Lesson Proper for Week 7

THE EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND

TRAVEL
• Pre-Industrial Travel System Era – This was the period before the widespread industrialization in Europe and North America. It was
before the development of railways in the two continents. There were few common carriers. There were almost no regularly scheduled
transportation services. There was little travel.
• Early-Industrial Travel System Era – During the era, road improvements such as railways, canals, and steamship services were
brought about due to rapid industrialization and advances in transportation technology.
• Mature – Railway System Era – This era was characterized by railways which expanded their operations by running hotels and
providing other travel-related services. The railways began to market their services mor aggressively.
• Express – Travel System Era – During this era, express service increased. Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at
very station or terminal but only at the major ones. This increased the speed of travel and encouraged more travel than before.
• Automobile – Based Travel System Era – This influence of the privately owned automobile was enhanced in North America and
Europe from the 1920s onward. Car ownership boomed in North America. Motorways, interstate highways, and other trunk highways
were developed in the latter half of this era which was from 1920 to 1974. The automobile was predominant over other travel modes
from 1920 to 1945.
• Modern – Tourism Travel System Era – This period from 1945 to 1974 is known as the modern – tourism travel system era. Car
ownership continued to grow at a fast rate, mainly at the expense of long-distance rail travel. Mass air travel was another post-World
War II occurrence. The introducing of wide-bodied jets in 1970 greatly increased air travel. The “mass-tourism” philosophy and
marketing approaches were prevalent during the 1950s and 1960s.
• Post – Mobility Adjustment Era – This era began in 1973 to 1974 as a result of the oil embargo generated by the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the resulting increase in fuel prices. The events of the energy crisis basically changed the
travel patterns throughout the world. The present era is one of which travelers continue to look to alternative, group-oriented modes of
transportation.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSPORT

SYSTEM
• The desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in transportation. Before World War I, it took seven days for travelers to go
from coast to coast by steam locomotive. By 1950, travelers could complete the journey in two and a half days by train. In 1938, an
airplane with the speed of 400 miles an hour made possible nonstop coast to coast flights of less than eight hours. In 1950, travel time
from coast to coast was lessened to four hours. At present, the Concorde can make a flight in two and a half hours.

Year Mode of Transport Speed

(miles per hour)

6000 BC Caramel caravan 8

1600 BC Chariot 20

AD 1784 First English mail coach 10

1825 First steam locomotive 13

1890 Improved steam locomotive 100

 1931 Land speed record (Bluebird: Sir Malcolm Campbell)

1938 Land speed record 350

( Napler – Railton car: John Cobb)

1938 Piston aircraft 400

1952 United States Liner from New York to 41

Le Harve

1958 Jet Fighter aircraft 1,300

1958 Boeing 707 and DC – 8 aircraft 600

1961 Spaceship (Vostok 1 orbiting) 17, 560

1967 Rocket plane 4, 534

1970 Fighter bomber (Mirage IV) 1,450

1970 Commercial aircraft : Concorde 1,320

1970 Boeing 747 626

• The development in transportation has made the world a smaller place. It is now possible to take now to two weeks of vacation in
distant places like Europe, the United States, the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America. Now travelers can go to any place in the
world due to fast and efficient means of transportation.

