Chapter 2

Vector Calculus
1. Elementary
2. Vector Product
3. Differentiation of Vectors
4. Integration of Vectors
5. Del Operator or Nabla (Symbol )
6. Polar Coordinates

1
Chapter 2 Continued
7. Line Integral
8. Volume Integral
9. Surface Integral
10. Green’s Theorem
11. Divergence Theorem (Gauss’ Theorem)
12. Stokes’ Theorem

2
2.1 Elementary Vector Analysis
Definition 2.1 (Scalar and vector)
Scalar is a quantity that has magnitude
but not direction.
For instance mass, volume, distance

Vector is a directed quantity, one with

both magnitude and direction.
For instance acceleration, velocity, force
3
We represent a vector as an arrow from the
origin O to a point A.

A A
OA or
a
O O

The length of the arrow is the magnitude of

the vector written as OA or a .
4
2.1.1 Basic Vector System
P
OP=2i+3j+4k

2
3

• Perpendicular to each other

• In the positive directions
Unit vectors , ,
of the axes
• have magnitude (length) 1 5
2.1.2 Magnitude of vectors
Let P = (x, y, z). Vector OP = p is defined by

OP = p = x i + y j + z k

= [x, y, z]
with magnitude (length)

OP = p = x +y +z
2 2 2

6
2.1.3 Calculation of Vectors

1. Vector Equation

Two vectors are equal if and only if the

corresponding components are equals
Leta =a1i +a2 j +a3k andb =b1i +b2 j +b3k.
Then
a =b a1 =b1, a2 =b2, a3 =b3

7
2. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

a b =(a1 b1)i +(a2 b2) j +(a3 b3)k

3. Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars

If is a scalar,then
b =( b1)i +( b2) j +( b3)k

8
Example 2.1
Given p = 5i + j - 3k and q = 4i - 3j + 2k . Find
p= 5i +j -3k

a) p + q = 9i -2j -k, Magnitude of (p+q)

b) p - q
c) Magnitude of vector p

d) 2q - 10p Magnitude of (2p-10q)

9
2.2 Vector Products
If a~ =a1 i~+a2 j +a3 k~ and b~ =b1 i~+b2 j +b3 k~ ,
~ ~
1) Scalar Product (Dot product)
a~ b~ =ab
1 1 +ab
2 2 +ab
33
or a~ .b~ =| a|| b| cos , is theanglebetween
a~ andb~

10
2) Vector Product (Cross product)

i~ j k~
~
a~ b~ = a1 a2 a3 or a~ b~ = a~ b~ sin n~
b1 b2 b3
= ab
2 3 -ab
3 2 i~ - ab
1 3 -ab
3 1 j + ab
1 2 -ab
21 k
~
~

11
Whatever direction of a x b is, it has to be
perpendicular to both a and b.

Let c= a x b
Swing a to b
The direction of c is pointed into the page. 12

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0NJK4mEIJU
Dot product and cross product Visualization
 3) Application of Multiplication of Vectors
a) Given 2 vectors a and b , projection a onto b
is defined by

a
The vector projection of a on b is the unit
vector of b by the scalar projection of a on b:

a~ .b~ b
Vector projba = 2 b~ compb a
projection | b~ |
a~ .b~
compba = Scalar
| b~ | projection
The scalar projection of a on b is
| a~ .b~ | the magnitude of the vector
13
length (l) = projection of a on b.

| b~ |
14
15
16
17
b) The area of triangle

1
A= a~ b~ . b
2
a

18
c) The area of parallelogram
a
A= a xb b

d) The volume of tetrahedrone

a1 a2 a3 a b
1 1
V = a . b x c = b1 b2 b3 c
6 6
c1 c2 c3
e) The volume of parallelepiped
a1 a2 a3 a b
V = a . b x c = b1 b2 b3 c
c1 c2 c3 19
 i+2j+3k

Determine the volume of the parellelopiped made by the vectors

A=(1,1,3), B=(2,-1, 5), and C=(-3,3,1). V=
20
21
Example 2.2

Givena~ =2~i +3 j -k~ andb~ =~i +2 j +k~,

~ ~
determine
a~ .b~, a~ b~ andtheanglebetween
a~ andb~ .

