Understanding GD&T

How do you model a Part ?

● Sketch a rectangle 8 x 4
● Extrude to a certain height
● Sketch a circle R=1 at
center
● Extrude to cut the
rectangle
● Add chamfer
● Add fillet
Feature Definition
● You create a number of
operations to model the
physical portion [feature] of
the Part.

● The part on the left has 9

feature:
● 6 from the box sides,
● 1 from cylinder
● 1 from fillet
●
1 from chamfer
Feature Properties
● Each feature has
● Dimension [size]
● Orientation [e.g
perpendicular]
● Position [to other
feature]
● Internal [pin] / external
[hole] properties
Why Tolerancing ?
● CAD outputs are ideal ● How to specify?
model ● Linear [+ - limits]
● Manufacturing processes ● Geometric
are prone to variation:
● Surface imperfection ● 3 Strategies:
● Tool wear
● Full Linear
● Etc.
● Linear + Geometric
● So, specify the tolerance.
● Full Geometric
Strategy #1:
Linear – Original Drawing
Strategy #1:
Linear – Possibilities
Strategy #1:
Linear -Explanation
●
[a] is the original drawing
●
[b] shows perfectly square, max size [6.375] , centered hole [3.1875]
based on size
●
[c] shows perfectly square, min size [6.325], centered hole [3.1625] based
on size
●
[d] shows possible outcome since orientation is not controlled
●
[e] shows combination of [b] and [c]
●
[f] shows variability on one side
●
[g] shows perfectly square, max size [b] with hole at ideal [3.175] position
●
All above is still acceptable based on drawing
Strategy #2:
Linear & Geometric: Original Drawing
Strategy #2:
Linear & Geometric: Possibilities
Strategy #2:
Linear & Geometric: Explanation
●
[a] is the original drawing
●
[b] shows perfectly square, max. size [6.375] , centered hole [3.1875] based
on size [same as linear]
●
[c] shows perfectly square, min size [6.325], centered hole [3.1625] based on
size [same as linear]
●
[d] shows allowable deviation based on perpendicularity [0.025]
●
[e] shows combination of [b] and [c]
●
[f] shows variability on one side
●
[g] shows perfectley squared, max. size, with allowable hole position. Note
that in this case, the hole position is independent of square size.
●
All above is still acceptable based on drawing
Strategy #3:
Geometric: Original Drawing
Strategy #3:
Geometric: Possibilities
Strategy #3:
Explanation
● The profile tolerance of 0.05 control the square
size with respect to the hole position.
● The profile tolerance of 0.025 control the square
shape [edges] variability.
Why Geometric?
● Bonus tolerance
● Allow the use of
Material Condition
● Which leads to more
bonus tolerance.
Material Condition
●
Refer to the size of the feature with maximum
[MMC]or least [LMC] material condition.
●
PIN with dia. 2 +- 0.05 in has:
●
2.005 in diameter at MMC
●
1.995 in diameter at LMC
●
HOLE with dia. 2 +- 0.05 in has:
●
1.995 in diameter at MMC
● 2.005 in diameter at LMC
Example: Linear
Example: Linear
● The tolerances are +-0.05 linear for both pin and
hole.
● This means the hole and pin can move inside a
square of 0.010 x 0.010.
● Virtual condition [VC] of pin and hole location are
given in the third figure.
● The dashed lines indicate the bonus area if
geometrical tolerances are applied instead.
Example: Geometric
Example: Geometric
● Following the figure on
the left,
● By applying geometric
tolerance, the
allowable position of
the pin and holes can
be increased to 0.14.
Example: Geo + MMC
Example: Geo + MMC
● Position tolerance of 0.14 @ MMC is specified on
the hole.
● This means:
● When the hole is at MMC, that is 2.74 in diameter,
● The hole position can still deviate 0.14 in from the ideal
one.
● The hole size deviation from MMC can be added as
bonus tolerance.
Example: Geo + MMC
Example: Geo + 0 @ MMC
Example: Geo + 0 @ MMC
●
Position tolerance of 0 @ MMC is specified on the
hole.
●
This means:
●
When the hole is at MMC, that is 2.60 in diameter,
●
The hole is in its perfect form.
●
The hole size deviation from MMC can be added as
bonus tolerance.
● Note that Hole diameter @ MMC = Pin Diameter @ MMC.
Comparison
Composite Tolerance
Pattern locating

Feature relating
Composite Tolerance
● The Position tolerance of 0.020 @ MMC with ABC is
called Pattern Locating Tolerance Zone
Framework.
● Control the pattern feature relative to the datum
● Letter A orients the 0.20 diameter cylindrical tolerance
zone perpendicular to Datum A.
● Letter B and C locates the tolerance zone with basic
dimension.
Composite Tolerance
● The Position tolerance of 0.006 @ MMC with A is called Feature Relating
Control.
● Refinement of Pattern Locating tolerance
● Govern feature to feature relationship in pattern feature.
● Letter A orients the 0.006 diameter cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular to
Datum A.
● Basic dimension between features in the pattern is 2.000
● No other datum are specified, so the pattern can translate and rotate.
● Portions of the smaller tolerance zones may fall outside their respective larger
tolerance zones, but those portions are unusable.
● The entire feature axis must fall inside both its respective tolerance zones in order
to satisfy the requirements specified by the composite feature control frame.
Composite Tolerance
 Composite Tolerance
● The composite tolerance requires that
● The axis of the hole pattern
● Lies inside cylindrical tolerance zone with 0.020 dia.
● And each axis of the hole feature
● Lies inside a cylindrical tolerance zone with 0.006 dia.
● Perpendicular to A
Composite Tolerance
Composite Tolerance
● When 2 datums are used on 0.006 tolerance:
● Letter A constraint the orientation [perpendicularity]
● Letter B constraint the parallelism between features in
pattern.
● The pattern can still move up and down as long as they
are parallel to datum B.
Composite Tolerance
 Composite Tolerance
● The composite tolerance requires that
● The axis of the hole pattern
● Lies inside cylindrical tolerance zone with 0.020 dia.
● And each axis of the hole feature
● Lies inside a cylindrical tolerance zone with 0.006 dia.
● Perpendicular to A
● Parallel to B
Multi Single Segment Position Tolerance
Multi Single Segment Position Tolerance
●
Same as composite, the lower segment refines the
upper one.
●
The datum is read differently [from composite].
●
For the upper part, usual position tolerance applied:
● The axis the hole pattern will be inside a cylindrical
tolerance zone with dia. 0.020.
●
Perpendicular to Datum A
●
Basic dimensions from Datum B & C
Multi Single Segment Position Tolerance
● For the lower part:
● The axis of each hole feature will be inside a cylindrical
tolerance zone with dia. 0.006.
● Perpendicular to Datum A
● Basic dimensions from Datum B
● CAN move left and right as it is not constrained by
datum C.
Multi Single Segment Position Tolerance