SELECTION OF TRANSPORTATION MODE

• There are many reasons why people select one transportation mode over another for their business and pleasure trips. The most
common reasons are cost, traveling time, safety, convenience, comfort, availability, frequency of trips, ground services, terminal
facilities and locations, status and prestige, and departure and arrival times.
• Jagdish Sheth developed a theory identifying transportation variables and the value of travelers. He found out that travelers choose a
travel mode based on how they psychologically weigh the five factors, namely: functional, aesthetic/emotional, social/organizational,
situational, and curiosity. The functionality utility of a mode is its expected performance for a specific purpose.
• Travel by Train – trains stimulated travel within the United States, Canada, and Europe in the 19 th and early 20th centuries. Britain had
its first organized train tour in 1841 when Thomas Cook organized an excursion between Leicester and Loughborough. In 1851, three
million Englishmen boarded the train to see the Great Exhibition in London. The train was instrumental in stimulating the development
of many seaside resorts in Britain. The first transcontinental route in the United States was completed in 1869. During the latter part of
the 1800s and the first part of the 1900s, the train connected major population centers and popular spas and resorts such as the
Niagara Falls, Long Beach, Saratoga, New Jersey, and Las Vegas.
• Travel by Ship – Travel by ship preceded travel by train but it was not until the middle of the 19 th century that travel by ocean liners
began to become prominent. Oceans liners were used to provide n important link to passengers among continents. At present, water
transport has two major roles in travel and tourism-ferrying and cruising. The steamship era began in 1840 when Sir Samuel Cunard
pioneered the first transatlantic – scheduled liner tips. However, the introduction of the jet aircraft led to the rapid decline in the ships as
scheduled passenger transportation mode. In the late 1990s, the era of travel by ships expired.
• Travel by automobile – The real inventor of the automobile was Carl Benz of Mannheim, Germany. In 1885 to 1886, he combined the
bicycle and the international combustion engine and designed the complete vehicle engine consisting of the engine, chassis, and
transmission. Then came Henry Ford who, in 1908, produced his Model T car built with as assembly technique for mass production.
The price of the Model T car deceased from $825 in 1908 to $260 in 1965. The introduction of the automobile brought about the decline
of the Trains popularity in most developed countries. The advent of the automobile spread the benefits of tourism more widely and
enabled people to travel individually or in private smaller groups.
• Travel by Bus / Motor Coach – Bus travel is the most flexible and economical form of transportation. In the United States, buses were
first used to carry passengers intercity in the early 1900s. there was little intercity travel before the 1920s. in 1928, the Greyhound
Company, the largest privately owned bus company in the world, was established. By this time, buses traveled from New York to Los
Angeles in about five days. With road improvements before World War II, Cross-country trip time was deducted to 90 hours. The term
“bus”, “coach” and “motor coach” are used interchangeably. In north America and elsewhere, the bus performs two majors’ roles. The
first is to provide a regular schedule of intercity passenger transportation services. The second is to provide charter and tour services.
• Travel by Air – The airplane had a revolutionary impact on tourism from World War II onward. The history of air transportation can be
divided into three parts – Pre-World War II, World War II and Post – World War II. On December 17, 1903, the wright Brothers took a
flight on a beach in North Carolina which lasted 12 seconds with a distance of 120 feet. In 1927, the air industry developed regularly
scheduled passenger trips between Boston and New York. In United States, almost all early airlines started by carrying mail for the post
office. One of the first was Varney which began in April 1926 and later became United Airlines. Western Airlines began its passenger
service on April 17, 1926 when it carried a woman passenger along with the mail. Pan American Airways had the first international flight
in 1927 when it carried mail from Key West to Havana, Cuba.
• AIRLINE REGULATION – international tourism requires a system of international air transportation. This system requires
negotiations among nations and carriers in the form of bilateral agreements. Overflight privileges must be obtained from all nations over
which an airline will cross during international flights. Airlines are or may be assessed overnight charges for the privilege of flying over
other nations including countries which do not have

TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
formal diplomatic relations with each other like Cuba and the United States. Government throughout the world have agreed that a
complete free market for international air travel is not possible. The original idea for a worldwide system of airline regulation took place
in the Chicago Convention of 1944 and the Bermuda Agreement of 1946.