22
23
 2.3 Vector Differential Calculus
• Let A be a vector depending on parameter u,
A(t)=
A
~
(u) = ax (u) i
~
+ay (u) j + az (u) k
~
~

• The derivative of A(u) is obtained by differentiating

each component separately,

dA
~ = dax i + day j + daz k
du du~ du ~ du ~ 24
• The nth derivative of vector A
~
(is)given by
u
dn A
~ = dn
ax i+ dn
a dn
a
y
j + z k.
dun dun ~ dun ~ dun ~
dn A
• The magnitude of ~is
dun

n 2 2 2
d A
~ = d ax + d an
dn
a n
n n n
y
+ n
z
du du du du
25
Example 2.3

If A
~
=3u2
i
~
-2u j +5k~
~
hence
dA
~ = d(3U^2)/dui+ d(-2U)/du+ d(5)/du
du 6Ui-2j+0k= 6ui-2j
d2 A
~ =
6i
du2
26
Example 2.4
The position of a moving particle at time t is given

by x = 4t + 3, y = t2 + 3t, z = t3 + 5t2. Obtain

A(t)=(4t+3)i+ (t^2+3t)j+(t^3+5t^2)k
• The velocity and acceleration of the particle.

• The magnitude of both velocity and acceleration at

t = 1.

27
Solution
• The parameter is t, and the position vector is
r~(t) =(4t +3)i~+(t2 +3t) j +(t3 +5t2)k~ .
~
• The velocity is given by
d r~
=4i~+(2t +3) j +(3t2 +10t)k~ .
dt ~
• The acceleration is
d2 r~
2 = 2 j +(6t +10)k .
dt ~ ~
28
• At t = 1, the velocity of the particle is

d r~(1)
=4i~+(2(1) +3) j +(3(1)2 +10(1))k~
dt ~
=4i~+5 j +13k~ .
~
and the magnitude of the velocity is

d r~(1)
= 42 +52 +132
dt
= 210. 29
• At t = 1, the acceleration of the particle is

d2 r~(1)
2 = 2 j +(6(1) +10)k
dt ~ ~
=2 j +16k~ .
~

and the magnitude of the acceleration is

d2 r~(1)
2 = 22
+162
dt
= 2 65.
30
2.3.1 Differentiation of Two Vectors
If both A
~
(u)and B
~
(u )
are vectors, then

a) d (c A) =c d A
~
du ~ du
b) d (A+B) = d A d
~+ ~
B
du ~ ~ du du
c) d (A.B) = A. d B dA
~ + ~ .B
du ~ ~ ~ du du ~
d) d (A B) = A d B d
~+ ~ B
A
du ~ ~ ~ du du ~ 31
2.3.2 Partial Derivatives of a Vector

• If vector A
~
depends on more than one
parameter, i.e

A
~
(u1, u2, , un ) = ax (u1, u2, , un ) i
~
+ay (u1,u2, ,un) j
~
+az (u1,u2, ,un)k~
32
• Partial derivative of A u
~ with respect to 1 is given by

A
~ = ax i + ay j + az k,
u1 u1 ~ u1 ~ u1 ~
2
A
~ =
2
ax i+
2
a 2
a
y
j + z k

e.t.c.
u1 u2 u1 u2 ~ u1 u2 ~ u1 u2 ~

33
Example 2.5
If F~ =3uv2 ~i +(2u2 -v) j +(u3 +v2)k~
~
then
F~
=3v2 ~i +4u j +3u2 k~,
u ~
2
F~ F~
=6uv~i - j +2vk~, 2 = 4 j +6uk ,
v ~ u ~ ~
2 2
F~ F~ 2 F~
2 =6u~ i +2k~, = = 6v~i
v uv vu
34
Exercise 2.1
If F~ =2u2v~i +(3u-v3) j +(u3 +3v2)k~
~
then
F~ F~
= , =
u v
2 2
F~ F~
2 = , 2 =
u v
2 2
F~ F~
= , =
uv vu 35
2.4 Vector Integral
Calculus
• The concept of vector integral is the same as the
integral of real-valued functions except that the
result of vector integral is a vector.
If A
~
(u) = ax (u) i
~
+ay (u) j +az (u) k
~
~
then
A(u)du= a ax(u)du~i
b b
a ~

