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Final Report On T2DM
Final Report On T2DM
1. Time flowchart 19
ABBREVIATIONS
DM - Diabetes Mellitus
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Diabetes Mellitus is a long-term or chronic condition that affects people of all ages
directly. The people with diabetes have to follow continuous clinical course in order
to control their high blood sugar levels. For the disease like diabetes, self-care in the
home has equal important as care provided in hospitals or clinics. Because diabetes
cannot be cured completely from the treatment provided in the hospital, diabetes
patients have to include healthy lifestyle and to perform self-care activities like daily
Personal Health Information is the name given to this information. Own Health
information at home.
The goal of the PHIM is to design a better health information strategies and systems
that offer a more support to patients for managing their daily health information
Because, this health information will help for future self-care planning to patients and
also for the healthcare providers to track their patients’ condition. Maintaining the
previous records orderly can help the physician to take better treatment plans and
healthcare decisions.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been on the rise over the past 30 years all across the
world, with a particularly high incidence in the Indian Subcontinent. According to the
International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the global diabetes prevalence in 2021 was
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10.5 percent, impacting 537 million adults, and this number is expected to rise to 783
million individuals by 2045. Type 2 diabetes affects over 90% of diabetics across the
genetic variables is driving the growth in the number of persons with type 2 diabetes.
increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity are all major influences.
People with diabetes must develop extra abilities, such as problem-solving, healthy
coping, and risk-reduction behaviours. These skills will help the diabetes patients for
planning their self-care activities and also it provides a positive approach towards
life.
Diabetes patients' lack of knowledge and self-care behaviours are the primary
of health knowledge among diabetic patients. In countries like India, patients are still
not aware about the personal health information management. Currently, there are
Hence, this study would be aiming to understand the personal health information
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1.2 Significance of Study:
This study gives more ideas about the patient perspective of health information
management practices and the challenges they face and the current personal
diabetes care. The information will help to develop helpful models for health
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CHAPTER- 2
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Aim of the study:
Objective:
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CHAPTER- 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Articles Identified (n=87)
Duplicate (n=45)
Studies removed
Studies (n=10)
removed
eligibility (n=22)
Studies excluded (n=18)
Studies removed
Not about the data
Final studies included (n=4) items of personal health
information
Not about type 2
diabetes mellitus
patients
Insufficient details
about self-
documentation
As can be seen in fig 1, total 4 studies were included after evaluation. We reviewed
only studies in which all or most subjects had type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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3.1 Assessment of hypoglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes during
Rene Rodriguez et al. conducted this study with the goal of assessing and evaluating
health record for 470 diabetic patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The
documentation, over 30% of primary care interactions and 46% of endocrine clinic
home
This research looks at how diabetes patients use information management methods
(i.e., what they do with the data they collect) and how these strategies help them
achieve their health outcomes objectives. This study employed 52 persons with type
1 or type 2 diabetes in the United States and China for semi-structured one-on-one
space and technology connectivity management, artwork, and other skills and
techniques not well supported by existing tools, services, and social contexts,
according to the study. Finally, the researchers believe that these findings might hint
to major future paths in technology and health care services, as well as their
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3.4 A mixed-methods study of type 2 diabetes patients' usage of standalone
The goal of this study is to evaluate the use of a standalone personal health record
behaviours and the influence on social cognitive outcomes and haemoglobin A1c in
the short term (HbA1c). A mixed-method approach was utilised in a study that
people finished the study, according to the results. Low personal health record
adoption and negligible influence on study results were discovered, as well as a lack
This study aims to learn more about type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients' daily
personal health information management habits, including what drives them to do so,
what activities they engage in, and whether or not it is beneficial. 30 persons with
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CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
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To collect data from type II diabetes mellitus patients, a cross-sectional approach
was adopted.
diabetes management.
Clients affected with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Kasturba Hospital (KH) Manipal
Diabetic individuals who have been diagnosed and are receiving therapy for
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Purposive sampling technique will be used to select the type 2 diabetes mellitus
Manipal.
A total of 50 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus were chosen from the target
population.
Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be chosen from a database of type II
Firstly, respondents were approached over phone calls in local language and
During each conversation, we described the goal of our study and obtained
Once consent done, they will be interviewed using the validated questionnaire
(PHIM) and then, we explained in detail to the patients about the importance
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of personal health information management especially in diabetes
Explained about the Data entry was done The data will be
importance of PHIM through microsoft subjected to
and the information excel once all the appropriate
has been recorded data was collected statistical analysis
This was done using a Microsoft excel includes fields in which the row consists
number of participants, name, age and the prepared questions and rest of the
We obtained informed consent and will maintain the respondents' confidentiality and
anonymity. We made certain that patients had agreed to take part in the trial
willingly.
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4.12 TIME FLOW CHART:
Protocol
preparation and
Submission
Data collection
and data entry
Analysis of data
Literature Review
Preparation of
thesis
Submission of
thesis
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CHAPTER 5
RESULT
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RESULTS
Totally from 50 patients with type II diabetes mellitus of which 29 (58.00%) were men
and 21 (42.00%) were women. Most of them 25 (50.00%) were in the age group of
50 patients, 20 (40.0%) had less than 5 years duration of chronic diabetes and
majority 24 (48%) of diabetes patients getting health check-up for once in a every
a) 40 – 49 years 14 28%
1 Age in years
b) 50 – 59 years 25 50%
c) 60 – 65 years 11 22%
16 - 25 10 20%
Twice in a year 3 6%
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5.2 Feedback of self-management activities:
[Table 2] shows four questions asked for the diabetes patients about their self-
management plan. As can be seen in [Table 2], 34 (68%) of patients were following
the self-management activities and 16 (32%) of them were not following. Regarding
answered ‘No’ and 22 (44%) of patients answered ‘Yes’. The 36 (72%) of diabetes
patients were finding difficult to track health information for future reference due to
not following self-management plan consistently, on the other side 14 (28%) patients
were not finding any difficulty. Also, the 38 (76%) of patients were faced difficult to
Questions Yes No
1. Following the ‘self-management activities’ to 34 (68%) 16 (32%)
control diabetes
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5.3 The average score of self-care activities in management of health
have got a highest score of (3.94), followed by dietary recommendations (3.62) and
regular physical activity (3.28). On the other hand, the diabetes patients who were
and physical activities have got a lowest score of (2.34), (2.74) and (2.32)
respectively. The diabetes patients who were regularly checking blood-sugar test
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5.4 Sources used to document self-care activities:
[Fig 3] shows the percentage score of sources used by the diabetes patients in order
whereas only 1 (2%) of patient using a diabetes app and other (Mobile notes)
respectively. On the other side, 28 (55%) of patients were not documenting about
self-care activities.
Personal diary
Diabetic app
2%
monitoring chart got a highest score of (12), followed by insulin and medication chart
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(10), physical activity chart (8) and diet chart (4). Whereas remaining 28 patients
25
20
15
10
[Table 3] shows the number of diabetes patients who used the technologies like
mobile or other similar devices in the data capture for the diabetes management. As
it can be seen in [table 3], only (2) patients were using a mobile or other similar
devices for capturing data and it helped them in managing diabetes as well as in
improving communication with the doctor and hospital. On the other hand, (48)
patients were not used any technologies like mobile or other similar devices.
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Table 3: The response of type II diabetes mellitus participants on the usage
of technologies in data capture
Yes % No %
The data captured related to the 2 4 48 96
diabetes management using
technologies like mobile or other similar
devices
The technology and tools used helped in 2 4 48 96
managing the diabetes.
[Table 4], The 31 patients were answered ‘Don’t Know’, whereas 13 patients
answered ‘Yes’ and 6 patients answered ‘No’ for the necessity of personal
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5.8 Challenges for diabetes patients to manage personal health information
documentation:
A total of 4 main challenges were recorded among the participants within the study
were due to work pressure and 3(6%) were due to lack of support from others.