Lesson Proper for Week 8

HISTORY OF THE ACCOMMODATIONS OR

LODGING INDUSTRY
• The lodging industry developed because of the need to provide accommodations for travelers. Early roadside inns were mentioned
in several instances in both the old and New Testaments. The early reference to the inn is found in the Bible, when Joseph, Christ’s
foster father, was told “There is no mom at the inn” excavations in Pompeii reveal that the Romans had developed the concept of inns
into a trade.
• The history of the hotel in its present form goes back to the middle ages. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, German and
English literature made frequent reference to the inn. The development of the inn in the late medieval period was due to the
improvements in security in many European societies. It had become safe to travel.
• During the height of the industrial revolution in the 1700s and early 1500s, there was a greater demand for accommodation as
people migrated to the cities to work. The emerging class could afford accommodations when traveling away from home. The industrial
revolution and the development of spas helped the growth of the hotel industry. By 1750, Brighton, Southern, and other English seaside
resorts were attracting bathers. America’s first hotels were seaport inns.
• By the middle of the seventeenth century, the public stagecoach had appeared. In the next 200 years, the lodging industry was
influenced by the development of road transport. Coach service was established by the innkeepers to attract business. The inn was
used not only as a boarding house but also as a booking office, waiting place, eating establishment, and as center of the town’s social
studies.
• With the rapid development of the railways in the 1820s and 1830s, a different kind of hotel developed. In Europe, large hotels were
built next or across the downtown railroad station. In the United States, hotels were constructed along the railroad network.
• The introduction and development of the automobile industry led to the establishment of the roadside hotel. With the construction of
highways and expressways, the lodging industry responded to the needs of the motorist. Thus, the motor hotel and motel emerged.
• After World War II, advances in air transportation led to the increased number of travelers who demanded more and more hotel
space. The widespread use of the car led hoteliers to build more roadside motels. Business travelers demanded more roadside motels.
Business travelers demanded specialized accommodations, including meeting, and convention facilities. Recent major hotel growth
was in the airports, downtown and resort areas.
• Although the hotel industry was booming, several small, family-owned hotels could not compete with the fast-growing chains.
Ellsworth Statler was the first hotel chain pioneer in the United States. Hotels bearing his name had been built in Buffalo, Cleveland, St.
Louis, Detoit, Boston and New York.
• In the history of deluxe hotels, the most famous name is the of Hilton Corporation, Conrad Hilton built an empire that includes the
Waldorf Astoria in New York and the largest hotels in the United States, the Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicago with 3,000 rooms. Among
the first-class hotels, the fastest growing group was the Sheraton chain, and Telegraph Company (ITTI). In 1952, Kemmons Wilson
founded the Holiday Inn chain and its concept of clean, comfortable, and reasonably priced accommodations for the ordinary traveler.
• The popularity of the sun vacation in the 1960s brought about the development of the resort hotel. It catered to the vacation traveler
who stayed for a number of days. It differed from the traditional because it provided a wide range of special services interest group such
as enthusiasts, golfers, tennis players, scuba and honeymoons.
• Another recent development is the overseas expansion of the American chains. Hotels which met international standards became
an export item f the United States. Hilton International opened its first hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1949. In addition, it opened a
hotel in Berlin in 1958, followed by several properties in other countries in Europe. Intercontinental Hotels opened many hotels in Latin
America before 1960. At present, it has 109 properties in 49 nations. Sheraton opened its first hotel in Canada in 1949. Holiday Inn
opened its first in Montreal in 1960. At present, it has 221 international hotels in 52 countries outside the United States.
TYPES OF ACCOMMODATIONS
• Hotels – It can be a 10 room boarding house or a building that has a thousand or more rooms, convention and meeting facilities,
recreation facilities such as swimming pools and tennis courts, 24 hour room service, with several restaurants and bars and various
types of entertainment.
• Motels or Motor Hotels – Normally, motels only offer rooms and free parking to guests. These are often found along busy highways
and cater primarily to transient and cost-conscious travelers.
• Resort Hotels – These are intended for vacation travelers. These hotels range from budget to luxury and can accommodate these
travelers and even convention delegates. These are usually located near beaches, and offer more amenities, shops and recreation
opportunities.
• Pensions – These are found principally in Europe. These are usually family-owned accommodation facilities. In German speaking
parts of Europe, a pension is also called Gauthaus. It usually offers continental breakfast but do not have facilities for other meals.
• Condominium Hotels – These are often hotels with apartments instead of basic rooms. The condominium units are sold by the hotel
developers to individuals who are given a title to the real estate.
• Campgrounds – It is a popular form of overnight accommodation in both Europe and North America. In North America, there are at
present more than 20, 000 campgrounds, some of which are owned by hotels. It is usually appeal to families who travel in recreational
vehicles RVs.
Campground and RVs stopping spots are often found in government parks and forests.
• Bed and Breakfast – It is a form of lodging which originated in Europe. This form of accommodation provides a bed for the night and
breakfast the next day. It was only in the 1970s that the idea was brought to the United States.
• Tourist Inn – These are lodging establishments that cater to transients. These do not normally meet the minimum requirements of an
economy hotel.
• Apartment – Hotels (Apartels) - These are building which contain several independent and furnished or semi-furnished apartments.
These are leased to tourists and travelers on a longterm and offer basic services to its tenant, similar to hotels.
• Health Spas – These are hotels and resorts which cater to people who go to spas or mineral springs for medical treatment or weight
reduction. The idea of visiting health spas originated in Europe. The Romans and the Greeks visited the spas as early as the first
century. The spas became the center of the social life of the English, the French, and the Germans during the 17 th centuries and later
centuries.
• Private Homes – It is the earliest form of overnight lodging for travelers. It provides lodging to tourists who cannot be accommodated
in hotels and motels during peak vacation periods.
• Time-sharing – It is a more recent unique style type of accommodation. It started in Europe in the 1960 when people found it difficult
to make reservations every year in popular hotels during summer. And, the selling of vacation lodging, usually condominiums, for
specific week/s over a given number of years.
• Hostels – it provide basic amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and bathroom. The traveler provides his or
her own bedding. The idea of hostel was conceived in 1909 by an elementary school teacher in Germany who wanted to provide low-
cost overnight lodging to travelers throughout Europe. In 1930,there were more than 2,000 youth established in Germany. In 1934, the
first hotel was established in the United States.