+ a ay (u)duj+ a az (u)duk~ .
b b
~ 36
Example 2.6
If F~ =(3t2 +4t)~i +(2t -5) j +4t3 k~,
~
3
calculate
1
F .
dt
~
Answer
3 3 3 3 3
1
F dt= 1
(3t 2
+4t) dti +
~ 1
(2t -5) dt j + 1
4t dtk
~
~ ~
=[t3 +2t2]13 ~i +[t2 -5t]13 j +[t4]13 k~
~
=42~i -2 j +80k~ .
~ 37
Exercise 2.2
If F~ =(t3 +3t)~i +2t2 j +(t -4)k~,
~
1
calculate0 Fdt.
~
Answer
1 1 3 1 2 1
0
Fdt= 0 (t +3t)dt~i + 0 2t dt j + 0 (t -4)dtk~
~ ~
=
=
7 2 7
= ~i + j - k~ .
4 3~ 2 38
2.5 Del Operator Or Nabla
(Symbol )
• Operator is called vector differential operator,
defined as

= i~ + j + k~ .
x y~ z

39
2.5.1 Grad (Gradient of Scalar Functions)

• If x,y,z is a scalar function of three variables and

is differentiable, the gradient of is defined as

grad = = i~+ j + k~ .
x y~ z
* isa scalarfunction
* isa vector function
40
Example 2.7
If = x2yz3 +xy2z2, determine
grad atP=(1,3,2).

Solution
Given = x2yz3 +xy2z2, hence
=2xyz3 + y2z2
x
= x2z3 +2xyz2
y
=3x2yz2 +2xy2z
z 41
Therefore,
= i~ + j+ k~
x y~ z
=(2xyz3 + y2z2)~i +(x2z3 +2xyz2) j
~
+(3x2yz2 +2xy2z)k~ .
AtP=(1,3,2),wehave
=(2(1)(3)(2)3 +(3)2(2)2)~i +((1)2(2)3 +2(1)(3)(2)2) j
~
+(3(1)2(3)(2)2 +2(1)(3)2(2))k~ .
=84~i +32j +72k~ .
~ 42
Exercise 2.3

If = x3yz+xy2z3,
grad atpointP=(1,2,3).
determine

43
Solution

Given = x3yz+xy2z3, then

=
x
=
y
=
z
Grad = =
AtP=(1,2,3), =126~i +111j +110k~ .
~ 44
2.5.1.1 Grad
Properties
If A and B are two scalars, then

1) (A+B) = A+ B
2) (AB) = A( B) +B( A)

45
2.5.2 Directional Derivative

Directiona
l derivative
of in thedirection ofa~ is
d =a.grad
ds ~
d r~
wherea~ = ,
d r~
whichisa unit vecto
r in thedirection
ofd r~.
46
Example 2.8
Compute thedirectiona of = x2z +2xy2 + yz2
l derivative
at thepoint(1,2,-1) in thedirection
of thevector
A
~
=2~i +3 j -4k~ .
~

47
Solution
Directional derivative of in the direction of a~
d =a.grad
ds ~
A
wheregrad = = ~i + j + k~ anda~ = ~ .
x y~ z A
~
Given = x2z +2xy2 + yz2, hence
=(2xz+2y2)~i +(4xy+z2) j +(x2 +2yz)k~ .
~
48
At(1,2,-1),
=(2(1)(-1) +2(2)2)~i +(4(1)(2)
+(-1)2) j +((1)2 +2(2)(-1))k~ .
~
=6~i +9 j -3k~ .
~
Also,givenA
~
= 2i
~
+3 j -4k~
, then
~

A
~
= 22
+32
+(-4)2

= 29.
49
 A
a~ = ~ = 2 ~i + 3 j - 4 k~ .
Therefore,
A 29 29 ~ 29
~
dφ
Then, =a~ .
ds
= 2 ~i + 3 j - 4 k~ .(6~i+9 j-3k~)
29 29 ~ 29 ~

= 2 (6) + 3 (9) + - 4 (-3)

29 29 29
= 51 9.470462.
29 50
2.5.3 Unit Normal Vector
Equation (x, y, z) = constant is a surface equation.
Since (x, y, z) = constant, the derivative of is zero;
i.e.
d =d r
~
.grad = 0
dr
~
grad cos = 0
cos =0
=90. 51
• This shows that when (x, y, z) = constant,
grad d r~.
y grad

dr

• Vector grad = is called normal vector to the surface

(x, y, z) = constant
52
Unit normal vector is denoted by

n~ = .
Example 2.9

Calculate the unit normal vector at (-1,1,1) for 2yz +

xz + xy = 0.

