UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JEEPNEY MODERNIZATION: A GLANCE ON

THE DRIVER’S AND COMMUTER’S COMFORT

A Research Paper Presented to

the University of Santo Tomas
Senior High School
Accounting, Business and Management (ABM) Strand
Espana, Manila

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Subject
Research 2
(Proposal Writing)

Submitted by
Agngarayngay, Caryle D.
Carrillo, Joaquin Arto L.
Evangelista, Hannah Jeiselle S.
Galvez, Patrick Louis V.
Marfal, Emed Princess L.
Sanchez, Ma. Veronica C.

May 2021
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2

ABSTRACT
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3

APPROVAL SHEET
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page 1
Abstract 2
Approval Sheet 3
Table Of Contents 4
List of Tables 6
List of Figures 7
Acknowledgments 8
Chapter 1 Problem and Its Background 9
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Objectives of the Study 11
1.3 Statement of the Problem 12
1.4 Significance of the Study 13
1.5 Scope and Limitations 15
1.6 Definition of Terms 15

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 18

2.1 Theoretical Framework 18
2.2 Conceptual Framework 20
2.3 Public Transportation 21
2.4 The Dimensions of Jeepney Modernization 23
2.4.1 Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Project 23
2.4.2. Sustainable Transport 25
2.4.3. Passenger Safety and Convenience 26
2.4.4. Economic and Livelihood Decline 27
2.4.5. Fleet Modernization 29
2.4.6. Jeepney Franchising and Consolidation 30
2.5 Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature 32
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 5

Chapter 3 Methodology 34
3.1 Research Design 34
3.2 Population and Sampling 37
3.3 Research Instrument 37
3.4 Data Gathering Procedure 39
3.5 Data Analysis 40
3.6 Ethical Consideration 41
References 42
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 6

LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
1 Five Point Liker Scale Rating 40
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 7

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Research Paradigm 20
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 8

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 9

CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction

In this current, fast developing world, transportation remains vital to us

humans. There are various modes of transportation, from buses to trains, certainly

these vehicles improve our lives. It makes travelling faster and more efficient.

Before any mode of transportation, humans travelled using their feet. Fortunately,

from 4000 BC to 3000 BC, humans started to use animals such as donkeys, horses

and camels to travel. In 3500 BC, the first wheel originated in Iraq with the help

of wood. Transportation back then pioneered in order to adjust to the comforts of

us humans. Bicycles, trains, automobiles, trucks, aircraft, and trams were among

the several new modes of transportation invented in the 17th through 18th

centuries. The first internal combustion engine car developed back in 1906. A

variety of transportation systems, including vessels, ships, aircraft, and

automobiles wielded internal combustion engines (Robertson, 2021).

Here in the Philippines, one of the most known modes of transportation is

the jeepney. Jeepneys are known as the “Kings of the Road”. The word jeepney

came from the combination of the terms Jeep and Jitney. A jitney refers to a small

bus that transports people around town for a small fare (Robles, 2019). According

to the study conducted by Biona et al. (2017), the Philippine public utility jeepney

(PUJ) is an iconic mode of transportation that symbolizes ingenuity, including the

capacity to adapt, of the Filipino people. Jeepneys are previously modified from

US military jeeps vacated by American soldiers at the end of WWII subsequently,

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 10

Filipino citizens transformed the spare parts of the recycled machinery into a

passenger type vehicle with a maximum capacity of six passengers, designed it in

bright colors, along with the installed metal roofs to shelter each passenger from

the sunlight and windows for adequate ventilation, as stated by Coz, Flores,

Hernandez, & Portuz (2015). These vehicles appear to be produced by local

manufacturers then eventually sold to the operators as brand-new vehicles. This

demonstrates that the history of the jeepney has developed over the decades and

will continue to progress in order to cope with the modernization growth in the

transportation industry supported by Agaton, Guno, Villanueva, & Villanueva

(2019). The government launched the ‘Public Utility Vehicle Modernization

Program' (PUVMP) in 2017, which is an ambitious modernization program

introducing a new set of regulatory requirements that will see ageing regular

vehicles removed from public service replacing with modernized jeepneys

(German Agency for International Cooperation, 2019).

As mentioned earlier, humans live in a fast-developing world and along

with this, the population is also growing larger each minute. This is one of the

major problems faced in the field of transportation. The leading cause of traffic

congestion is due to the increase of private vehicles. According to the German

Agency for International Cooperation (2019), as of 2017, congestion in the capital

region of Metro Manila alone had estimated to cost the country USD 67 million

per day due to lost opportunities, additional fuel consumption, and health costs.

This is an increase of 46% from the congestion cost estimated in 2014. Annually,
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 11

this adds up to about USD 24 billion – or over 10% of the Philippine Gross

Domestic Product (GDP). Most people prefer to use private cars due to its

comfort and accessibility. This study is important because through evaluating the

level of satisfaction of both drivers and passengers and sharing these findings and

analysis, measuring the effectiveness of modernized jeepneys would be possible.

The researchers will assess the level of comfort of drivers and commuters of

modernized jeepneys in terms of physical design and structure, fare

expenses/compensation, physiological safety and convenience, and environmental

friendliness. By doing this, modernized jeepneys would be able to be improved,

paving the way for more individuals to use modernized jeepneys instead of cars,

which will also lessen the traffic congestion. Many studies have explored aspects

of implementation, challenges, and energy consumption. They have often looked

at the mobility transitions and stakeholders’ perceptions of modernized jeepneys

in the informal sector; however, they have not always sufficiently explored the

drivers' and commuters' perception.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

This research study aims to do this general objective:

1. To evaluate the effectiveness of jeepney modernization through the

level of comfort of the drivers and passengers.

This research study also aims to do these specific objectives:

1. To provide suggestions on how to improve the comfort level of

modernized jeepneys
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 12

2. To give ideas on how to accommodate different types of passengers.

3. To determine the improvements of the public transportation sector as

well as the decrease of traffic congestion and pollution.

4. To help people understand how the use of the public utility jeepney will

benefit not only them, but also the community and environment.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to determine the factors in jeepney modernization

that may affect the level of comfort among the drivers and commuters. This

present study specifically seeks to answer these following questions

1. What is the profile of the participants according to:

1.1 age,

1.2 years of driving experience/commuting experience,

1.3 city,

1.4 point of origin and destination?

2. How does jeep modernization affect the level of comfort of the drivers

in terms of:

2.1 length of travel/time/punctuality,

2.2 environmental friendliness,

2.3 physical design and structure,

2.4 route/destination board,

2.5 income, and

2.6 system support

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 13

3. How does jeep modernization affect the level of comfort of the

commuters in terms of:

3.1 length of travel/time/punctuality,

3.2 environmental friendliness,

3.3 physical design and structure,

3.4 route/destination board, and

3.5 expenses/travel expenses/fare

4. Is there a significant relation between the respondent’s profile and their

level of comfort?

5. How do the modernized jeepneys affect the level of comfort among the

drivers and commuters?

1.4 Significance of the Study

Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program is a way to modernize our

old ways of transportation, In order to achieve a more effective and

environmentally sustainable solution, which calls for phasing-out jeepneys, buses

and other Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) that are at least 15 years old and

replacing them with safer, more comfortable and more environmentally-friendly

alternatives. This study aims to benefit the following:

Commuters. One of the beneficiaries of this study are commuters as their

comfort and public safety will be improved. The Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ)

modernization program also offers security since it is intended in new jeepney

models to mount closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and Global

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 14

Positioning System (GPS). Drivers will also be taught to be more disciplined on

the lane, according to the order.

Jeepney drivers. The drivers will also benefit from this because just like

the commuters, their comfort and safety will be improved as well.

Environment. The study will benefit the environment as it is evident that

most air pollution comes from engines. Therefore, most automotive makers are

upgrading their models constantly to reduce toxic emissions, and the Public

Utility Jeepney (PUJ) modernization program is proposing “greener” models

which can help improve the country’s air quality.

Public Transportation Sector. This paper will help improve the public

transport in our country. It will give suggestions to help make the modernization

of jeepneys more effective and will lessen traffic congestion as more people will

choose to commute.

Economy. The data gathered will improve the public transport service in

order to fulfill the needs and comfort of the drivers and commuters. This will

result in the increase of drivers and commuters which will benefit our economy.

Future Researchers. This study will benefit other researchers in this field

because this study could provide them basic information about the effectiveness

of jeepney modernization and could further develop the definition and scope of

the study.
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 15

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The study will be conducted in different places in Manila. It will focus on

the effectiveness of the modernization of jeepneys in these selected places as well

as how it affects the comfort experience of the drivers and commuters. The

effectiveness and comfort will be measured through the length of travel, time,

punctuality, income, physical design and structure, environmental friendliness,

and travel expenses. Moreover, drivers of traditional jeepneys will be excluded in

the study as the researchers will only include drivers who have experienced

driving of modernized jeepneys. The study will be conducted during the school

year 2020-2021 until the first semester of school year 2021-2022.

1.6 Definition of Terms

The terms that have been used are defined based on how it will be utilized

in the study.

Department of Transportation (DOTr) is the primary coordinating unit

of the government regarding planning and implementing federal transportation

projects and is responsible for regulating safety requirements for public

transportation. They are also the ones who launched the Public Utility Vehicle

Modernization Program (PUVMP) in 2017.

Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) is the

primary government agency responsible for the development and regulation of all

transportations and communications in the country.

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 16

Jeepneys are also known as “jeeps”. Jeeps are bus-like vehicles used as

public transportation in the Philippines. It is the easiest and most affordable mode

of transportation.

Land Transportation Office (LTO) is an agency of the Philippine

government that is responsible for all land transportations in the country.

Modernization is the process of modifying something in order to fit with

modern requirements and uses.

Paratransit is a public transport service that does not follow any fixed

routes or schedules. It is considered as the most flexible public transport that

provides commuters with comfort.

Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) is a means of communication and

transportation that focuses on budget friendly transportation for the poor.

Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) refers to a motor vehicle considered as a

public transport conveyance or common carrier duly registered with the Land

Transportation Office (LTO) and granted a franchise by the Land Transportation

Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) (Republic Act No. 10916, 2016).

Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) is a flagship

program of the Duterte administration which envisions a restructured, modern,

well-managed and environmentally sustainable transport sector where drivers and

operators have stable, sufficient and dignified livelihoods while commuters get to

their destinations quickly, safely and comfortably (PUV Modernization | LTFRB,

2020).
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 17

Global Positioning System (GPS) refers to a device that detects signals

and uses them to triangulate their position, heading, speed, altitude and other

information.

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is a system that allows the use of video

cameras to monitor the interior and exterior of a property, transmitting the signal

to a monitor or set of monitors.

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 18

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of literature that supports the present

study about the effectiveness of jeepney modernization specifically looking into

the comfort of the said vehicle. These were taken from books and journal articles

from past research studies.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a

theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes

the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists (Swanson,

2013). The theoretical framework consists of the Three-Factor Theory and the

Contract-choice theory, which is helpful to the researchers in conducting their

study.