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT METHOD

OF THE LODGING INDUSTRY
• A typical hotel has seven major divisions, namely: personnel, engineering and maintenance, accounting, security, food and beverage,
marketing and sales, and room division. Each division is run by its own division head.
1. The personnel division recruits new employees and administrators policies and employee benefits for the company.
2. The engineering and maintenance division makes the necessary repairs and implements the hotel’s energy management program.
3. The accounting division handles the financial activities of the operation which include payment of bills, sending out statement,
payroll, and compiling monthly income statements.
4. The security division provides protection for both employees and guests.
5. The food and beverages division are responsible for the food and beverages that are served.
6. The marketing and sales division is responsible for selling the rooms, and food service.
7. The room division is responsible for the frontdesk, telephone, reservations, and housekeeping department.
Management Methods
• Franchising – These are usually owned and operated by the same person or company. The hotel operator o franchisee signs a
contract with the franchisor to maintain certain operating standard and to use the franchise name on the hotel or motel.
The franchisee receives benefits such as extra, business as a result of the franchisor’s national or international advertisements, the use
of the franchisor’s operating and accounting system, and a line the franchise chain’s reservation system. In return, the franchisee will
pay a royalty and an advertising fee plus a percentage of annual room sales or a specified number of dollars for each room sold.

Lesson Proper for Week 9

HISTORY OF THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICES
• In early history, there was much evidence that certain groups of people cooked together in big groups and that the early inns
provided a crude menu. In the Roman era, there were some establishments that offered sausage or roast meat, bread and a cup of
wine. The forerunner of the modern restaurant that provides hot food and drink developed in Rome. Many of the early restaurants were
in the cities, near temples and government buildings. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the manors and castles provided food to large
numbers of people. The early inns provided bread and wine to travelers.
• In 1200, public cook shops were opened in London which offered precooked takeout food. The Royal families of Europe introduced
cutlery, table linen, crystal glasses, new foods such turkey and potato, and the roadside tavern. In the sixteenth century, British inns
and taverns began to serve one meal a day at a fixed time and price and at a common table. The meal was known as ordinary and the
dining rooms were called ordinaries. The most famous ordinary in London was the Castle and Lloyd’s which was the meeting place for
merchants and ship owners. In the seventeenth century for a Paris dining room serving light dishes.
• In the United States, taverns and inns were very similar to those in England. A famous tavern in New York was Fraunces Tavern. In
1834, the famous Delmonico’s was opened in New York. In the early 1900s, several events that were significant to the food industry
occurred. The hamburger was the first served in 1904 at the St. Louis World Fair. The first root beer stand was founded by Roy Allen
and Frank Wright.
• The Second World War brought many changes to the American public. People became richer, the automobile made them more
mobile, and they shifted to the suburban areas of cities. In the 1960s, fast-food establishments emerged.
• At present, modern popular cuisine including French, Chinese, Mexican and Japanese have become common in most cities. The
role food plays in tourism may not be a direct an indirect attraction.
TYPES OF RESTAURANTS
1.Family or Commercial – It offer a wide of meat and potato selections with a price range that appeals to an average family income. The
serve beer and wine if they have a liquor license. The décor is bright. A combination of counters, tables, and booths is common.
Parking is necessary since customers usually arrive by car. Family restaurants are normally located near a residential area and a
highway.
2.Coffee Shops – It characterized by a fast-food service. The decor is simple, and prices are relatively low. Its is usually located in an
office building or shopping mall. The rent is high. The staff are often minimally trained. The peak periods of a coffee shop are lunch and
coffee breaks. Operating hours are formerly morning to early evening. A takeout service may be offered.
3.Cafeterias – it usually located in shopping centers and office buildings. Self-service is typical with limited menus of soups, entrees,
desserts, and beverages. It often require a large preparation area. Fast service is necessary to handle the traffic volume. The operating
hours will depend on the location as school, office building, airport or highway. Beer and wined may be offered.
4.Gourmet – It is generally require a higher initial investment than other types of restaurants because they require expensive ambience
and décor. They cater to those who want a higher standard and are willing to pay the price. The prices are higher at gourmet
restaurants because of the high investment required. The menu and wines are carefully planned and the staff are highly trained.
5.Ethnic – It feature the food of a specific region or country. They can be Chinese or classical French cuisine.

