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SALES || October 21, 2022
Transcriber: EDMAR LORENZ C. LOLONG
Concepts on Oxygenation
Oxygen (O2)
 is a chemical element that is considered as
essential to survival it is a primary
requirement for cells to release energy during
chemical reactions.
 Nitrogen 78%, O2 20%, BCO2 1%, 1% other
gasses
Oxygenation
 is a combination of different processes that
contribute to bringing the oxygen from the
environment into the cells of the body
Ventilation
 involves inspiration and exhalation.
 Air moves in and out of the lungs because
intrathoracic pressure changes in relation to
pressure and the airway opening.
 involves inspiration (movement of air into the
lungs) and out of the lungs thru exhalation.
 Respiration and ventilation are two different
things. Ventilation is mechanical and
involves the movement of air, Respiration is
physiologic and involves the exchange of
gases in the alveoli (external respiration) and
in the cells (internal respiration).
RESPIRATION: The exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
 The cardiovascular, respiratory and part of
hematologic systems function to supply the
body’s oxygen demands.
 If these systems are dysfunctional → heart
failure, respiratory failure, hematologic system
problems → O2 deprivation
Respiration
 A process in living organisms involving the
production of energy, typically with the intake
of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide
from the oxidation of complex organic
substances.
Processes needed to maintain adequate oxygenation
▪ Ventilation - movement of air in and out of
the lungs.
▪ Pulmonary perfusion - supplying the lungs
with blood from the right side of the heart.
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▪ Diffusion - gas movement from an area of
greater to lesser concentration thru a semi-
permeable membrane
Important systems involved in oxygenation
▪ Cardiovascular
▪ Nervous
▪ Musculoskeletal
▪ Respiratory
Basic requirements for good ventilation
1. presence of patent passageway of air
2. Presence of elastic and expansive lungs and
tracheobronchial tree
3. Presence of adequate musculoskeletal
apparatuses
4. Presence of pressure gradient
 Presence of pressure gradient (change of
pressure per unit distance)
Normal protective mechanisms of the respiratory
systems
▪ Nose-vibrissae - vibrissae (hairs of
vestibules of the nose) When we breathe
through our noses, nose hair catches those
particles. ... The second type of nose hair is
called vibrissae. These longer hairs catch
large particles so they can't even get to our
cilia.
▪ Mucuciliary clearance - clearance is an
innate defense mechanism that protects the
pulmonary system from the harmful
consequences of inhaled agents, including
those of biological, chemical, and physical
nature. Ciliated cells, which line the surface
epithelium of the airways, provide the force
necessary for mucociliary clearance by the
coordinated beating of their cilia.
▪ Cough reflex - Cough, an expulsive reflex
initiated when the respiratory tract is irritated
by infection, noxious fumes, dust, or other
types of foreign bodies. The reflex results in a
sudden expulsion of air from the lungs that
carries with it excessive secretions or foreign
material from the respiratory tract.
▪ Reflex bronchoconstriction - Cough is
beneficial; pneumonia frequently results when
an effective cough reflex is lost
Bronchoconstriction is an important and
[SUB] 1.01 TITLE OF LECTURE – Dr. Professor

effective component of the airway defense
reflexes protecting the lung and the rest of the
body against inhaled irritants and airborne
toxins such as cigarette smoke and acid
aerosol.
▪ Macrophages - (large WBC, ingests foreign
materials)
▪ Surfactant - A fluid secreted by the cells of
the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs) that
serves to reduce the surface tension of
pulmonary fluids; surfactant contributes to the
elastic properties of pulmonary tissue,
preventing the alveoli from collapsing.
▪ HeringBreuer reflex - reflex (a reflex that
prevents overstretching and rupture of the
alveoli.
 If your heart rate is fast (over 100 beats per
minute), this is called tachycardia. A heart
rate slower than 60 is called bradycardia. An
occasional extra heartbeat is known as
extrasystole. Palpitations are not serious most
of the time. Palpitations are feelings or
sensations that your heart is pounding or
racing. They can be felt in your chest, throat,
or neck. You may: Have an unpleasant
awareness of your own heartbeat. Feel like
your heart skipped or stopped beats.
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE FOR PROBLEMS IN
OXYGENATION AG NEXT (LAIN NGA TRANS)

Risk factors
Modifiable:
• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Obesity
• Diet
• Stress
• Substance abuse
• Environmental factors
Non modifiable:
• Age
• Gender
• Race
• Heredity/Genetics

Diagnostic Procedures/Tests
Common Problems
✓ Chest pain
✓ Dyspnea
✓ Fatigue
✓ Cough
✓ Wheezing
✓ Hoarseness
✓ Palpitation
✓ Body weakness
✓ Intermittent claudication

 Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused

when your heart muscle doesn't get enough
oxygen-rich blood. It may feel like pressure or
squeezing in your chest. The discomfort also
can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw,
or back.

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