The Three-Factor Theory was proposed by Dr David Sirota, an

organizational researcher and consultant. His work was based on surveys from

over four million workers around the world along with focus groups, interviews,

case studies, and informal observations. This theory is composed of three factors:

equity, achievement and camaraderie. Equity focuses on how fairness plays an

important part in workers’ satisfaction. On the other hand, achievement talks

about how the workers want to do important, useful work, and be recognized for it.

Lastly, camaraderie highlights how people want to enjoy good relationships with
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 19

their co-workers. The researchers decided to focus on the first factor. Under the

first factor there are 4 components. These are physiological safety, fair

compensation, economic security and psychological health in evaluating the

satisfaction. These components will be a guide for the researchers to measure the

satisfaction of the drivers and commuters of modernized jeepneys.

This theory focuses on the three factors and their importance in order to

achieve worker satisfaction. The researchers would be able to incorporate these

factors, mainly the first one, in evaluating the satisfaction of both the driver and

passengers of the modernized jeepney. The theory suggests that these factors are

essential in order to achieve a high level of satisfaction among workers, which in

this case are drivers. Nevertheless, this theory will also be used to perceive

satisfaction among the passengers, as physiological safety, fair compensation, and

psychological health affects the passengers' satisfaction. In addition, it will be

useful to the researchers in assessing how to improve the level of satisfaction and

contribute recommendations basing it from the factors lacking above, along with

the respondents' answers.

On the other hand, Contract-choice theory is a hypothesis that the

penetration of markets into isolated local communities in the country changes risk

and transaction costs so as to make the fixed-rent contract relatively preferable to

the output-sharing contract (Otsuka, Kikuchi, & Hayami, 1986).

To test this hypothesis, the researchers attempted on a curtain article so as

to analyze the system of rental contracts of the jeepney and an informal bus in the
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 20

country. First, they need to summarize the characteristics of jeepney operations

and rental contracts. Second, to have an alternative hypothesis that is postulated

on the interregional difference in the choice of jeepney rental contracts. Finally,

those hypotheses will be subjected to empirical tests based on an intensive survey

(Otsuka et al., 1986).

The result of their analysis revealed a mechanism of efficient contract

enforcement based on personal ties in small rural communities in the country and

identified weakening of the community relationship as a major factor underlying a

shift from the share to the leasehold contract. Finally, policy implications of the

results of our analysis will be discussed in this study.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1
Research Paradigm
JEEPNEY
MODERNIZATION

Length of travel / time /

EQUITY punctuality
(physiological safety, fair
compensation, economic Income
security, psychological
health)
Physical Design

Rental Contract System Environmental

Friendliness
Travel Expenses

Driver’s and Commuter’s Comfort

The paradigm above will illustrate and define the relevant variables in the

study and will show how jeepney modernization will have an effect on the level
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 21

of comfort for the driver and commuters. The independent variable is the

effectiveness of the jeepney modernization specifically in the drivers and

commuters comfort, which is the objective of a research project and what the

researchers want to discover. The dependent variables which are: length of travel/

time/punctuality, income, physical design and structure, environmental

friendliness, and expenses/travel expenses, these are the ones being measured in

the study and the independent variable will have an effect on. The controlled

variables are: city, fare, and jeep; the researchers ought to keep these variables

constant or unchanged throughout the course of the study.

2.3 Public Transportation

Jeepneys are one of the few ways of public transportation in the

Philippines. It is considered to be very essential especially for those who don't

own a personal vehicle. Although the usage of jeepneys in the country is

considered to be important in society, the transport sector contributes a lot of

societal problems such as congestion, carbon emissions and accidents (Moradi

and Vagnoni, 2018). Due to the following negative effects of this sector, it was

suggested by the DOTr to have a project entirely based on the modernization of

jeepneys. Jeep modernization aims to implement positive change in the country's

land transportation. Thus, it seeks to have a more modern and friendlier version of

jeepneys on the road. This project may also lead to the phasing out of old
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 22

jeepneys to give way for the newer versions of public transportation (Moradi and

Vagnoni, 2018).

The concept of 'informal transport' is contested and used in various

contexts. This may apply to “public transit services offered without legal

recognition” (Cervero & Golub, 2007, p. 445); it usually “defines unauthorized

and ungoverned modes of transport with efficient fares, schedules and routes”

(Evans, O'Brien, & Ch Ng, 2018, p.674). However, some scholars claim that

informality refers to operations that are unlicensed or unregulated: "Therefore, the

act of licensing operators or granting a system with legal status would not result in

a formal system immediately" (Sengers & Raven, 2014, p.465). Informality

“refers to services for which no, or only a weak, formal regulatory framework

exists and/or where existing state regulations are not fully enforced. This takes the

form of, among several other aspects, ineffective government regulation, lacking

service requirements, unaccredited operators, non-compliance with traffic laws,

road safety concerns and other inefficiencies (Ehebrecht, Heinrichs, & Lenz, 2018,

p. 243).

Metropolitan Manila's public transit system comprises: (a) 4 railway

networks with an overall length of 77 km; and (b) public transport sector services,

such as buses, jeepneys and AUV Express services (AUVs). The jeepney

transportation sector operated for about 40 percent of commuter trips within

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 23

Metro Manila, making it the country's most prevalent mode of road-based

transport system (German Agency for International Cooperation, 2016).

2.4 The Dimensions of Jeepney Modernization

2.4.1 Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Project

According to Sunio, Agamosa, Caswang, & Vinoya (2020), the

current Philippine government already labels the Public Utility Vehicle

Modernization Project (PUVMP) as the largest non-infrastructure, public

transport policy framework. Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Project

(PUVMP) is a transport development program led by the State. The

authors state that through this project, the State conducts a major

restructuring of road-based public transport. According to the authors, this

is done not only through regulating the transport system along a

sustainable course, but also by introducing state instruments to actively

involve multiple stakeholders and actors in the growth and creation of a

modern and environmentally sustainable transport sector.

In developing countries, masses of people depend on informal

transportation for their daily mobility, which are mostly provided by small

operators. The informal transport sector in the Philippines is densely

populated and individualized, leading to massive numbers of single

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 24

operators competing on the streets (Sunio, Gaspay, Guillen, Mariano,

Mora, 2019).

The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Project (PUVMP),

regarded as the current administration's flagship non-infrastructure project,

is not only about the modernization and smartification of all road-based

public transport (both formal and informal), but also about the revision of

thought, doing and organizing the public transport sector. The entire

process is designed to be achieved progressively over a three-year

transition period (2017-2020). This project is part of the government's

strategy to enhance the efficiency and environmental sustainability of the

country's public transport services (German Agency for International

Cooperation, 2019). On June 19 2017, when the Omnibus Franchising

Guidelines (OFG) took effect, the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization

Project (PUVMP) was formally launched.

Road-based PT in the Philippines compromises variety of modes:

buses (city buses, regional buses and exclusive point-to-point buses), taxis

(traditional taxis and ride-hailing service providers), point-to-point 'AUV'

(Asian Utility Vehicles), jeepneys, motorcycles and tricycles (German

Agency for International Cooperation, 2019). Since jeepneys populate the

land public transport, the modernization of these small informal transport

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 25

vehicles, characterized by their cramped seats and rusty, smoke-belching

motors, is a significant concern of this project (Sunio et al., 2020).

2.4.2 Sustainable Transport

Most of the operational jeepneys are now relatively old and

dilapidated. Around 90 percent of the nationwide jeepney vehicles are 15

years old and above. Most of these jeepneys are constructed with second-

hand motors imported from Japan and Korea. According to Biona et al.

(2017), "the Isuzu C190, C240 and Mitsubishi 4DR5 fuel most of the

jeepneys built in the 1980s, while the newer models are mostly built with

Isuzu 4BC2, 4BA1 and 4BE1 engines to accommodate a larger seating

capacity. These motors are based on a naturally aspirated platform for

indirect injection that is considered having substantially higher emissions

than current diesel technologies (Biona et al., 2017)). Extreme air

pollution levels in urban areas have also been primarily attributed to the

transport sector, in particular to dilapidated and smoke-belching jeepneys.

The issue of air pollution prompted the legislation of Republic Act 8749,

commonly known as the 1999 Clean Air Act, which governs motor

vehicle emissions.

Considering high numbers and low fuel efficiency, jeepneys are

the most "sensitive" mode of transport. An independent research

conducted indicates that jeepneys function about 100-150 kilometers per

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 26

day on average, which translates to a minimum of 35,000 kilometers per

year. Certainly, it is not really possible to expect a significant decline in

jeepney vehicle operation and therefore gasoline consumption values are

set to rise rapidly (Gota, 2014).

According to German Agency for International Cooperation (2016),

modernization refers to the replacement of traditional, polluting and

unstable jeepneys with safer and more efficient vehicles. Alternatives for

new vehicles are considered to be various technical options, but the

minimum criterion to be met is at least the Euro 4 standards. Some

vehicles were 100% electric, using lithium ion batteries housed in a

waterproof framework to protect them from rain and flood.

2.4.3 Passenger Safety and Convenience

Although specific stops for jeepneys have been provided by the

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB), they do

not abide by them and stop anytime if a passenger decides to board or

alight the vehicle. One of the principal reasons for road network

congestion, particularly in the major networks including Epifanio de los

Santos Avenue (EDSA), has been the practice of loading and unloading

anywhere (Narboneta & Teknomo, 2016).

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 27

German Agency for International Cooperation (2019) states that

through implementing new vehicle regulations, the modernization

program not only concerns emissions, but also safety, passenger

accessibility and other operational issues. The organization affirms that

new vehicles must be installed with a Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV),

Global Positioning System (GPS) and Automatic Fare Collection System

(AFCS). According to the organization, the specifications of modern

public transport vehicles, including dash cameras, Closed-Circuit

Televisions (CCTV), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Global Positioning

System (GPS) and Automated Fare Collection System (AFCS) are

available in all classes. In line with this, all of them will be fully air-

conditioned, friendly to all, including Persons With Disabilities (PWD),

and at least Euro 4 emission standard compliant.

2.4.4 Economic and Livelihood Decline

Sunio et al. (2020) specifies that the government had already

decided to phase out outdated jeepneys as early as 2004, claiming them to

be both road potential dangers and environmentally damaging. The

authors claimed that the government again declared in 2015 a mandatory

phase out of jeepneys that are 15 years old and above, which will occur

immediately in 2017. Nevertheless, this paper expresses that the necessary

phase-out was never launched because phasing out of old jeepneys for
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 28

many drivers and operators would mean a loss of livelihood. There was no

structural adjustment strategy and agenda on the part of the government

found in the paper, beyond a mere phase-out. The paper concludes that in

the case of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Project (PUVMP),

transport operators are the most afflicted by the destabilization processes,

as they do not have the financial resources to modernize their fleet. The

authors stated, "The most active opposition to the jeepney modernization

program is represented by transport groups'' (p.12). The project is very

much about phasing out old jeepneys for many transport classes, leading

to the loss of the livelihood of thousands of jeepney drivers and operators

countrywide.