53
Solution
Given 2yz + xz + xy = 0. Thus
=(z + y)~i +(2z +x) j +(2y+x)k~ .
~
At(-1,1,1), =(1+1)~i +(2-1) j +(2-1)k~
~
=2~i+ j +k~
~
and = 4+1+1= 6.
Theunitnormalvector
is
2~i+ j+k~ 1
n~ = = ~ = (2~i+ j+k~)
6 6 ~
54
2.5.4 Divergence of a Vector

If A
~
=ax ~i +ay j +az k~, thedivergence
ofA~
is
~
defined
as
divA
~
= .A
~

= i + j + k .(a i +a j +a k)
x~ y ~ z ~ x ~ y ~ z ~
divA = . A = ax + ay + az .
~ ~ x y z

55
Example 2.10
If A
~
= x2
y i
~
- xyzj + yz2
k
~
,
~
determine divA~
at point (1,2,3).
Answer
a ay az
divA = . A = x + +
~ ~ x y z
=2xy-xz+2yz.
Atpoint(1,2,3),
divA
~
= 2(1 )(2 ) -(1)(3) +2(2)(
3 )
=13. 56
Exercise 2.4

If A
~
= x3 2
y i
~
+ xy2
z j - yz3
k
~
,
~
determine
divA
~
atpoint (3,2,1).
a ay az
Answer divA = . A = x + +
~ ~ x y z
=
Atpoint(3,2,1),
divA
~
=
=114. 57
Remarks

A
~
isa vector
function,butdivA
~
isa scalarfunction.
If divA
~
=0, vector
A
~
iscalledsolenoidvector.

58
2.5.5 Curl of a Vector

If A
~
=ax ~i +ay j +az k~, thecurlof A
~
isdefined
by
~
curlA
~
= A
~

= i + j + k (ax ~i +ay j +az k~)

x~ y ~ z ~ ~

i j k~
~ ~

curlA = A = .
~ ~ x y z
ax ay az

59
Example 2.11

If A
~
=(y4 -x2z2)~i +(x2 + y2) j -x2yzk~,
~
determine
curlA
~
at(1,3,-2).

60
Solution i~ j k~
~

curlA = A =
~ ~ x y z
y4 -x2z2 x2 + y2 -x2yz

= (-x2yz) - (x2 + y2) ~i

y z
- (-x2yz) - (y4 -x2z2) j
x z ~

+ (x2 + y2) - (y4 -x2z2) k~

x y
=-x2z~i -(-2xyz+2x2z) j +(2x-4y3)k~ . 61
~
At(1,3,-2),
curlA
~
= -(1)2
(-2) i
~
-(-2(1)(
3 )(-2) +2(1)2
(-2)) j
~
+(2(1) -4(3)3)k~
=2~i -8 j -106k~ .
~

Exercise 2.5
If A
~
= (xy3
- y2 2
z ) i
~
+(x2
+ z2
) j - x2 2
yz k
~
,
~
determine
curlA
~
at point
(1,2,3). 62
Answer
curlA
~
= (-x2 2
z -2z) i
~
-(-2 2
xyz +2y2
z) j
~
+(2x-3xy2 +2yz2)k~ .
At(1,2,3),curlA
~
=-15~i +12j +26k~ .
~

Remark
A
~
is a vectorfunction
and
curlA~
is alsoa vector
function.
63
2.6 Polar
Coordinates
• Polar coordinate is used in calculus to calculate an
area and volume of small elements in easy way.

• Lets look at 3 situations where des Cartes

Coordinate can be rewritten in the form of Polar
coordinate.

64
2.6.1 Polar Coordinate for Plane (r, θ)

ds
x = rcos
d y = rsin
dS= rdrd

x
65
2.6.2 Polar Coordinate for Cylinder ( , , z)

z
ds

dv x = cos
y = sin
z =z
z
dS= d dz
dV= d d dz y

x
66
2.6.3 Polar Coordinate for Sphere (r, ,
z

r
x =rsin cos
y =rsin sin
z =rcos
y
dS=r2 sin d d
dV=r2 sin drd d

x
67
Example 2.12 (Volume Integral)
CalculateFdVwhereF~ =2~i +2z j + yk~
V~ ~
andV isa space byz =0, z =4
bounded
andx2 + y2 =9. z

4 -

3 y
3
x 68
Solution
Since it is about a cylinder, it is easier if we use cylindrical
polar coordinates, where

x = cos , y = sin , z = z, dV= d d dz

where0 3, 0 2 , 0 z 4.

