INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLITION « INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THETIME PERIOD WHICH TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 177 AND 18TH CENTURY . » STARTED IN BRITAIN AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. » THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TRANSITION TO NEW MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. THIS TRANSITION INCLUDED GOING FROM HAND PRODUCTION METHODS TO MACHINES, NEW CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND IRON PRODUCTION PROCESSES, ee IMPROVED EFFICIENCY * OF WATER POWER, THE INCREASING USE OF STEAM POWER AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE TOOLSMAJOR INVENTIONS THE STEAM ENGINE : INVENTED BY JAMES WATT IN 1785, WHOSE PROLIFERATION INTO NEWLY BUILT MACHINE SHOP. AND IRON FOUNDRIES ENGENDERED AN APPROPRIATE TYPE OF BUILDING. STEAM ENGINE LEADS TO INVENTION OF STEAM SHIP ,STEAM LOCOMOTIVES.Inventions Light Bulb of First automobile fueled by gas, Thomas Edison, Telegraph of Morse, 1840 1885. 1879. Radio of Marconi, 1896 (or Tesla???) Telephone of Graham Bell, 1876 (or A. The first flight, 1901RAILWAY- A MEANINGFUL SYMBOL OF THE NEW AGE WHICH IN TURN HAD CONSEQUENCES FOR ARCHITECTURE - STATIONS, BRIDGES, TUNNELS ° THE STEAM BOAT :AN IMPORTANT MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION WHICH IN TURN HAD CONSEQUENCES FOR MASS MIGRATION FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE.New Materials » After the Baroque slowly faded away, the 18 century architecture considered primarily of revivals of previous periods. » Building materials were made out of only a few manmade materials along with those available in nature: timber, stone, lime. Mortar and concrete Iron Brick » Glass ) Portland Cement - strong, durable, fire resistant type of cement developed in 1824.But in the 1800's, there was a great amount of production in Iron. These made architects and engineers design buildings made out of iron. There are 3 types of iron: cast, wrought, and steel.Architectural Applications of Iron and Steel Construction ee Iron and steel were not admired for their architectural qualities in the 19" C: prevailing Neo-Classical and Romantic attitudes looked to past ages buildings had always been of load-bearing masonry construction. 18" C industrial production of cast and wrought iron so increased its availability that iron replaced wood in the frame of any building where heavy loads or the danger of fire was of concern. Cast iron was favoured for columns, while the superior tensile qualities of wrought iron made it the recommended material for beams. In the 19" C iron began to be used instead of wood in the fabrication of truss bridges built for roads and railroads that crossed rivers or Everything that architects and their clients admired and felt {ileys. comfortable with could be constructed by using traditional materials and methods. » Architects were slow to exploit the possibilities of iron and steel, which were first used in industrial utilitarian buildings, such as textile mills, warehouses, and greenhouses. » Linear two-dimensional fragile-looking material » Elegant linearity is its most rational formDEVELOPMENT IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM * ROADS, RAILWAYSAND CANALSWERE BUILT. * CANALS- CANALS BEGAN TO BE BUILT IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO LINK MAJOR MANUFACTURING CENTRES * RAIL ROAD - THE CONSTRUCTION OF MAJOR RAILWAYS CONNECTING THE LARGER CITIES AND TOWNSUs 1 of iron in Architecture = The Iron Bridge * The Iron Rail Road Station = The Iron Market Place = The Iron Commercial Buildings = The Iron Cultural and Religious Buildings = The Iron Exhibition BuildingsBROOKLYN BRIDGE, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK, 1869-1883; JOHN AUGUSTUS ROEBLING Length - 5,989 feet Distance of roadbed above water - 135 feet Bridge Style - ‘Suspension Bridge. Tower Structure - BROOKLYN BRIDGE, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK , | 869-1883; esiaisils JOHN AUGUSTUS ROEBLING © Style=Gothic piers, Structural Expressionist cables and bridge deck Location=East River. Park Row, Manhattan to Adams Street, Brooklyn. + Architect=John Augustus Roebling, » Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York 