A study result showed that most jeepney operators or drivers

declined to support the jeepney modernization program because they have

no resources to sustain the modernized unit. Meanwhile, the perception of

passengers on the projected financial and minimum fare is that it is only

affordable for the middle and the working class. The passengers believed

that the modernization of the jeepney was a major development towards

globalization. According to the data, as jeepneys are the cheapest transport

in the country, all passengers have selected jeepneys as their transport

mode. In addition, multiple stakeholders were concerned about the

increasing unemployment rate that was induced by the modernization

program. They have no other alternative but to terminate the operations of

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 29

independent jeepney operators and drivers who did not use the modernized

machine. When the jeepney modernization was introduced, the biggest

factor that hindered their full support of the program was the elimination

of the cultural lineage of jeepneys (Andalecio, Aquino, Cruz, Guzman, &

Kiong, 2020).

2.4.5 Fleet Modernization

Sunio et al. (2020) introduces that an approximate number of

179,000 public utility jeepneys are to be substituted with new units in the

Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Project (PUVMP). According to the

author, there are three classes of Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) provided

by the DOTr as options and these are: (a) Class 1 modern jeepneys that are

a 9-12-seater Public Utility Vehicle (PUV), which are best suited for

narrow barangay, municipal or provincial roads, (b) Class 2, and (c) Class

3 with a maximum of 23 passenger seating capacity that are currently

being seen as jeepney replacement.

Class 1 is estimated to be priced at less than 1 million pesos

(20,000 USD), whereas Class 2 and Class 3 are priced at least 1.6 million

pesos (32,000 USD) each (Sunio et al., 2020). The author explains that the

Department of Transportation (DOTr) has signed an agreement with two

state-owned banks, namely the Development Bank of the Philippines

(DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP), to formulate a loan
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 30

program as a form of financial assistance to enterprises to purchase better

vehicles. The research describes the conditions of the lending which are

represented as 5-6-7: the borrower's 5 percent equity contribution, 6

percent interest, and seven years to repay loans. According to the author, a

5 percent-equity contribution of 80,000 pesos is expected to purchase a

vehicle worth 1.6 million pesos. The government then agreed to offer a

"equity subsidy" worth 80,000 pesos per car, as this is well beyond the

financial ability of many operators, given that the old vehicles are dropped

and abandoned for scrappage (Sunio et al., 2020).

In an attempt to make use of a modernized jeepney, operators must

(1) form/organize a transport service cooperative/consolidate individual

franchises into a cooperative franchise; (2) submit an application to

eliminate and replace old units/apply for a franchise (for the development

route); (3) request for a Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) or

Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) loan.

2.4.6 Jeepney Franchising and Consolidation

Jeepneys are one of the basic forms of transportation in the

Philippines. Jeepney has a capacity of 12 to 22 passengers (Vergel, 2014)

depending on how wide and long the vehicle is. Manila as the national

capital region has a population roughly around 12.8 million alone having

the highest percentage of the population in the whole country (Philippine

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 31

Statistics Authority, 2015). Metro Manila commuters depend on the

jeepney as their main mode of transportation (Pante, 2016).

The use of jeepney started in World War II when people had a

rough time travelling from one place to another. They had to improvise

and use the G.I jeeps which came from the United States (Torres, 1979).

Passing from generation to generation, the use of jeepneys continued and

became a leading public transportation. Since the jeepney contributes too

much pollution, the government implemented the Clean Air Act of the

Philippines enforcing vehicles to switch to a cleaner engine which must be

Euro 4 diesel engines or even better engines (Department of

Transportation, 2017). In the same year electric jeepneys were introduced

in the market and the government had the idea of transitioning Public

Utility Vehicles (PUVs) into cleaner public transportation (Department of

Transportation, 2017).

The Land Transformation Franchising and Regulatory Board

(LTFRB) is mandated to issue franchises in the form of Certificates of

public convenience (CPCs), which also allows them to revise, suspend and

even cancel. It is seen as a continuation of regulatory shifts which began in

1997. The Department of Transportation (DOTr) provided the standard

classification of public transportation under the Department Order (No.

97–1097) “Providing Standard Classification for all Public Transport

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 32

Conveyances”. This policy changed from time to time in order to keep up

with the demands of public users. In 2015, the Land Transportation

Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) decided to revise the existing

policy and add new categories of services that were aiming to promote

mobility and the use of public transportation. However, during the phases

of changing policies the demand of passengers has continued to grow

rapidly and the relatively low supply of legal public transportation

vehicles has led to the proliferation of unauthorized or ‘colorum’ vehicles

(Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board, 2015)

2.5 Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature

The review of related literature has brought upon the knowledge of the

introduction of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) and

the important factors that must be considered in order for the success of the

project. It also explains the reason why the project was created in the first place.

The government has deemed the current state of public transport to produce too

many negative effects to the environment and public safety (Moradi and Vagnoni,

2018). The implementation of rules regarding the routines to be followed by

drivers are also overlooked and ignored by most, thus not just affecting road

traffic but also other parts of the community (Narboneta & Teknomo, 2016).

The project is being implemented due to the importance of jeepneys to the

nation. They have served as one of the most prominent methods of transportation
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 33

and are irreplaceable, not just because of the convenience that it brings but also

due to their historical value (German Agency for International Cooperation, 2019).

If the project is implemented properly, it is expected not to only improve road

travel and safety, but also reduce pollution, improve travel punctuality, and thus

positively affect the whole country.

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 34

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the methods that will be used to effectively collect

the data. It also includes and explains the research design, population and

sampling, research instrument, data gathering procedure, data analysis and ethical

considerations.

3.1 Research Design

The researchers agreed that gathering detailed information using a

quantitative and qualitative method from a sample of modernized jeepney drivers

and passengers would provide a more meaningful explanation for their findings.

The study intends to collect original data from both modernized jeepney drivers

and passengers. The mixed-method approach aims to gain a deeper understanding

of how modernized jeepneys influence the comfort of both drivers and passengers.

Mixed method research is a systematic approach to data gathering and analysis

that integrates multiple sources and types of data, along with multiple approaches,

such as quantitative and qualitative analytical procedures, with the purpose of

engaging multiple perspectives (Bazeley, 2018; Creamer & Reeping, 2020). Since

the research is expected to collect data in accordance with established health and

safety protocols, the sample size and response rate are anticipated to be low;

however, as Younis, Sundarakani, & O’Mahony (2020) suggests, using a

qualitative approach as an additional phase will further improve the data.

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 35

Quantitative analysis entails having instruments to collect numerical data

(Creswell, 1999). Qualitative research includes “collecting text (e.g. interview

data, fieldnotes of the researcher) or visual information (e.g. pictures, videotapes,

photographs) from participants at a site or setting” (Creswell, 1999). The

approach enables researchers to “understand “how” and “why” individuals behave

in certain ways” (Crotty, 1998; Myers, 2008). The researchers will apply a

qualitative approach to investigate a specific phenomenon that arises and then

interpret the issues based on data collected from respondents (Masri, 2012).

Creswell (1999) notes that a researcher should administer an instrument to a

sample of a population to incorporate quantitative and qualitative methods

(quantitative data collection). He adds that the researcher then examines the

results, identifies outlier cases, and performs in-depth interviews with a few

participants among the sample (qualitative). Masri (2012) states that to improve

the validity and reliability of interpretation and description, researchers should use

both primary and secondary sources interchangeably. Pluye & Hong (2014) and

Creswell & Clark (2007) affirms that integrating approaches can be synergistic,

resulting in a broader understanding of research problems as well as a new

phenomenon (qualitative methods) and the ability to measure their effects

(quantitative methods). The additional phase in integrated methods is exponential

rather than additive (Creamer & Reeping, 2020). Integration, conforming to

Bazeley (2018), is "purposeful interdependence between different sources,

methods, or approaches" (p. 7).

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 36

Expansion is one of the goals of mixed-method analysis, as reported by

Greene, Caracelli, and Graham (1989), which intends to broaden the scope and

range of inquiry by using multiple methods for varying inquiry components. One

of the main reasons for conducting a mixed-method analysis, according to

Creswell (1999), is that converging or triangulating the findings from qualitative

and quantitative methods yields more or better knowledge than one method alone.

In agreement with the author, the idea is to combine knowledge from qualitative

and quantitative approaches conducted independently from each other. If the

purpose of this analysis is to converge or triangulate the results, the methods can

be used at the same time, in line with the author. Furthermore, the procedure can

be used in a dependent manner, which is when the methods are applied to the

same population or community of people. This aims to analyze the a.)

independent variable using the b.) dependent variables in understanding the

respondents’ perception. It explored a new perspective of a.) jeepney

modernization, in terms of b.) equity factor and rental contract system in

investigating the effectiveness of jeepney modernization. In doing so, the

researchers seek to analyze the respondents’ perception with regards to the

modernized jeepneys length of travel/time/punctuality, income, physical design

and structure, and environmental friendliness. This type of research was chosen

because the goal of the researchers is to attain data from the respondents’

perception about the modernized jeepneys with regards to its length of

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 37

travel/time/punctuality, income, physical design and structure, and environmental

friendliness to analyze the level of both drivers’ and commuters’ comfort.

3.2 Population and Sampling

The study population of this research is made up of electric jeepney

drivers and along with passengers of electric jeepneys. This study focuses on the

factors that can affect the level of comfort among drivers and passengers of e-

jeepney. Snowball non-probability sampling will be used for data collection of

our study. This sampling technique was chosen because the participants needed in

this study are limited to e-jeep drivers and passengers that have experienced

riding electrical jeepneys. Thus, there are not many e-jeep drivers in the country.

Also, by this sampling technique we can recruit future participants from our

current participants that are their acquaintances or colleagues.

The researchers have decided that we will be having a total of five (5)

participants for the interview of e-jeep drivers and a total of one hundred (100)

participants for the questionnaire that is to be answered by passengers that have

experienced riding electrical jeepneys.

3.3 Research Instrument

Since the researchers believe that the mixed method approach is best for

their study, they used two research instruments. The instruments they decided to

use were an interview and questionnaire. The questions used by the researchers

are all original.

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 38

According to O’Leary (2014), surveying is the process by which the

researcher collects data through a questionnaire. A questionnaire is the instrument

for collecting the primary data (Cohen, 2013). Primary data by extension is data

that would not otherwise exist if it were not for the research process and is

collected through both questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires have many

uses, most notably to discover what the masses are thinking. These include:

market research, political polling, customer service feedback, evaluations, opinion

polls, and social science research (O’Leary, 2014). In this study, the researchers

will use the questionnaire to gather customer service feedback and evaluation of

modernized jeepneys from the passengers. The questionnaire will consist of two

sections. The first will collect the participants’ demographic information and the

second will use the Likert scale to evaluate the level of comfort based on the

length of travel time, fare, structure, safety and environmental friendliness.