69
2.7 Line Integral
Ordinary integral f (x) dx, we integrate along
the x-axis. But for line integral, the integration is
along a curve.
f (s) ds = f (x, y, z) ds

A B
r~
O
r+
~
d r~

70
2.7.1 Vector Field, F~ Integral
F~ = Fx i~+Fy j +Fz k~
Let a vector field
~
and d r =dxi +dyj +dzk.
~ ~ ~ ~
The scalar product F.d r is written as
~ ~

F~ .d r~ =(Fx ~i +Fy j +Fz k~).(dx~i +dyj +dzk~)

~ ~
= Fxdx+Fydy+Fzdz.

71
If a vector field F~ isalongthecurveC,
then thelineintegralofF~ alongthecurveC
froma pointA toanother pointBisgivenby
F
c~
. d r
~
= c
Fx dx+ c
Fy dy+ c
Fz .
dz

72
Example 2.13

Calculatec F~ . dr~ fromA=(0,0,0)toB=(4,2,1)

alongthecurvex =4t, y =2t2, z =t3 if
F~ = x2y~i +xz j -2yzk~ .
~

73
Solution
GivenF~ = x2y~i +xz j -2yzk~
~
=(4t)2(2t2)~i +(4t)(t3) j -2(2t2)(t3)k~
~
=32t4 ~i +4t4 j -4t5 k~ .
~
And d r~ =dx~i +dyj +dzk~
~
=4dt~i +4t dt j +3t2dtk~ .
~

74
Then
F~ .d r~ =(32t4 ~i +4t4 j -4t5 k~)(4dt~i +4t dt j +3t2dtk~)
~ ~
=(32t4)(4dt) +(4t4)(4tdt) +(-4t5)(3t2dt)
=128t4dt+16t5dt-12t7dt
=(128t4 +16t5 -12t7)dt.
AtA=(0,0,0),4t =0, 2t2 =0, t3 =0,
t =0.
and,at B=(4,2,1),4t =4, 2t2 =2, t3 =1,
t =1.

75
 t=1
= + -
B
F
A ~
. d r
~ t=0
(128
4
t 16
5
t 12t )7
dt
1
= 128 5 8 6 3 8
t + t - t
5 3 2 0
128
= + - 8 3
5 3 2
23
=26 .
30

76
Exercise 2.6

If F~ = xy2 ~i - yz j +3x2zk~,
~
calculatec F~ . d r~
fromA=(0,0,0)toB=(1,2,3)on the
curvex =t, y =2t2, z =3t3.

61
Answer A F~ .d r~ =7 .
B
168

77
* Double Integral *

Example 2.16
Givenf (x, y) =4- y2 in regionRbounded
bya straightlinex =0, y = x andy =2.
Find f (x, y) dAin bothorderintegrals.
R
Answer f (x, y) dA=4unit2.
R

78
2.8 Volume Integral

2.8.1 Scalar Field, F Integral

If V is a closed region and F is a scalar field in

region V, volume integral F of V is

V
FdV= V
Fdxdydz

79
Example 2.14
Scalar function F = 2 x defeated in one cubic that
has been built by planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 3,
z = 0 and z = 2. Evaluate volume integral F of the
cubic.
z
2

O 3 y
1
x

80
Solution
2 3 1
V
FdV= z=0 y=0 x=0
2xdxdydz
2 1
2
= 2 z=0 y=0
3x dydz
2 0
2 3 1
= 2 z=0 y=0 dydz
2
1 2
= 2. z=0[y]0dz
3

2
2
= z3
=0
dz = 3 [z ]2
0 = 6

81
2.9 Surface Integral
2.9.1 Vector Field, F~ Integral
If vector field F~ defeated on surface S, surface
integral F~ of S is defined as
F
S ~
.d S
~
= F.n
S~ ~
dS

where n~ = S
S

82
Example 2.15

Vector field F~ = yi~+2 j +k~ defeated on surface

~
S : x2 + y2 +z2 =9 and bounded byx =0, y =0, z =0 in
thefirst octant.
Evaluate S F~ .dS~ .

83
Solution
Given S : x2 + y2 +z2 =9is boundedby x =0, y =0,
z =0in the1st octant. This refer to sphere with center
at (0,0,0) and radius, r =3, in the1st octant.
z
3

O y
3
3

84
So, grad S is
S S
S = i~+ j + k~ S
x y~ z
=2xi~ +2y j +2zk~ ,
~
and
S = (2x)2 +(2y)2 +(2z)2
=2 x2 + y2 + z2
=2 9 =6.

85
 S 2 xi + 2y j +2z k
n~ = = ~ ~ ~
S 6
1
= (x~i + y j +zk~).
3 ~
Therefore,
F.dS~ = S F~ .ndS
S ~ ~
1
= S (yi~+2 j +k~) (xi~+ y j +zk~)dS
~ 3 ~
1
= S (xy+2y+ z)dS.
3

86
Using polar coordinate of sphere,

x = rsin cos =3sin cos

y = rsin sin =3sin sin
z = rcos =3cos
dS = r2 sin d d =9sin d d
where 0 , .
2

87
 F .dS = 1 2 2
[(3sin cos )(3sin sin )
S~ ~ 3 =0 =0
+2(3sin sin )+3cos ][9sin ]d d
=9 2
=0
2
=0
[3sin3
sin cos
+2sin2 sin +sin cos ]d d

=9 1+3
4

88
Exercise 2.7

EvaluateF
~
d S
~
onS, where
F
~
= xi
~
+2z j+ y k
~
S ~
andS is a surfaceof theregionbounded
by
x2 + y2 +z2 =4, x =0, y =0andz =0in the1st octant.

Answer :8 +1
6

89
2.10 Green’s Theorem
If c is a closed curve in counter-clockwise on
plane-xy, and given two functions P(x, y) and
Q(x, y),

Q- P dxdy= (Pdx+Qdy)
S x y c

where S is the area of c.

90
Example 2.16
Prove Green's Theoremfor
c
[(x2
+ y2
)dx+(x+2y)dy]
which has been evaluated byboundarythat defined as
x =0, y =0and x2 + y2 =4 in thefirst quarter.
y
Solution x2 + y2 = 22

2
C2
C3

x
O C1 2

91
 Given c[(x2 + y2)dx+(x+2y)dy] where
P= x2 + y2 and Q= x+2y.Wedefinedcurve c
as c1,c2 and c3.
i) For c1 : y =0, dy =0and 0 x 2
c
(Pdx +Qdy ) = c
(x2
+ y2
)dx +(x +2y)dy
1 1
2 2
= x dx
0
2
1
= x = .
3 8
3 0 3

92
ii) For c2 : x2 + y2 =4,in thefirst quarter from(2,0) to (0,2).
This curve actually a part of a circle.
Therefore, it's more easier if we integrate byusing polar
coordinateof plane,
x =2cos , y =2sin , 0
2
dx =-2sin d , dy =2cos d

93
c
( +
Pdx )
Qdy = c
(x2
+ y2
)dx+(x+2y)dy
2 2

= 02 [((2cos )2 +(2sin )2)(-2sin d )

+((2cos +2(2sin ))(2cos d )]
= 0 (-8sin +4cos2 +8sin cos )d
2

= 0 (-8sin +2+2cos2 +8sin cos )d

2

= 8cos +2 +sin2 +4sin2 2

0
=-8+ +4 = -4.

94
iii) For c3: x =0, dx =0, 0 y 2
c
(Pdx + Qdy ) = c
(x 2
+ y2
)dx+(x+2y)dy
3 3
0
= 2 2ydy
2 0
= y 2
=-4.
(Pdx +Qdy) = 8 +( -4) -4 = -16 .
c 3 3

95
b) Now, we evaluate Q- P dxdy
S x y
Q
where =1 and =2y. P
x y
Again, because this is a part of the circle,
we shall integrate byusing polar coordinate of plane,
x =rcos , y =rsin
where 0 r 2, 0 and dxdy =dS =rdrd .
2

96
 Q- P dxdy= (1-2y) dxdy
S x y S
2
= 2
=0 r=0
(1-2rsin ) r drd
2
= 2 1 r2
- 2 r3
sin d
=0 2 3 0

= 2 16
2- sin d
=0 3
= 16
2 + cos
2

3 0

= 16
- .
3

97
Therefore,
(Pdx +Qdy) = S Q P
- dxdy
C x y
= - .16
3
LHS = RHS
Green'sTheoremhas been proved.

98
2.11 Divergence Theorem
(Gauss’ Theorem)
If S is a closed surface including region V in
vector field F~

V
divF
~
dV= F
S~
. d S
~
.

f fy fz
divF = x + +
~ x y z

99
Example 2.17

Prove Gauss' Theoremfor vector field,

F~ = xi~ +2 j +z k~ in the region bounded by
2
~
planes z =0, z =4, x =0, y =0and x2 + y2 =4
in the first octant.