BSTM
Food and Beverages Sector
The décor usually has an ethnic motif. In order to be successful, ethnic restaurants must serve euthentic cuisine of the region or country
they’re featuring and those who prepare the food must be well-trained and knowledgeable. Prices range from budget to high. Beer, sine
and liquor may or may not be served. The initial investment is high because of the décor and staff training.
6.Fast – food – It increased in the past 20 years as people have become more mobile. Franchising is common in this type of restaurant.
The menu is limited with low prices. Because of low prices, many customers patronize fast food restaurants. It also operates for long
hours and generally for seven days a week. Alcoholic beverages are not offered. A well-trained staff is required for franchise fast-food
operation in which the franchisor sets standards of service and food quality that must be maintained at all times.
7.Deli shops – It provides delicatessen food service, combining traditional delicatessen cold meats and cheese with takeout
sandwiches, salads, and similar items. Some deli shops have limited seating capacity. They are usually located in shopping areas or
office building and re open from 9:00 AM to 5:00 or 9:00 PM. Capital investment is low. It has a low labor costs because only one or two
owners and employees are involved.
8.Buffet – It established on a completely self-serve basis. However, if liquor, beer, and wine are offered, table and service for these
beverages are provided. The food buffet is usually an “all you can eat” hot and cold food for one price. Food preparation and service
staff are kept to a minimum. The restaurants cater to the family and therefore offer reasonable prices. They are open from 5:00 PM to
11:00 PM.
9.Transportation – There is a natural link between transportation and food service. Several restaurants are generally found along auto
and bus transportation routes. They are also found at bus, rail, and air transportation, as well as on transportation vehicles as trains and
ships.

FRANCHISING
• Franchised restaurants are a major component of the food service industry, particularly in the fast-food sector. The reasons for the
popularity of franchising in the restaurant industry are very similar in those in the hotel industry. Franchises are beneficial to the
franchisees because they provide operational, training, layout and design assistance, location assistance, managerial expertise, group
purchasing power, and mostly importantly, the identification of a well-known brand supported by regional, national, and international
advertising and promotion. Franchised restaurants can easily get financing from lending institutions than independents.
• In the early days of franchising, the common practice was to sell individual franchise rights for a single restaurant. At present, a
regional franchise was become popular with franchisees and franchisors. A regional franchise allows a franchisee to develop multiple
outlets within a specific geographical area. The area could be a city, a state, a province, a major part of the country, or the whole
country.
• Franchised restaurants include fast-food chains such as Mc Donald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, A&W Root Beer and
Burger King. They also include dine-in types of restaurants such as Wendy’s and Pizza Inn and carry-out establishments like Orange
Julius. The fast-food franchise is the common. Table -service restaurants such as Denny’s Steak and Ale and Victoria Station, and
buffet-style restaurant such as Bonanza are also franchised. These table-service and fast-food restaurants have spread from the United
States to other countries throughout the world.
 Lesson Proper for Week 10

MEANING of RECREATION and LEISURE

• The dictionary defines “recreation” as the process of giving new life to something. “Leisure” is a defined as the productive, creative, or
contemplative use of free time.

