ALSO KNOWN AS LANDSLIPS, ARE SEVERAL

FORMS OF MASS WASTING THAT MAY INCLUDE A WIDE
RANGE OF GROUND MOVEMENTS, SUCH AS ROCKFALLS,
DEEP-SEATED SLOPE FAILURES, MUDFLOWS, AND DEBRIS
FLOWS. LANDSLIDES OCCUR IN A VARIETY OF
ENVIRONMENTS, CHARACTERIZED BY EITHER STEEP OR
GENTLE SLOPE GRADIENTS, FROM MOUNTAIN RANGES TO
COASTAL CLIFFS OR EVEN UNDERWATER, IN WHICH CASE
THEY ARE CALLED SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES. GRAVITY IS THE
PRIMARY DRIVING FORCE FOR A LANDSLIDE TO OCCUR,
BUT THERE ARE OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING SLOPE
STABILITY THAT PRODUCE SPECIFIC CONDITIONS THAT
MAKE A SLOPE PRONE TO FAILURE. IN MANY CASES, THE
LANDSLIDE IS TRIGGERED BY A SPECIFIC EVENT (SUCH AS A
HEAVY RAINFALL, AN EARTHQUAKE, A SLOPE CUT TO BUILD
A ROAD, AND MANY OTHERS), ALTHOUGH THIS IS NOT
ALWAYS IDENTIFIABLE
 ROTATIONAL SLUMP

A ROTATIONAL SLUMP OCCURS WHEN A

SLUMP BLOCK, COMPOSED OF SEDIMENT
OR ROCK, SLIDES ALONG A CONCAVE-
UPWARD SLIP SURFACE WITH ROTATION
ABOUT AN AXIS PARALLEL TO THE SLOPE.[3]
ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT CAUSES THE
ORIGINAL SURFACE OF THE BLOCK TO
BECOME LESS STEEP, AND THE TOP OF THE
SLUMP IS ROTATED BACKWARD. THIS
RESULTS IN INTERNAL DEFORMATION OF THE
MOVING MASS CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF
OVERTURNED FOLDS CALLED SHEATH FOLDS.
THE GREENHOUSE GASSES
By : Mc Eli Gabriel P. HOPILOS
What is greenhouse
gasses?
When gases in Earth's atmosphere
capture the heat from the Sun, the
process is known as the greenhouse
effect. Earth becomes significantly
warmer as a result of this process than
it would be otherwise. One of the
factors that makes Earth a nice place
to live is the greenhouse effect. A
greenhouse stays warm inside, even
during the winter. In the daytime,
sunlight shines into the greenhouse
and warms the plants and air inside.
At nighttime, it's colder outside, but
the greenhouse stays pretty warm
inside. That's because the glass walls
of the greenhouse trap the Sun's heat.
Benefit to the environment

- They are beneficial because they create

additional opportunities for food production that
might not have existed otherwise. Additionally, they
typically yield healthy crops because there is less
possibility that poor weather or pests may ruin it. As a
result, greenhouses generally benefit us more than
they hurt.

Advantages
-promotes life
-protection from danger

Disadvantages
-global warming
-rise in sea levels
-imoact on marine life
World Climates
By: Mark Vincent M. LAGUDA
Climate Systems
Different parts of the world have
different climates. Some parts of the
world are hot and rainy nearly every
day. They have a tropical wet
climate. Others are cold and snow-
covered most of the year. They have
a polar climate. Between the icy poles
and the steamy tropics are many
other climates that contribute to
Earth’s biodiversity and geologic
heritage. Climate is determined by a
region’s climate system. A climate
system has five major components:
the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the
cryosphere, the land surface, and the
biosphere.
 Topography
 Topography and vegetation
influence climate by helping
determine how the Sun’s
energy is used on Earth. The
abundance of plants and the
type of land cover (such as
soil, sand, or asphalt) impacts
evaporation and ambient
temperature.
Climate Features
 The most familiar features of a region’s climate are probably
average temperature and precipitation. Changes in day-to-
day, day-to-night, and seasonal variations also help
determine specific climates. For example, San Francisco,
California, and Beijing, China, have similar yearly
temperatures and precipitation. However, the daily and
seasonal changes make San Francisco and Beijing very
different. San Francisco’s winters are not much cooler than its
summers, while Beijing is hot in summer and cold in winter.
San Francisco’s summers are dry and its winters are wet. Wet
and dry seasons are reversed in Beijing—it has rainy summers
and dry winters.
 Of course, no climate is uniform. Small variations, called
microclimates, exist in every climate region. Microclimates
are largely influenced by topographic features such as lakes,
vegetation, and cities. In large urban areas, for example,
streets and buildings absorb heat from the Sun, raising the
average temperature of the city higher than average
temperatures of more open areas nearby. This is known as
the “urban heat island effect.”
Climate Classification
The major classifications in Thornthwaite’s
climate classification are microthermal,
mesothermal, and megathermal

- Microthermal climates are characterized

by cold winters and low potential
evapotranspiration.
- Mesothermal regions have moderate
climates.
- Megathermal climates are hot and humid.