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CHAPTER-6
DISCUSSION
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DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted with the aim of understanding the perceptions,
diabetic mellitus patients visiting the endocrinology OPD or general medicine OPD at
activities usually require patients to be knowledgeable about the diseases they are
living with and their own data on past illness episodes. 28 Also, patients would need to
evaluate the information at hand- judge its usefulness, relevance, quality, and
about the disease and themselves in order to make meaningful inferences about the
development of their conditions, and decide what to do next and how to carry out the
In the present study, when looking at the data on patients who were following self-
management activities, majority of the diabetes patients were following the self-
the other hand, patients who were documenting or managing the records of self-care
activities is quite low. This suggests that, there is a need to create awareness among
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health information plays an essential role in the process of self-diabetes
management, so it’s very important for the patients to manage the personal health
information or else they will find difficult to track their health information for future
patient for future treatment plans. The present study also shows that most of the
patients were finding difficulty to track their health information for future references
Previous research has shown that effective diabetic self-care techniques can
administration, and blood glucose monitoring, among others. The current study
has equal important, since health information gives the clarity of treatment patterns
followed by diabetes patients in their daily life. This shows that greater effort should
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6.2 Usage of sources (including technologies and tools) to document self-care
activities
Patients have access to a variety of resources for health information on their illness
management. These resources will aid patients in their self-care tasks by assisting
them with problem-solving, decision-making, and planning. It also plays a crucial role
particularly digital health applications, has advanced rapidly in recent years for
persons with or at risk of diabetes, and has become an increasingly prevalent feature
Even though many digital tools were identified, many adults with diabetes have not
been aware with the necessary tools or technologies for self-care. The present study
also shows that only two patients were using mobile apps and rest of them are still
potential barriers involved in the usage of digital tools. Most of the patients with type
2 diabetes are elderly people, and as such, they are expected to have less
experience with computers and the use of mobile solutions. Another issue is lack of
basic health literacy, basic health literacy is important for the patient to understand
their disease and its treatment. When a patient does not grasp the basics of
diabetes, they are more likely to reject digital solutions because they do not see the
Self-Management Education (DSME) and to assist them for effective use of various
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6.3 Challenges in Personal Health Information Management (PHIM)
according to a research by Peyrot M et al. 33 Also, many patients will get confuse or
forgot to follow their self-care activities like checking blood-sugar levels or to take
their medications. This makes difficult to record accurate values. The present study
shows that, many of the patients faced complications to record the values of blood-
sugar levels, because of the fact that it varies on a daily basis and it need to be
monitored constantly. In addition, lack of support from family and friends, financial
constraints, work and environment related factors, dynamic and chronic nature of
diabetes and unrealistic expectations are some factors, that will challenge for
The present study received some factors by patients, which makes a barrier to them
to carry out self-care activities and to record their health information. In that, majority
of the patients were faced problems due to lack of knowledge on PHIM, lack of time
management, busy working environments and few of patients faced problem due to
lack of support from family and friends to manage their self-care activities. It is very
important to cope these factors and to create strategies to identify and manage the
programs about the effects of stress on diabetes patients' health and strategies for
reducing it. 35
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6.4 View of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on PHIM
Research suggests that staying informed and effectively using health information to
communicate with patients’ health care team is a key to better long-term health
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outcomes. However, it also holds many challenges originating from the complexity
The present study assessed a perception of patients on PHIM, which says that still
most of the patients are not aware about the concept of PHIM and they are just
following the instructions of physician without much planning from themselves for
care level are critical, with an emphasis on inspiring appropriate self-care behaviors,
only once, but rather on a regular basis in order to accomplish long-term behavior
modification.
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CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
decisions about diet, physical exercise, medicines, and other self-care duties. This
study reflects a perception of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients about their personal
health information documentation. Also, the study gives a brief outlook about the
knowledge in managing personal health information among the patients which can
among the people in a right path and extend the programs about managing personal
health information in mass campaigns thoroughly. Also, it’s very important to create
technologies and tools for documenting self-management activities. Finally, it’s very
important for doctors, nurses, dietitians and other health team members to join
hands with these diabetic patients to help them live healthy by providing them with
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CHAPTER-8
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8.1 Limitations
This study has two major limitations related to sample size and method of data
collection including (a) small sample size: the samples used within the articles need
to include more diverse patient groups with larger sample sizes for generalization of
the results. and (b) The second one is the feedback collected by patient over the
8.2 Recommendations
Lastly, further studies are needed to confirm suitability of the current program among
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