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
• It includes all kinds of sports, both team and individual, such as baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, swimming,
skiing, hiking, jogging, aerobics, and rock climbing, which are active forms of recreation. Passive recreational activities include reading,
fishing, playing, and listening to music, gardening, playing computer, and watching shows or movies.

VARIED VIEWS of RECREATION and LEISURE

• For some, recreation means the network of public agencies that provides parks, playgrounds, swimming pools, sports fields, and
community centers in several cities, town, countries, or park districts. They may view these facilities as an outlet for the young people or
a means of achieving family togetherness or pursuing interesting hobbies, sports, or social activities.
• For others, recreations may be found in a senior center, a sheltered workshop for mentally challenged individuals, or a treatment
center for physical rehabilitation.
• Environmentalists may be principally concerned about the impact of outdoors forms of recreation on our natural surroundings such
as forests, mountains, rivers, and lakes which are the national heritage of a nation.
• Recreation and leisure are all these things. They represent a rewarding form of human experience and constitute an important
aspect of economic development and government responsibility.
• At present, the value of recreation and leisure is universally accepted. As a consequence, the government in both developed and
developing countries has accepted the responsibility of providing and assisting leisure opportunities through extensive recreation and
park systems.

RECREATIONAL PARTICIPATION
• The most common notion of recreation is that it is primarily a participation in sports and games. Recreation actually includes an
extremely broad range of leisure activities including travel and tourism, cultural entertainment, participation in the arts, hobbies,
membership in social clubs, or interest groups, nature related activities such as hunting and fishing and attendance at parties, special
events, and fitness activities.

MOTIVATIONS FOR RECREATIONAL

PARTICIPATION
• Many participants take part in recreation as a form of relaxation and release from the pressures of work and other tensions. Another
recreational motivation is the need to express creativity, expose hidden talents, or pursue excellence in various forms of personal
expression.
• For some participants, active recreation offers a channel for releasing hostility and aggression. It is also a way of struggling against
the environment in adventurous and high-risk pursuits. Others enjoy recreation because it provides them opportunity to make new
friends or cooperate with others in group activities.

FACTORS PROMOTING the GROWTH of

RECREATION
1. Increase in discretionary time – a key factor underlying the growth of recreation has been the growth of free of discretionary time in
the 20th century. Due to advanced me mechanical equipment and automated processes in factories, agriculture, and the service fields,
productive capacity increased remarkably during the second half of the 19 th century and the fist half of the 20th century. In addition, more
holidays and longer vacations are now enjoying by most employees. Because of improved social security benefits and pension plans,
as well as medical advances which lead to a longer life, and may employees can now avail of 15 or more years of full-time leisure after
retirement.
2. Influence of technology – sophisticated technology has provided new forms of recreation for people. Outdoor recreation uses
complex and expensive devices in activities such as skydiving, hang gliding, scuba diving, boating, roller blading, skiing, and
snowboarding. Computer dating provides a new form of social contact for single adults. Video games offer interactive competition or
exposure to new play settings and virtual realities. The internet has become an important part of travel and tourism by providing
information and facilitating reservations and vacation choices.
3. Public interest in health and fitness – a key trend in the 20th is the growth of public interest in exercise and physical fitness programs.
Many people are now concerned about improving their health, vitality and appearance through diet and exercise. Those who exercise
regularly look and feel better.
4. Commodification of leisure – various forms of recreation are being developed by profit-seeking businesses. Giant corporations have
taken control of music, television, movie businesses, sports stadiums, cruise ships, theme parks and other leisure operations. Many
elaborate new facilities which offer varied forms of recreation are being developed as part of the trend toward commodification. In big
cities, huge public fitness centers which include pools, aerobics, dance rooms, and facilities for family play are being built and often
charge membership fees that cost several hundred dollars a year.
5. Therapeutic recreations service – an important aspect of the growth of recreation has been the increased awareness of the
recreation needs of persons with physical, mental, or social disabilities. In recent years, there has been an increased recognition of the
need to provide recreational programs for special populations such as mentally challenged, mentally ill, and physically challenged.
These programs use therapeutic recreation as a form of treatment much attention in recent years is the Special Olympics, an
international program of physical fitness, sports training, and athletic competition for children and adults with mental retardation.
6. New leisure roles for women – At present, there is a strong drive by women to play a more equal role in recreational opportunities. In
the past, women were barred from a variety of athletic, outdoor recreation, cultural, and social improvements. Women were treated as
second class citizens in leisure opportunities. With the emergence of a strong feminist movement, this inequality was corrected. There
is now a growing interest in women’s tennis, golf, gymnastics, track and field, and similar events in every level of feminine strength,
determination and self-confidence.