On the other hand, an ‘interview’ is typically a face-to-face conversation between

a researcher and a participant involving a transfer of information to the

interviewer. Interviews are primarily done in qualitative research and occur when

researchers ask one or more participants general, open-ended questions and record

their answers. Often audiotapes are utilized to allow for more consistent

transcription (Creswell, 2012). The researchers figured that using this instrument

would be helpful because according to McNamara (1999), interviews are

particularly useful for uncovering the story behind a participant’s experiences and

pursuing in-depth information around a topic. McNamara (1999) also stated that
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 39

interviews may be useful to follow-up with individual respondents after

questionnaires, e.g., to further investigate their responses. Through the use of the

interview, the researchers would be able to understand the participants and their

answers better since the questions will focus on their experiences.

3.4 Data Gathering Procedure

Zoom is the interview medium for the data collection used by the

researchers. Once again zoom is a platform that is easy to download and also free

of charge therefore the interviewees have a high level of access to the web portal.

However, if zoom is not available for the interviewees the researchers may also

use other platforms such as google meet or messenger to accommodate the

respondents. The questions will be easy to answer, concise and appropriate

therefore making them comprehensible to the respondents and also avoiding

misinterpretation. The researchers will also ask open-ended questions to

understand the respondent's point of view and experience. The data that will be

gathered from the interviewees will also be private and will not be shared with the

media for privacy purposes and once the data has been gathered the researchers

will start analyzing.

Google Forms will be the medium used for the data collection used by the

researchers. The forms will be sent to the respondents for this is the easiest web

application used to create forms for data collection purposes and is also free of

charge. The questions will use the likert scale that will be appropriate for the

respondents to answer. The data gathered/answers of the respondents will not be

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 40

shared with the media for privacy purposes. After the researchers have gathered

the data they will start analyzing it.

3.5 Data Analysis

The researchers will use the narrative type of analysis which relies on

people’s personal experience and perspective in order to address the questions for

the study. The interview questions are formulated in order to learn about the

feedback of the drivers and passengers of jeepneys when it comes to the

modernized jeepneys, all of which are answered based on their experiences.

Hence, narrative analysis is deemed to be the most optimal fit for this qualitative

interpretation.

The researchers will use a descriptive type of analysis in the data

collection of the questionnaire. The question on the said questionnaire will be

answered on a scale of 1-5, 1 being the lowest score and 5 being the highest score.

The researchers will use a 5-point likert scale to measure the collected data from

the questionnaire, given the table below which shows the ranges of data and their

verbal interpretations.

Formula: Mean: X̄=

Ranges Verbal Interpretation

1-1.79 Very Dissatisfied

1.80-2.59 Dissatisfied

2.60-3.39 Neither Satisfied or Dissatisfied/Neutral

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 41

3.40-4.19 Satisfied

4.20-5 Very Satisfied

3.6 Ethical Consideration

The conduct of research entails several ethical considerations. The

researchers will ask permission to operators of the jeepney drivers that will allow

them to be our participants in the study we will conduct. Upon the approval of the

operators, the researchers sought the drivers who are selected as participants in

the study of the drivers that are using new electrical-jeepneys. The jeepney drivers

will also inform how the activity shall be administered.

Before administering the activity, the participants will be informed ahead

of time. The researchers will prepare a satisfaction survey and open-ended

questions. In addition, the jeepney drivers are expected to finish the survey within

3 to 5 minutes then answering open-ended questions within 15 to 20 minutes. The

survey and the recorded interview session will assure the confidentiality and the

anonymity of the respondents’ identity.

Since one of the main aims of Ethical Consideration is preservation of

personal information, especially of the participants, the researchers shall keep the

data for five years or until new researchers emerge. Though respondents were

coded anonymously, that will not assure preservation of their information and

reconstruction of the study. Thus, in due time, the researchers will dispose of all

the data that will be gathered by either burning or shredding the hard documents,

and reformatting and overwriting the hard drive.

 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 42

REFERENCES
Agaton, C. B., Guno, C. S., Villanueva, R. O., & Villanueva, R. O. (2019). Diesel
or electric
jeepney? A case study of transport investment in the Philippines using the
real options approach. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 10(2032-6653).
https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10030051

Andalecio, A. B. P., Aquino, K. E. C., Cruz, C. F. A., Guzman, A. D., & Kiong,
N. T. C. (2020).
Implementation, challenges and stakeholders perception of modernized
jeepneys in Metro Manila. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1529.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/3/032067

Bazeley, P. (2018). Integrating analyses in mixed method research. Sage

Publications,Inc.

Biona, J. B. M., Mejia, A., Tacderas, M. A., Cruz, N., Dematera, K., & Romero, J.
(2017).
Alternative technologies for the Philippine utility jeepneys: A cost-benefit
study. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21019.57128

Cervero, R., & Golub, A. (2007). Informal transport: A global perspective.

Transport Policy,
14(6), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.04.011

Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K., & Ebooks Corporation. (2011; 2013; 1993).
Research
methods in education (7th ed.). Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203720967.

Coz, M. C., Flores, P. J., Hernandez, K. L., & Portuz, A. J. (2015). An ergonomic
study on the
UP-Diliman jeepney driver’s workspace and driving conditions. Procedia
Manufacturing, 3(2351-9789), 2597–2604.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.584

Creamer, E., & Reeping, D. (2020). Advancing mixed methods in psychological

research. Methods
in Psychology, 3(2590-2601). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2020.100035

Creswell, J. W. (1999). Chapter 18 - Mixed-method research: Introduction and

application. In
Handbook of Educational Policy (Issue 18716148, pp. 455–472).
Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012174698-8/50045-X
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 43

Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed

methods research.
Sage Publications, Inc.

Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating

quantitative and
qualitative research (4thed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research meaning and perspective in

the research
process. Sage Publication, Inc.

Ehebrecht, D., Heinrichs, D., & Lenz, B. (2018). Motorcycle-taxis in sub-Saharan

Africa: Current
knowledge, implications for the debate on “informal” transport and
research needs. Journal of Transport Geography, 69(0966-6923), 242–256.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.006

Evans, J., O’Brien, J., & Ch Ng, B. (2018). Towards a geography of informal
transport: Mobility,
infrastructure and urban sustainability from the back of a
motorbike. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 43(4),
674–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12239

German Agency for International Cooperation (2019). Modernizing public

transport in the
Philippines. Retrieved March 24, 2021 from https://www.changing-
transport.org/modernizing-public-transport-in-the-philippines/

German Agency for International Cooperation (2019). Reforming the (semi-

)informal minibus
system in the Philippines. Retrieved February 06, 2021 from
https://www.changing-transport.org/publication/reformation-semi-
informal-minibus-system-philippines/

German Agency for International Cooperation (2016). Transforming public

transport in the
Philippines. Retrieved March 24, 2021 from https://www.changing-
transportorg/publication/transforming-public-transport-in-the-philippines/

Gota, Sudhir (2014). Issues with Philippines road transport energy consumption.
Open Journal of
Energy Efficiency, 3(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojee.2014.31002
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 44

Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual

framework for
mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy
Analysis, 11(3), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737011003255

Masri, R. (2012). The qualitative research in business and management:

Integration of modern
knowledge through religious-hermeneutics approach. Retrieved May 2,
2021 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320409078_The_Qualitative_Re
search_in_Business_and_Management_Integration_of_Modern_Knowled
ge_through_Religious-Hermeneutics_Approach

McNamara, C. (1999). General Guidelines for Conducting Interviews,

Authenticity
Consulting, LLC, Retrieved May 3, 2021 from
http://www.managementhelp.org/evaluatn/intrview.html

Moradi, A., & Vagnoni, E. (2018). A multi-level perspective analysis of urban

mobility system
dynamics: What are the future transition pathways? Technological
Forecasting and Social Change, 126(0040-1625), 231–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.002

Myers, M. D. (2008). Qualitative research in business & management. Sage

Publications, Inc.

Narboneta, C. & Teknomo K. (2016). A study of Metro Manila's public

transportation sector:
Implementing a multimodal public transportation route planner. Asian
Transport Studies, 4(2), 460-477. https://doi.org/10.11175/eastsats.4.460

O’Leary, Z. (2014). The essential guide to doing your research project (2nd ed.).
London: SAGE.

Otsuka, K., Kikuchi, M., & Hayami, Y. (1986). Community and market in
contract choice: The
jeepney in the Philippines. Economic Development and Cultural Change,
34(2), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1086/451528

Pante, M. (2016). The History of Mobility in the Philippines: Defining a

Discursive Space.
Mobility in History, 7. https://doi.org/10.3167/mih.2016.070110
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 45

Pluye, P., & Hong, Q. N. (2014). Combining the power of stories and the power
of numbers: Mixed
methods research and mixed studies reviews. Annual Review of Public
Health, 35(1), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-
182440

Robertson, M. (2021). Planes, Trains and Automobiles: The History of

Transportation. Leland.
Retrieved March 24, 2021 from https://www.lelandwest.com/planes-
trains-automobiles-the-history-of-transportation.cfm##my-menu

Robles (2019). Arts & culture: A look into the history of Jeepneys – the fragile
kings of the
Philippine roads. Retrieved March 24, 2021 from
https://www.adobomagazine.com/philippine-news/arts-culture-a-look-
into-the-history-of-jeepneys-the-fragile-kings-of-the-philippine-roads/

Sengers, F., & Raven, R. (2014). Metering motorbike mobility: informal transport
in transition?
Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 26(4), 453–468.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2013.870991

Sunio, V., Agamosa, P., Caswang, J., & Vinoya, C. (2020). The State in the
governance of
sustainable mobility transitions in the informal transport sector. Research
in Transportation Business and Management, 38(2210-5395).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100522

Sunio, V., Gaspay, S., Guillen, M. D., Mariano, P., & Mora, R. (2019). Analysis
of the public
transport modernization via system reconfiguration: The ongoing case in
the Philippines. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,
130(0965-8564), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.004

Swanson, Richard A. (2013). Theory Building in Applied Disciplines. San

Francisco, CA: Berrett-
Koehler Publishers.

Torres, E. (1979). Jeepney. GCF Books.

Vergel, Karl (2014). Public transport issues in small/medium sized cities of the
Philippines and
initiatives on public transport vehicle technologies, presented during the
9th TSU seminar. Tokyo Institute of Technology. Retrieved February 06,
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 46

2021, 2021 from http://www.transport-

titech.jp/seminar_visitor/2014/TSU-SV2014-012/pdf/TSU-SV2014-
012_05_Karl.pdf

Younis, H., Sundarakani, B., and O’Mahony, B. (2020). Investigating the

relationship between
green supply chain management and corporate performance using a mixed
method approach: Developing a roadmap for future research. IIMB
Management Review, 32(0970-3896), 305–324.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.10.011