Köppen Classification System

- Tropical
- Dry
- Mild
- Continental
- Polar
Climate Change
By: Marrianne May D. DOROMAL
  Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and
weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but human
Climate activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily
due to the burning of fossil fuels (like coal, oil and gas), which
change produces heat-trapping gases.
 Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and destroying
rainforests, have an increasing influence on the climate and the
Earth’s temperature. This adds huge quantities of greenhouse
gases to those naturally present in the atmosphere, increasing the
greenhouse effect and global warming.
 Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves
and wildfires are becoming more common. Increased warming in
the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat
and sea ice loss. Higher temperatures are also causing more
intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes.
 Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the
Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct.
Climate change threatens people with food and water scarcity,
increased flooding, extreme heat, more disease, and economic
loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result.
 The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the
greatest threat to global health. Even if efforts to minimise future
warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries.
  Generating power - Generating electricity and heat by burning
fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions. Most
electricity is still generated by burning coal, oil, or gas, which
produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide – powerful greenhouse
gases that blanket the Earth and trap the sun’s heat.

 Cutting down forests - to create farms or pastures, or for other

reasons, causes emissions, since trees, when they are cut, release
the carbon they have been storing. Since forests absorb carbon
Causes of dioxide, destroying them also limits nature’s ability to keep
emissions out of the atmosphere. Deforestation, together with
Climate agriculture and other land use changes, is responsible for roughly
Change a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions.
 Using transportation - Most cars, trucks, ships, and planes run on
fossil fuels. That makes transportation a major contributor of
greenhouse gases, especially carbon-dioxide emissions. Road
vehicles account for the largest part, due to the combustion of
petroleum-based products, like gasoline, in internal combustion
engines. But emissions from ships and planes continue to grow.
Transport accounts for nearly one quarter of global energy-related
carbon-dioxide emissions. And trends point to a significant
increase in energy use for transport over the coming years.
  Hotter temperatures - As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so
does the global surface temperature. Higher temperatures
increase heat-related illnesses and make working outdoors more
difficult. Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when
conditions are hotter.
 More severe storms - Destructive storms have become more
intense and more frequent in many regions. As temperatures rise,
Effects of more moisture evaporates, which exacerbates extreme rainfall
and flooding, causing more destructive storms. The frequency and
Climate extent of tropical storms is also affected by the warming ocean.
Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons feed on warm waters at the
Change ocean surface. Such storms often destroy homes and
communities, causing deaths and huge economic losses.
 A warming, rising ocean - The ocean soaks up most of the heat
from global warming. As the ocean warms, its volume increases
since water expands as it gets warmer. Melting ice sheets also
cause sea levels to rise, threatening coastal and island
communities.. But more carbon dioxide makes the ocean more
acidic, which endangers marine life and coral reefs.
  Loss of species - Climate change poses risks to the survival of
species on land and in the ocean. Forest fires, extreme weather,
and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats related
to climate change. Some species will be able to relocate and
survive, but others will not.
 Not enough food - Changes in the climate and increases in
extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a global
rise in hunger and poor nutrition. Fisheries, crops, and livestock
Effects of may be destroyed or become less productive. Heat stress can
diminish water and grasslands for grazing, causing declining crop
Climate yields and affecting livestock.
Change  More health risks - Climate impacts are already harming health,
through air pollution. Changing weather patterns are expanding
diseases, and extreme weather events increase deaths and make
it difficult for health care systems to keep up.
 Poverty and displacement - Climate change increases the factors
that put and keep people in poverty. Floods may sweep away
urban slums, destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat can make it
difficult to work in outdoor jobs.
 0-zone layer
Earth has its own sunscreen called

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
The ozone layer is a thin part of the Earth's
atmosphere that absorbs almost all of the
sun's harmful ultraviolet light

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
ultraviolet light effects:
sun burn
skin aging
cancer

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
The earth has 6 layers
Magnetosphere
Exosphere
Thermosphere & Ionosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere can only be found at the second
Troposphere atmospheric layer

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
0-zone = 3 oxygen atoms

only 3 oxygen atoms in every 10 million air

in every 1 billion there is only 100 o-zone

in every 100 billion there is only 1000 o-zone

starting point

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
 0-zone
Depletion
- reduction in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer.

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
 0-zone
Depletion
- is caused by:. Human pollution.
+++.
chlorofluorocarbons

CFC chemicals once airborne travelled to the stratosphere where they

were broken down by the sun's ultraviolet radiation

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
 R.A. 8749 – LawPhil AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A
COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
 R.A 8749 was created year 1999 where areas the ozone depletion
started late 1970’s. so in the 20th century people already benefited

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
 0-zone
Layer
is not lost yet and they regenerate

We as responsible and educated

humans are task to help our ozone
layer to heal

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
 Ways of PREVENTING O-ZONE DEPLETION
1. Avoid the consumption of gases dangerous to the ozone layer, due to their
content or manufacturing process. Some of the most dangerous gases are CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons), halogenated hydrocarbon, methyl bromide and nitrous
oxide.
2. Minimize the use of cars. The best transport option is urban, bicycle, or walking.
If you use a car to a destination, try to carpool with others to decrease the use of
cars in order to pollute less and save.
3. Do not use cleaning products that are harmful to the environment and to
us. Many cleaning products contain solvents and substances corrosive, but you can
replace these dangerous substances with non-toxic products such as vinegar or
bicarbonate.

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
 Ways of PREVENTING O-ZONE DEPLETION
4. Buy local products. In this way, you not only get fresh products, but you avoid
consuming food that has traveled long distances. As the more distance traveled, the
more nitrous oxide is produced due to the medium used to transport that product.
5. Maintain air conditioners, as their malfunctions cause CFC to escape into the
atmosphere.

Isaran, Eunice kaye

s.
THANK