TYPES of ORGANIZED RECREATION

1. Government recreation agencies – these are the federal, state, provincial agencies and local departments that provide recreation ad
leisure services as a primary function. Also include are other agencies that offer recreation programs as a secondary responsibility such
as those concerned with social service, education, special population, and the armed forces.
2. Voluntary nonprofit organizations – these are non-governmental, nonprofit agencies, both sectarian and nonsectarian, which serve
the public at large with multiservice programs that often include a substantial element of recreational opportunity.
3. Private membership organizations – they provide recreational and social activities for their own members and, in some cases, assist
community recreation needs.
4. Commercial recreation enterprises – these are privately businesses which operate to make a profit as ski centers, bowling alleys,
nightclubs, movie houses, theaters, health spas or fitness centers, dancing schools and theme parks.
5. Employee recreation programs – they serve those who work for companies or employers by providing recreation as a part of a total
personnel benefits’ packages, linked to other services concerned with employee with employee health and fitness.
6. Armed forces recreation – although it is obviously a form of government sponsored activity, it is unique in its setting and purpose.
Each of the major branches of the armed forces operates an extensive network of recreation facilities and programs.
7. Campus recreation – it includes intramural athletics or sports clubs, social activities, travel programs, performing arts groups,
entertainment, lounges, film series and other forms of recreation on college and university campuses.
8. Therapeutic recreation services – these include any type of program designed to meet the needs of persons with physical or mental
disabilities, individuals with poor health, dependent aging persons, social deviant persons in correctional facilities, and similar special
groups.

TWO MAJOR RECREATION SERVICE

COMPONENTS
1. Sports as Popular Recreation – sports are major areas of recreational involvement. Of all types of recreational, sports command the
highest degree of personal interest and emotional involvement both for those who participate actively in them and those who are part of
a big number of fans in school, college and professional teams.
2. Tourism – A Major Recreational Service Component – Tourism is a second major area of diverse recreational involvement. Several
major elements in the tourism enterprise which are closely linked to the growth of tourism as a form of recreation are the theme parks,
water parks, fun center, and sports tourism.

Lesson Proper for Week 11

The Nature and Scope of Tourist Attractions
• This are the major components of the tourism industry that function as main motivators for travel. Without attractions that draw
tourists to destination, there will be little need for other tourist services such as transportation, lodging, food distribution, and others. The
natural attraction, entertainment attractions, events, and recreation are including in the extensive list of attractions that brings the
tourists to a destination area.
• Heritage attractions – such as the prehistoric and archaeological sites appeal to those who want to learn about ancient and
contemporary civilizations. The ancient monuments of Egypt, Greece, Israel, turkey, Indonesia, India, Mexico, and Peru.
• Recreation attractions – Those who seek exciting adventures. These attractions provide access to indoor and outdoor facilities
where tourists can participate in sports an other recreational activities such as bowling alleys, swimming pools, ice skating rinks, ski
resort, biking trails, bicycle paths and, marinas.
• Commercial attractions – are retail operations which deal with gifts, handicrafts, souvenirs, and art. Recent surveys show that
shopping is the principal activity of both domestic and international visitors.
• Industrial attractions – This are the wineries and breweries have long been tourist attractions. factory tours have increase and
manufacturers have developed elaborate facilities to manage tourists.
• Modern cities that are rich with cultural treasures also attract millions of visitors every year. Because of this, sightseeing tours which
make the city attractions accessible are provide. Theaters, museums, zoos, aquariums, cultural arts, festivals, shopping, and dining are
some of the sites and activities that appeal to tourists.