100
Solution
z
4 S2

S4
S5
O
2 y
S3
2 S1
x

101
For this problem, the region of integration is bounded
by5 planes :

S1 : z =0
S2 : z =4
S3 : y =0
S4 : x =0
S5 : x2 + y2 =4
To prove Gauss' Theorem, we evaluate both V divFdV
~
and S F~ . dS~ , the answer should be the same.

102
1) We evaluate V divFdV
~
. Given F
~
= xi
~
+2 j + z2
k~ .
~
So,
divF~ = (x) + (2) + (z2)
x y z
=1+2z.
Also, V divFdV
~
= V (1+2z)dV.

The region is a part of the cylinder. So, we integrate byusing

polar coordinate of cylinder ,
x= cos ; y = sin ; z = z
dV = d d dz
where 0 2,0 ,0 z 4.
2

103
Therefore,
2 4
V
(1+2z)dV = 2
=0 =0 z=0
(1+2z) dzd d
2
= 2
=0 =0
[z + z2]04d d
2
= 2
=0 =0
(20 ) d d
= 2
=0
[10 ]0 d
22

= 2
=0
(40)d
= 40 02
=20 .
V
divFdV
~
=20 .

104
2) Now, we evaluate S F~ . dS~ = S F~ . ndS
~
.

i) S1 : z =0, n~ =-k~, dS = rdrd

F~ = xi~+2 j +0k~
~
F~ . n~ =(xi~+2 j).(-k~) =0
~
F.
S ~ ~
ndS = 0.
1

105
ii) S2 : z =4, n~ =k~, dS =rdrd
F~ = xi~ +2 j +(4)2 k~ = xi~ +2 j +16k~
~ ~
F~ . n~ =(xi~ +2 j +16k~).(k~) =16.
~

Therefore for S2, 0 r 2, 0

2
2
F .
S2 ~ ~
ndS = 2
=0 r=0
16 rdrd
=
=16 .

106
iii) S3 : y =0, n~ =- j, dS =dxdz
~
F
~
= xi
~
+2 j + z2
k
~
~
F.
~ ~
n = (xi
~
+2 j + z2
k
~
).(- j)
~ ~
=-2.
Therefore for S3, 0 x 2, 0 z 4
2 4
F. ndS = x=0 z=0 (-2) dzdx
S3 ~ ~
=
=-16.

107
iv) S4 : x =0, n~ =-i~, dS =dydz
F~ =0i~+2 j + z2 k~ =2 j + z2 k~
~ ~
F~ . n~ =(2 j + z2 k~).(-i~) =0.
~
F.
S ~ ~
ndS = 0.
4

108
v) S5 : x2 + y2 =4, dS = d dz

S5 =2xi~ +2 y j and S5 =4
~

S 2xi~ +2y j
n~ = 5 = ~
S5 4
= 1(xi~ + y j).
2 ~
Byusingpolar coordinateof cylinder :
x = cos , y = sin , z = z
where for S5 :
=2, 0 , 0 z 4, dS =2d dz
2

109
 1 1
F~ . n~ =(xi~ +2 j + z k~). xi~ + y j
2
~ 2 2 ~
1
= x2 + y
2
1
= ( cos )2 +( sin )
2
=2cos2 +2sin ; kerana =2.
=2(cos2 +sin ).
4
F
S5 ~ ~
. ndS = 2
=0 z=0
( 2)(cos
2
+sin )(2) d dz
=
=16+4 .

110
Finally,
F. dS~ = S F~ . dS~ + S F~ . dS~ + S F~ . dS~ + S F~ . dS~ + S F~ . dS~
S~ 1 2 3 4 5

=0+16 -16+0+16+4
=20 .
S~
F. dS~ =20 .
LHS = RHS
Gauss' Theoremhas been proved.

111
2.12 Stokes’ Theorem
If F~ is a vector field on an open surface S and
boundary of surface S is a closed curve c,
therefore

S
curl
F~
d S
~
= F
c~
d r
~
i~ j k~
~

curlF = F =
~ ~ x y z
fx fy fz

112
Example 2.18

Surface S is the combination of

i)apart of thecylinder x2 + y2 =9between z =0
and z =4for y 0.
ii)ahalf of thecirclewith radius3at z =4,and
iii) plane y =0

If F~ = zi~+xy j+xzk~,proveStokes' Theorem

~
for this case.