1869-1883 completed by son,Washington Augustus __lfton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England 1836-1864 Roebling » Tower Bridge LondonTOWER BRIDGE, LONDON, 1886-1894, SIR HORACE JONES It was opened by Edward 7th when he was Prince of Wales © 8 years in construction, using 5 major contractors and over 400 labourers. * completed and opened in the year 1894. * two piers were sunk into the river bed to support the weight of the bridge. A massive | 1,000 tons of steel used for the walkways and towers.THE IRON RAILROAD STATION Central Railroad Station, New Castle on tyne, England, 1846-55, St. Pancreas Station, London CENTRAL RAILROAD STATION, NEW CASTLE ON TYNE, ENGLAND, 1846-55; JOHN DOBSON The National Rail station has 12 platforms.ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON, 1864-68; WILLIAM H. BARLOW, It was designed by William Henry Barlow R.M. ORDISH and building work started in 1863 Height (architectural) = 82.30 m_ * The station which has a single span roof of 243 feet Floors above ground = 6 « length of 689 fe * 100 ft above ground « four Type AF High Friction Clamps fixing is used for roofTHE IRON MARKET PLACE » Covered Market , Berlin 1865-1868 »City Market Hall, Paris >» Galleria Vittoro Emmanuel Il, Milan al GALLERIA VITTORO EMMANUEL II MILAN, 1865- 67, GUISEPPE MEGONI it was originally designed in 1861 and built by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877. * The street is covered over by an arching glass and cast iron roof,a popular design for nineteenth-century arcades * The central octagonal space is topped with a glass domeThe Bradbury Building is an architectural landmark in Los Angeles, California Built: 1893 * Architect: George H.Wyman Architectural style(s): Italian Renaissance Revival, Romanesque Revival THE BRADBURY BUILDING, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, 1889-93; GEORGE H WYMANCk cheese cl PARIS OPERA, PARIS, 1857-74, CHARLES GARNIER« Architect Charles Garnier Location Paris, France ° Date 1857 to 1874 Building Type theater, opera house * Construction System masonry, cut stone * Style Neo-Baroque PARIS OPERA, PARIS, 1857-74,CRYSTAL PALACE INVENTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS E . CAST IRON, AN ESSENTIALLY BRITTLE MATERIAL, IS 4 APPROXIMATELY FOUR TIMES AS RESISTANT TO. COMPRESSION AS STONE. * WROUGHT IRON, WHICH IS FORTY TIMES AS RESISTANT TO TENSION AND BENDING AS STONE, |S ONLY FOUR TIMES HEAVIER. IT CAN BE FORM AND MOLDED INTO ANY SHAPE. * GLASS CAN BE MANUFACTURED IN LARGER SIZES AND VOLUMES. * SOLID STRUCTURES COULD BE REPLACED BY SKELETON STRUCTURES, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO ERECT BUILDINGS OF ALMOST UNRESTRICTED HEIGHT. * BUILDINGS COULD BE CONSTRUCTED INTO ANY SHAPE AND IN SHORT TIME. THE IRON RAILROAD STATIONAnew method of producing, lass, nown as the cylinder process, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832, this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading Zz producers of window and plate TheCrystal Palace held the Great Exhibition of Blass. 1851 | | Joseph Paxton f k Curtain walls were used Steel skeletons were covered with masonry Large skylights were popular Lacked in imagination and style Main focus was functionality19 Century: Applications of Iron Sia!) Gustave Eiffel 1823-1932320 metres (1050 ft) tall DAA) Fiatteclexample AY Sulina technique Remains the largest iron construction in the worldGustave Eiffel, Auguste Bartholdi and Richard Morris Hunt, Statue of Liberty, New York City, 1883-86. In New York harbor stands another of Eiffel’s engineering eas ee MN ca es cela for the 151 ft Statue of Liberty eRctc et) Mee] ee sed Ceo) or RST oder tare yy eee eee lane oe Rc cae er eet) Muse ale Meet tel uel) Reet tamara ae \s PRC Rm cherie amet ete meal mas Mare Re Mute advanced diagonally braced ir lint Rome Meola atest Sinn On)19" Century: Applications of Iron Steel STATUE OF LIBERTY Stands 151-ft (46m) One of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing, but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior spiral staircases, to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown.Sullivan, The Prudential Building (also known as the Guaranty Bullding), 1894, Buffalo, NY Louis Both photo: