SOUTH WESTERN REGION WORKSHOP FOR

STANDARDIZATION OF SMALL DAMS

W.F.P

K.R.O

Gravity Dam

Irrigation and water Engineering 16th Edition written by Dr. B.C.PUNMIA and Dr. PANDE B.B. LAL

۱۴۰۰
 Gravity Dams

Over Sliding
turning

Sliding

Sliding

1
FORCES ACTING ON GRAVTTY DAM

Water pressure -۱

Weight of dam –۲

Uplift pressure –۳

Ice pressure –۴

Wind pressure –۵

Wave pressure –۶

Silt pressure ‫ـ‬۷

Force due to Earth –۸

2
3
Water pressure -۱

Heel U/S

H W X H H
W = 1000 Kg / W
M3
H/3

Heel U/S

Heel U/S
Horizontal pressure –۱

PwH = ½ WH xH = ½ WH
2

Vertical pressure –۲

4
 Pwv
A A'C' B

D/S
H' Toe

Toe D/S
Horizontal pressure –۱

Pw H' = ½ W H' x H' = ½ W H'

2

Vertical pressure –۲
Pw V'
F F'E'

Weight of dam ۲

‫ته‬

5
 W1,W2,W3,……..Wn

–۳

Uplift pressure

Heel U/S
Uplift pressure

Uplift pressure at heel or U/S = W x H

Toe D/S
Uplift pressure

Uplift pressure at toe or U/S = W x H’

Gallery

Uplift pressure at gallery = W [ H’ +1/3 (H - H’ )]

6
 Ice pressure -۴

2.5 – 15 Kg / Cm 2

5 Kg /Cm 2

Wind pressure -۵

100 – 150 Kg / m 2

Wave pressure -۶

hw = 0.032ඥ𝑣. 𝑓 + 0.763 − 0.0271( 𝑓 )3/4

7
 - hw
‫𝑣ـ‬
𝑓
f < 32 km
f > 32 km
hw = 0.032 ඥ𝑣. 𝑓

-hw
2
hw
3
1
hw MWL
3
MWL

Silt pressure -۷

‫ه‬
Rankines formula

1 2 h
Psilt  h ka and itis acts at from base
2 3

1  sin 
Where : ka 
1  sin 

8
 1 2 1  sin 
Psilt  h
2 1  sin 

 
h
U/S

  3.6kn / m 3
  9.20kn / m 3

1 2
Ps  h
2
h2
vertical force Pv = 9.2  4.6h 2 kn / m run Total
2

Total horizontal force 1

 PH  (3.6)h 2  1.8h 2 kn / m run
2

9
 Earth quake pressure –۸

Acceleration

Earth quake intensity rate

10
 ‫𝐼𝐼 ‪𝑍 −‬‬ ‫𝐼‪𝑍−‬‬

‫‪10 , 9 , 8 , 7‬‬

‫درجه يا با ل‬ ‫تأثيرات‬ ‫تعجيل‬

‫‪m / sec 2‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫– ‪0.02g‬‬
‫‪0.05g‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫– ‪0.05g‬‬
‫‪0.10g‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪0.1g – 0.2g‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.2g -0.3g‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 Calculation of earth quake

effects

-a

Inertia force in the body of the dam –۱

12
 F = mass of dam x Acceleration of earth quake

F = mαg m= w/g
g α w

D/S
Hydrodynamic force of water ۲
Reservoir

Pe Von - Karman

Pe = 0.555 α x w x H2
3H
3

3H
Me = Pe ( 3
) = 0.424 Pe X H

13
 -b

F=αw

wc (1   ) for dam materials

w(1   ) for water
W WC α

14
(Mode of failure)

Gravity Dams

(Over-turning) –۱
(Sliding) –۲
(Tension) –۳
(Compression of Crushing) –۴

Over turning –۱

D/S
Clock wise

Over turning
Factor of safty F.S

15
F.S 
 right moment 
 MR   M 

 overturning moment  MO  M 

1.5 – 2.0
1.5

Sliding –۲
Base

[(V  U )]
S .F 
H

16
 3≥ F.S ≥1

µ
µ= 0.65 – 0.75
v  (v  u)
H (Uplift pressure ) u
.
F.S
F.S

FFS Shear friction factor

[(V  U )]Bwg
S .F .F 
H

5 S .F .F  4
g
b 14 Kg/cm 2

17
 Compressor pressure –۳
Normal stress

Pn
Pn
e
Bending Direct stress Pn
stress

Pn = Bending stress + Direct stress

v 6e
Pn  (1  )
Bw Bw
v
Toe D/S

Pn Normal stress
Heel U/S

Pn Normal stress

18
 v 6e
Pn (Toe )  (1  )
Bw Bw

v 6e
Pn ( Heel )  (1  )
Bw Bw

Normal stress –
Heel U/S Toe D/S
e < Bw/6

19
 Normal stress –
U/S Toe D/S
e = Bw/6 Heel
v 6e 2v
( Pn )Toe  (1  )
Bw Bw Bw

Normal stress –
Normal Heal U/S

Pn stress
Toe D/S
D/S R
e > Bw/6 1/3 Bw

20
 Ten sion –۴
Heal U/S
e > Bw/6
U/S Normal stress
Heal
e ≤ Bw/6
1/3
1/3 x Bw/2

e ≤ Bw/6

Tension

v 6e
(Pn)Heal = (1 − )
Bw Bw

21
 Gravity Dam Design
Qmax=AxV

V = C(RxS)1/2

–V

–C

–R

–S

S = (h U/S – h D/S)/ L

–R =A /P
22
 A

( C ) = 1/n x R1/6

n= 0.014 – 0.017 n = 0.27

n = 0.3
V

– V = C x (R x S)1/2

Q max = V x A
Q max
–V
23
 A

Q max

Q max = m x b(s) x ඥ2g x H(s) 3/2

Q max
m = 0.35 –m
g = 9.81 m/sec2 g
–Hs

– b(s)

Qmax
b(s) =
m . ඥ2g .H3/2

b(s)

Qmax
q=
b(s)
– Qmax

24
 – b(s)
–q

Q max
B

qs= Q max
B

– qs

B
– Qmax
qs2 1
Rs = 1.35( ) 3
f

Maximum depth of scour – Rs

– qs

25
 )Lacey’s silt factor f
Lacey’s silt factor
Material Average d50 size Silt factor f
(mm)
Very fine SILT 0.05 0.4
Fine SILT 0.12 0.5
Medium SILT 0.15 0.7
Standard SILT 0.32 1
Medium SAND 0.5 1.2
Coarse SAND 0.72 1.5
Fine GRAVEL 1.3 2
Medium GRAVEL 7.3 4.7

Heavy GRAVEL 26 9
Small BOULDERS 50 12

Medium BOULDERS 72 15

Large BOULDERS 185 24

D = X (Rs − y)
X X

Maximum depth of scour Rs

-y
–D

26
Severity factor
Location Severity
factor X

Upstream of structure 1.25

Downstream of structure 1.5
Nose of spur 2.25
Transition from nose to straight 1.5
Straight reach of guide bank 1.25

27
q = ᵩh1ඥ2g(TEL − h1 )
–q
g = 9.81 m/sec2 g
ᵩ = 0 97 – 0 95 ᵩ
– h1

U/S – TEL

T.E.L = H(s) + Hs
– H(s)
– Hs

28
 q
h1 = 𝜑 ඥ2g (TEL−h1)
…..(1)

h1

h 1= 0

q
h1 = 𝜑 ඥ2g (TEL)
h 1-2 1 h1

q
h1-2 = 𝜑ඥ2g (TEL−h1)
…..(2)

h 1-3 h 1-2
q
h1-3 = 𝜑ඥ2g (TEL−h1−2)
…..(3)

h 1-4 h 1-3
q
h1-4 = 𝜑ඥ2g (TEL−h1−3)
…..(4)

h 1-5 h 1-4
q
h1-5 = 𝜑ඥ2g (TEL−h1−4)
…..(5)

h 1-6 h 1-5
q
h1-6 = 𝜑ඥ2g (TEL−h1−5)
…..(6)

h1
h1

29
 h1 8 q2
H2 = [√1 + − 1]
2 q(h1) 3

– H2
– h1

–q
H2 > h 1

H2=h 1

30
 H2 < h 1

H2 > h 1

H2< d + h

H2 – h < d
– H2
d
–h

L = Ld + LJ
L
– Ld
– LJ

Ld = 1.64 ඥ H(PTEL + 0.24H)

31
 LJ = 3 H2
H

U/S PTEL

Creep Length

bG 2 Hs2 1/2
= [ − 1]
Hs π Gc (πGcd2)2
π = 3.14 –π

32
 Gc = 1/2 - 1/7 Gc
Gc = 0.5 - 0.143

– bG
– Hs
D/S Cut off wall – d2

2 1
d2 /Hs = ( )( bG 2 )
πGc ( ) (π Gc)2 +4
Hs

π = 3.14 –π

Gc = 1/2 - 1/7 Gc
Gc = 0.5 - 0.143

– bG
– Hs
D/S Cut off wall – d2

33
 d2
Bw

Bw
∑M
X=∑
w

1/3
1/3 x Bw/2

e ≤ Bw/6

Bw
e= –x
2
Bw Bw
= −X
6 2
Bw Bw
X= −
2 6
3Bw − Bw
X=
6
2Bw
X=
6

34
 Bw
X=
3
Bw ∑ M
=
3 ∑w
∑M
Bw ∑w

d2
D/S Cut off wall

bG

Bw

Bw = bG – L

35
 ɣw = 1 T/m3

ɣs = 1.6 T/m3

ɣston mnasory = 2.2 T/m3

𝜑𝑠 = 20°
– 𝜑𝑤 = 0°

∑W = (W1 + W2 … … . . +Wn) − Uw

𝜑
P𝑤 = 0.5 𝐻𝑠 2 ɣ𝑤 𝑡𝑔2 (45° + )
2

𝜑
𝑃𝐸2 = 0.5 𝐻𝑠 2 ɣ𝑠 𝑡𝑔2 (45° + )
2

1
Uw = (C. ɣw. Hs.Bw)
2
C=1 –C

Toe

∑M over turning moment = Mpw + ME2 − Uw

Resistance Moment

∑M Resistance moment = Mw + ME1

36
 F.S = 1.5-2.0

∑M Resistance moment
F. S = > (1.5 − 2.0 )
∑M over turning moment

μW
F.S against sliding =
Pw

µ= 0.65 – 0.75 µ

∑M Resistance moment − ∑M over turning moment

𝑋=
∑W

Bw
e= −X
2
Toe –e

Toe –X

– Bw

37
 X

Bw
X= −e
2

∑W = W1 + ⋯ + Wn
∑M

38
 Toe

∑W 6e
Pn (Toe) = δmin = (1 − )
Bw Bw
Heel

∑W 6e
Pn (Heel) = δmax = (1 + )
Bw Bw

P
Uplift pressure

∑W = W1 + ⋯ + Wn − U

39
 ∑M
X

∑M
𝑋=
∑W
Bw
e= −X
2
Toe

∑W 6e
Pn (Toe) = δmax = (1 + )
Bw Bw
Heel

∑W 6e
Pn (Heel) = δmin = (1 − )
Bw Bw

40
41
 1.5 m 6m

C=1 20 KN/m 3

1800 KN/m 2 µ= 0.6

42
 b m

𝑊₁ = 1.5 × 6 × 20 = 𝑘𝑁
1
𝑊2 = (𝑏 − 1.5)6 × 20 = 60(𝑏 − 1.5)
2
𝑤𝐻 2 9.81(6)2
𝑃= = = 176.58 𝑘𝑁
2 2
1 1
𝑈= 𝑐𝑤𝐻. 𝑏 =
× 1 × 9.81 × 6𝑏 = 29.43𝑏
2 2
Σ𝑊 = 180 + 60(𝑏 − 1.5) − 29.43𝑏 = 90 + 30.75𝑏

43
 Toe
ΣM
𝑋=
ΣW
2 2
180(𝑏 − 1.5 + 0.75) + 60(𝑏 − 1.5) (𝑏 − 1.5) − 176.58 × 2 − 29.43𝑏 𝑏
= 3 3
90 + 30.57𝑏
For no tension to develop, e should be equal to b/6
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
−𝑋= or X=
2 6 3
Hence,
𝑏 180(𝑏 − 0.75) + 40(𝑏 − 1.5)2 − 353.16 − 19.62𝑏2
=
3 90 + 30.57𝑏
From witch, we get 𝑏2 − 2.944𝑏 − 39.074 = 0
Hence, 𝑏 ≅ 4.95 𝑚
Check for crushing:
ΣW = 90 + 30.57b = 90 + 30.57 × 4.95 = 241.322 kN
2 ΣW 2(241.322)
(Pn)max = = = 97.5 kN/m2 < 1800 kN/m2 OK
b 4.95
Check for sliding:
𝜇ΣW 0.6 × 241.322
𝐹. 𝑆 = = = 0.82
𝑃 176.58
Hence the dam is unsafe against sliding.
If a minimum factor of safety of 1 is required under condition of
uplift, we have
𝜇ΣW=P
0.6(90 + 30.57𝑏) = 176.58 from wich b = 6.683 m
44
What will be the base width in the dam of Example is neglected?
Investigate the corresponding stability conditions.

𝑊₁ = 1.5 × 6 × 20 = 𝑘𝑁
1
𝑊 2 = (𝑏 − 1.5)6 × 20 = 60(𝑏 − 1.5)
2
𝑤𝐻 2 9.81(6) 2
𝑃= = = 176.58 𝑘𝑁
2 2

ΣW = 90 + 30.57b = 90 + 30.57 × 4.95 = 241.322 kN

ΣM
𝑋=
ΣW
2
180(𝑏 − 1.5 + 0.75) + 60(𝑏 − 1.5) (𝑏 − 1.5) − 176.58 × 2
= 3
90 + 60𝑏
𝑏
But for notension to develop, 𝑋=
3

𝑏 180(𝑏−0.75)+40(𝑏−1.5)2 −353.16
=
3 90+60𝑏

From which, we get

45
 𝑏2 + 1.5𝑏 − 19.908 = 0
Hence, 𝑏 = 3.774 𝑚.
Check for crushing:
ΣW = 90 + 60b = 90 + 60 × 3.774 = 316.44 kN
2 ΣW 2(316.44) kN kN
(Pn)max = = = 167.7 < 1800 Hence safe.
b 3.774 m2 m2

Check for sliding:

𝜇ΣW 0.6 × 316.44
𝐹. 𝑆 = = = 1.076 > 1. Hence safe.
𝑃 176.58

46
6m
1.5 m
4.5m
Toe

Normal stresses Heel

C =1 ⍴= 2.4

a - Reservoir empty

Weight W1= 1.5 x 6 x 1(2.4 x 9.81) =211.9 kN

Weight W2= 1/2 x 3 x 6 (2.4 x 9.81) =211.9 kN
∑w = 211.9 + 211.9 = 423.8 kN
B Toe

∑M 211.9 × 3.75 + 211.9 × 2 − 132.435 × 3 − 176.

X= =
∑W 423.8
= 2.875 m
𝑏
𝑒= − 𝑋 = 2.25 − 2.875 = −0.625 m
2
47
 e 𝑒 = −0.625

∑W 6𝑒 423.8 6 × 0.625
(Pn)Toe = (1 − ) = (1 − ) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕 𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟐
b 𝑏 4.5 4.5

∑W 6𝑒 423.8 6 × 0.625
(Pn)Heel = (1 + ) = (1 + ) = 𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟕 𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟐
b 𝑏 4.5 4.5

48
 b - Reservoir full

Weight W1= 1.5 x 6 x 1(2.4 x 9.81) =211.9 kN

Weight W2= 1/2 x 3 x 6 (2.4 x 9.81) =211.9 kN
W1 + W2 = 211.9 + 211.9 = 423.8 kN
wH2 9.81(6)2
P= = = 176.58 kN
2 2
1 1
U= cwH. b = × 1 × 9.81 × 6 × 4.5 = 132.435 kN
2 2
∑w = 211.9 + 211.9 − 132.435 = 291.365 kN
B Toe

∑M
X=
∑W
211.9 × 3.75 + 211.9 × 2 − 132.435 × 3 − 176.58 × 2
=
291.365
= 1.606 m
𝑏 4.5
𝑒= −𝑋 = − 1.606 = 0.644 m
2 2

∑W 6𝑒 291.365 6 × 0.644
(Pn)Toe = (1 + ) = (1 + ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑 𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟐
b 𝑏 4.5 4.5

∑W 6𝑒 291.365 6 × 0.644
(Pn)Heel = (1 − ) = (1 − ) = 𝟗. 𝟏 𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟐
b 𝑏 4.5 4.5

49