The Evolution of Tourist Attractions

• They considered a modern creation. The evolution of tourism depended on the existence and development of attractions. as far
back as the Roman Empire, travelers went to Egypt to see the pyramids. Later, the Grand Tour routes were around the major cultural
attractions of Europe.

SELECTION OF THE WORLD’S MOST POPULAR THEME PARKS

Approximate
Year Visitor Nos.
Country in 2014
Opened
(million)
1896 Black Pleasure Beach UK 6.5
1951 De Eheling Netherlands 3.5
1955 Disneyland, Anaheim USA 13
1964 Universal Studios, USA 5
Hollywood
1971 Magic World, Orland USA 1
 1977 Ocean Park Hongkong 3
1982 EPCOT, Orlando USA 9
1983 Tokyo Disneyland Japan 13
1989 Lotte World, Seoul South Korea 8
1990 Universal Studios, Japan USA 7
1992 Disneyland, Paris France 10
2001 Universal Studios, Japan Japan 7
2001 Disney California USA 5.5
Adventures
• The United States of America considered to be the pioneer in the development of theme parks. The fist theme park was
Disneyland created by Wait Disney in Anaheim, California in 1355, which attracted four million visitors in its first year of operation. The
Disney vision is to create a magical place where children and parents could enjoy. Disney’s second larger resort, the Wait Disney World
in Orlando, Florida, is now the World’s, most visited tourist destination. The development of the attraction sector is not only concerned
with theme parks; since the 1980, there has been a rapid growth in all types of attraction from country houses to industry related visitor
centers. Definition of Attractions
• According to Pearce (2001), a tourist attraction named site with a specific human or natural feature which is the focus of visitor and
management attention. On the other hand, Swarbrooke (2001) defines attractions as single units; individual sites or very small,
delimited geographical units based on a single feature. Destinations are different from attractions together with the support services
required by tourists.

CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRACTIONS
• Attractions may be classified according to its features such as its core product.
Attractions can be grouped as”
1. Historic houses
2. Museums and galleries
3. Wildlife attractions
4. Castles
5. Botanical gardens
6. Stream railways
7. Visitors centers
8. Country parks
9. Leisure parks

• Physical environment
Attractions may be located in the:
1. Natural environments such as forests, mountains, and national parks.
2. Built environment which are not originally designed for visitors but are adapted as attractions due to its increasing popularity
among people, such as historic houses, workplaces, steam railways, and castles.
3. Built environment and designed for visitor purposes such as visitor centers and leisure
• Ownership – These are owned and managed by organizations, trusts, and individuals working in the pubic, private and not for
profit sectors. State involvement in attractions funding is shown in Europe, Canada, and Singapore.
• Admission policy - Some attractions charge admission fees while others are free to the public. Attractions operated by
membership subscription organizations allow members free entry. Voluntary donations are requested in other attractions such as
churches and cathedrals.
• Appeal – Attractions may appeal to a local market, regionally, nationally, or internationally. Domestically tourists usually dominate
the market for tourist attractions.
however, there are different types of attraction that appeal to different types of tourists.
• Size and Capacity – Attractions differ in land coverage. Some are housed in small buildings, while others several hectares.
Attractions designed for mass tourists are able to receive a large number of visitors.
• Degree of Performance – Built tourists attraction are usually attractions with a high degree of performance. Events and festivals
have a short duration.
• Number of Visitors – Tourists attractions receive varying visitor numbers. Some attractions regularly record approximately more
than 500, 000 visitors while others attract smaller number of travelers.

Amusement Parks and Theme Parks

• Amusement park and theme park are terms for a group of entertainment attractions and rides and other events in a specific
location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. An amusement park is more elaborate than a simple city park or playground
because it provides attractions to people of all ages.
• Amusement parks evolved in Europe from fairs and pleasure gardens which were established for the people’s recreations. The
oldest amusement park in the world is Bakken which was opened in 1583 at Klampenborg, North of Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Theme park is often used as a synonym for amusement park. A theme park is a distinct type of amusement park which promotes a
specific theme or exclusive set of themes. Disneyland in Anaheim, California is considered as the first theme park.
Theme park trips are ideal for family vacations, including children below 19 years old. Theme park travelers usually fly to their
destinations and rent a car once they arrive. They engage in various activities such as shopping, and visiting historical places,
museums and beaches.