113
Solution
z
S3 S2
4

S1
C2
O y
3
x 3 C
1

Wecandividesurface S as
S1 : x2 + y2 =9for0 z 4and y 0
S2 : z =4, half of thecircle with radius3
S3 : y =0

114
We can also mark the pieces of curve C as
C1 : Perimeter of a half circle with radius 3.
C2 : Straight line from (-3,0,0) to (3,0,0).

Let say, we choose to evaluate S curlF

~
dS
~
first.

Given F~ = zi~+ xy j+ xzk~

~

115
So,
i~ j k~
~
curlF~ =
x y z
z xy xz

= (xz) - (xy) i~+ (z) - (xz) j

y z z x ~

+(xy) - (z) k~
x y
=(1-z) j+ yk~
~

116
By integrating each part of the surface,

(i) Forsurface S1 : x2 + y2 =9,

S1 =2xi~+2y j
~

and S1 = (2x) +(2y)

2 2

= 2 x + y =6
2 2

117
Then ,

S 2xi~+2y j 1
n~ = 1 = ~ = (xi+ y j)
S1 6 3 ~ ~

and

curlF~ n~ = (1-z) j+ yk~ 1 xi+1 y j

~ 3 ~ 3 ~
1
= y(1-z).
3

118
By using polar coordinate of cylinder ( because
S1 : x2 +y2 =9 is a part of the cylinder),
x = cos , y = sin , z = z
dS = d dz
where
=3, 0 and 0 z 4.

119
Therefore,
1
curl F~ n~ = y(1-z)
3
1
= sin 1-z
3
=sin (1-z); because =3

Also, dS= 3d dz

120
S
curl F
~
dS
~
= S
curl F ndS
~ ~
1 1
4
=3 z=0 =0
sin (1- z) d dz
4
=3 0 (1- z) -cos 0 dz
4
=3 0 (1- z)(1-(-1))dz

=-24

121
 S2 : z =4 , normal vector unit to the
(ii) For surface
surface is n= k.
~ ~

By using polar coordinate of plane ,

y =rsin , z =4 dan dS=rdrd

where 0 r 3 and 0 .

122
curl F n
~ ~
= (1- z) j+ yk
~
k~
~
= y = rsin
S
curl F
~
dS~
= S
curl F ndS
~ ~
2 2
3
= r=0 =0
(rsin )(rdrd )
3
= r=0 =0
r2
sin d dr

=18

123
(iii) For surface S3 : y = 0, normal vector unit
to the surface is n~ = - j.
~
dS = dx dz
The integration limits : -3 x 3 and 0 z 4
So,

curlF~ n~ =((1-z) j+ yk~) (- j)

~ ~
= z -1

124
Then,
S
curlF
~
. dS
~
= S
curlF.ndS
~ ~
3 3
3 4
= x=-3 z=0(z -1) dzdx
=
=24.
S
curlF~ . dS~ = S curlF~ . dS~ + S curlF~ . dS~ + S curlF~ . dS~
1 2 3

=-24+18+24
=18.

125
Now, we evaluate C F~ . dr~ for each pieces of the curve C.
i) C1 is a half of the circle.
Therefore, integration for C1 will be more easier if we use
polar coordinate for plane with radius r =3, that is

x =3cos , y =3sin dan z =0

where 0 .

126
 F~ = zi~ + xy j + xzk~
~
=(3cos )(3sin ) j
~
=9sin cos j
~
and dr =dxi~ +dy j +dzk~
~
=-3sin d i~ +3cos d j.
~

127
Fromhere,
F~ .dr~ =27sin cos d .
2

F
C ~
. dr =
~ 0
27sin cos d2
1

= -9cos3 0
=18.

128
ii) Curve C2 is a straight line defined as
x =t, y =0 and z =0, where -3 t 3.
Therefore, F~ = zi~ +xy j +xzk~
~
=0~

F
C ~
. dr
~
= 0
2

129
 C~
F . dr
~
= F
C1 ~
. dr
~
+ F
C2 ~
. dr
~
=18+0
=18.
We alreadyshowthat
S
curlF~ .dS~ = C F~ . dr~
Stokes' Theoremhas been proved.

130