Putradinata 1

Andi Daud Putradinata 10C

Mr. Loyd Wallace
Life Science
November 14, 2022

ACID - BASE TITRATION

“How does changing the volume of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) determine the concentration of
an unknown solution?”

HYPOTHESIS

The amount of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) required to neutralize the acid is proportional to the
concentration of the acid. The acid's concentration can be determined by observing how much
base is required for neutralization.

PROCESSED DATA TABLE

Volume of NaOH added pH

(cm3) Level
1.00 2.95
2.00 3.06
3.00 3.21
4.00 3.35
5.00 3.44
6.00 3.59
7.00 3.70
8.00 3.85
9.00 4.00
10.00 4.21
11.00 4.33
12.00 4.50
13.00 4.82
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14.00 4.98
15.00 5.15
16.00 5.41
17.00 5.81
18.00 6.75
18.20 10.50
18.40 10.75
18.60 11.05
18.80 11.20
19.00 11.40
19.20 11.55
19.50 11.65
20.00 11.71
21.50 11.80
22.00 11.85

GRAPH
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ANALYSIS

In this titration experiment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used to determine the concentration of
25 cm3 of an unknown weak acid solution. We can know the concentration of the acid by
measuring the precise volume of the base (NaOH) used to neutralize the unknown solution.

The X (volume of NaOH) is the independent variable, and the Y (pH of the unknown solution)
line of the graph is the dependent variable.

As seen from the graph, the initial pH level before the titration starts is 2.95. As the base (NaOH)
is added, the pH steadily rises steadily from pH level 2.95 to 6.75 until it reaches the equivalence
point, which indicates that the acid has been neutralized. At this point, the number of hydronium
ions from the acid equals the number of hydroxide ions from the base. The volume of NaOH
needed to neutralize the acid is 18.20 cm3. The pH rises sharply. When a solution is neutralized,
salts are formed from equal weights of acid and base. The amount of acid needed is the amount
that would give one mole of protons (H+), and the amount of base needed is the amount that
would give one mole of (OH-) (“Neutralization” | LibreTexts Chemistry).

Chemical Equation :

This is an example of a weak acid - strong base reaction between acetic acid (CH3COOH) and
sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Acetic acid acts as the analyte, and sodium hydroxide acts as the
titrant. Acetic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide reacts, the products are an aqueous solution of
Sodium Acetate and water

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

Because acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid, it does not ionize. However, Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) is a strong base, it dissociates almost completely in aqueous solution. Therefore, it is
shown as Na+ and OH- ions. Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) is a soluble salt, it consists of sodium
cation (Na+) and acetate anion (CH3COO-), water ionizes to such a marginal degree that we only
resemble it as H2O. Alternately, it could be written as:

CH3COOH(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) → CH3COO-(aq) + Na+(aq) + H2O(l)

CALCULATIONS

Graph Gradient :
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The gradient of a graph is calculated using the formula y = mx, which we can see in the graph
above. The graph spawns the equation Y=.0.481x + 0.518, where X is the volume of NaOH and
Y is the pH level of the solution. It is known that the larger the gradient, the steeper it is, the
smaller the gradient, the flatter it is ("Gradient of a Graph"). The equation of the graph is not
negative, which means it slopes uphill the same as the trend line. In addition to that, the
R-squared is 0.776, which is a nearly perfect fit of the line to the data.

Acid Concentration :

Variable Data

C1 Concentration of NaOH 0.10 mol dm-3

V1 Volume of NaOH at the point of neutralization 18.20 cm3

C2 Concentration of the unknown weak acid solution N/A

V2 Volume of the unknown weak acid solution 25 cm3

The titration formula refers to the concentration of NaOH (C1), the concentration of the weak
acid (C2), the volume of NaOH (V1), and the volume of the weak acid (V2).

C1 V1 = C2 V2

With C2 as the variable, the formula could read as follows:

𝐶1 𝑉1
C2 = 𝑉2
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ERRORS

Error Solution

The determination of the equivalence point is done Using an optical

visually using a chemical indicator. A visual titration sensor to catch
observation is almost always going to be less precise. the exact time there is a
More titrant is used than is needed, resulting in a color change
higher concentration in the calculation.

Not reading the meniscus at eye level for a volume

measurement will always result in an inaccurate
reading. The value will be consistently low or high,
depending on whether the reading is taken from
above or below the mark.
Systematic Equipment and glassware used in preparation that Ensure to dry the
Error have not been sterilized. Prior to each trial, the apparatus carefully by
apparatus is not properly cleaned. This Increases the using cloth, so it won’t
risk of the solution being contaminated by bacteria leave any leftovers of
and chemicals from outside. the distilled water in
each apparatus.

An improperly calibrated thermometer may give The situation can be

accurate readings. Older equipment can have avoided by checking if
problems and may not work effectively or cause the burette can work
malfunctions. effectively before
performing the
experiment.

The reaction could be impacted by the room Doing the experiment

temperature and how it changes throughout the trials. in a controlled
It's possible that the amount of NaOH needed to temperature area
reach the endpoint might decrease if the temperature
Random was higher; this is because a higher temperature
Error would cause a faster reaction rate and an increase in
the frequency of molecule collisions.

The measurements of the solution in the burette or Make sure to measure

flask can be off. All measurements have some degree the solution in the
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of uncertainty that may come from a variety of burette from the same
sources. The experimenter may measure incorrectly, angle,
or may use poor technique in taking a measurement,
or may introduce a bias into measurements by
expecting (and inadvertently forcing) the results to
agree with the expected outcome.

EVALUATION

Works Cited

“21.17: Titration Experiment.” Chemistry LibreTexts, 27 June 2016,

chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%

3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.17%3A_Titration_Experiment. Accessed 14 Nov. 2022.

“Titration Curves and Equivalence Point (Article) | Khan Academy.” Khan Academy,

www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/titrations-and-solubility-equilibria/a/a

cid-base-titration-curves. Accessed 14 Nov. 2022.

https://groups.chem.ubc.ca/courseware/pH/section14/index.html#:~:text=For%20acid%2Dbase

%20titrations%2C%20the,Be%20read%20off%20the%20curve.

groups.chem.ubc.ca/courseware/pH/section14/index.html#:~:text=For%20acid%2Dbase%20titra

tions%2C%20the,be%20read%20off%20the%20curve. Accessed 26 Nov. 2022.

“Does Temperature Affect Titration? | Homework.Study.com.” homework.study.com,

homework.study.com/explanation/does-temperature-affect-titration.html. Accessed 26 Nov.

2022.
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