Statistics and SENIOR

HIGH
Probability SCHOOL

Module
The t-Distribution 16
Quarter 1
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 1 – Module 16: The t-Distribution
First Edition, 2020

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Statistics and SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

Module

16
Quarter 1

The t-Distribution
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Module on The t-
Distribution!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools
Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with
the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N.
Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Module on The t-Distribution!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATIONS

Lesson 16: THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:
1. identifies percentiles using the t-table; and
2. illustrate the t-distribution.

PRETEST

Determine whether the statement is True or False. Write the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. The t-distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped, like the normal

distribution.

_____2. The degree of freedom will always be df = n – 1, or one less the

sample size.

_____3. All confidence levels have the same confidence coefficient.

_____4. When the confidence level is 90%, ά = 0.01

_____5. The t-table is used when the sample size is small (n > 30) and the

population standard deviation σ is known.

RECAP
 In your previous lesson, the unit normal curve which represents the
standard normal distribution is symmetrical along the horizontal axis, and
the area under the curve is equal to 1. The sampling distribution of a
sample means is a frequency distribution using the means computed from
all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population. In
the Central Limit Theorem if random samples of size n are drawn from
population, then as n becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the mean
approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the
population distribution.

LESSON

What is t-distribution?

These are few real life examples of symmetric and bell-shaped images.

THE t DISTRIBUTION

In probability and statistics, Student’s t-distribution ( or simply the

t-distribution) is any member of a family of continuous probability
distributions that arises when estimating the mean of a normally distributed
population in situations where the sample size is small and the population
standard deviation is unknown. It was developed by William Sealy Gosset
under the pseudonym Student.

The t-distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped, like the normal

distribution, but has heavier tails, meaning that it is more prone to
producing values that fall far from its mean. This can be used to construct a
confidence interval for the true mean.

The t distribution incorporates the fact that for smaller sample sizes
the distribution will be spread out using degree of freedom. Degrees of
freedom are defined as the number of values or “observations” in the data
that are free to vary when estimating statistical parameters. The df help us
to achieve desired confidence level. For confidence intervals, the degree of
freedom will always be df = n – 1, or one less the sample size. The smaller
the df, the flatter the shape of the distribution and has a greater area under
the tails. Normally, you use t-table when the sample size is small (n < 30)
and the population standard deviation σ is unknown.

EXAMPLES:
1. Which of the following sample sizes can the t-distribution be used?
A. n= 6 B. n = 21 C. n = 35 D. n = 50
Answer: A and B only
Why? The t-distribution can be used if the sample size is small
(n < 30) and the population standard deviation σ is unknown.
2. Find the degree of freedom of n=4 and n=7 and illustrate the graph.
Answers: If n = 4 then df = 3 and If n = 7 then df = 6
Why? The degree of freedom will always be df = n – 1, or one less
the sample size.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Note: Increasing the degree of freedom will decreases the critical t-

values and get closer to zero to keep the same area under the curve.
3. Using t-Table, find the confidence coefficient of n=12 and 95%
confidence and illustrate the graph.
Answer: The confidence coefficient = + 2. 201 (see the t-table

below)
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:

Note: Increasing the degree of freedom and sample size will

make the t-distribution approach a normal distribution.

The t-Table

Degree of Freedom: Confidence Coefficient

n df= n-1 90% 95% 99%
2 1 6.314 12.706 63.657
3 2 2.920 4.303 9.925
4 3 2.353 3.182 5.841
5 4 2.132 2.776 4.604
6 5 2.015 2.571 4.032
7 6 1.943 2.447 3.707
8 7 1.895 2.365 3.499
9 8 1.860 2.306 3.355
10 9 1.833 2.262 3.250
11 10 1.812 2.228 3.169
12 11 1.796 2.201 3.106
13 12 1.782 2.179 3.055
14 13 1.771 2.160 3.012
15 14 1.761 2.145 2.977
16 15 1.753 2.131 2.947
 17 16 1.746 2.120 2.921
18 17 1.740 2.110 2.898
19 18 1.734 2.101 2.878
20 19 1.729 2.093 2.861
21 20 1.725 2.086 2.845
22 21 1.721 2.080 2.831
23 22 1.717 2.074 2.819
24 23 1.714 2.069 2.807
25 24 1.711 2.064 2.797
26 25 1.708 2.060 2.787
27 26 1.706 2.056 2.779
28 27 1.703 2.052 2.771
29 28 1.701 2.048 2.763
30 29 1.699 2.045 2.756
31 30 1.697 2.042 2.750
41 40 1.684 2.021 2.714
61 60 1.671 2.000 2.660
∞ ∞ 1.645 1.960 2.576

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: PRACTICE 1

Direction: Determine the sample sizes that use the t-distribution.

YES NO

1. n = 12 ____ ____
2. n = 23 ____ ____
3. n = 34 ____ ____
4. n = 20 ____ ____
5. n = 30 ____ ____
ACTIVITY 2: Practice 2

Direction: Give the degree of freedom of the following.

1. n = 15 df = _______
2. n = 28 df = _______
3. n = 23 df = _______
4. n = 10 df = _______
5. n = 8 df = _______

ACTIVITY 3: Practice 3

Direction: Using the t-table, identify the missing value for each of the
following:
1. n = 12, 95% confidence confidence coefficient = _______
2. n = 21, 99% confidence confidence coefficient = _______
3. n = ____, 95% confidence cofidence coefficient = 2. 056
4. n = ____, 99% confidence cofidence coefficient = 4. 604
5. n = 18, _____ confidence cofidence coefficient = 2.898
6. n = 29, _____ confidence cofidence coefficient = 1.701

ACTIVITY 4: Practice 4
Direction: Find the degree of freedom of n=6 and n=21 and illustrate
the graph.

WRAP–UP

The t- distribution is similar to a normal distribution which is symmetrical

and bell-shape.

The t-table is used when the sample size is small (n < 30) and the
population standard deviation σ is unknown.
The confidence intervals, the degree of freedom will always be df = n – 1,
or one less the sample size.
 VALUING

In our lesson, it shows that t-distribution is a symmetrical and bell-

shape. Indeed that God is amazing to create many things in this images and
pleasing to our eyes. There are so many things that we can be thankful
despite this unusual situation. The degree of freedom that we sometimes
ask will approach a new normal situation in this pandemic time. To what
extent does quarantine protocol deprive you of achieving the degree of
freedom you want to experience while doing daily rituals that provide you
comfort and sense of well-being?

POSTTEST

Write the correct answer on the space provided before each number.
_______1. Which of the following sample size will use the t-distribution?

a. 100 b.75 c. 50 d. 25

_______2. Which of the following degree of freedom illustrates the highest

graphical representation?

a. df= 8 b. df = 12 c. df = 18 d. 22

________3. What is the confidence coefficient of n = 10 and 95% confidence?

a. 1.833 b. 1.860 c. 2.228 d. 2.262

________ 4. When n < 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown,

what is the appropriate distribution?

a. Z b. t c. r d. p

________5. What is the degree of freedom of n = 23?

a. 22 b. 23 c. 24 d. 25
 KEY TO CORRECTION

no 5. 7 5. 90% 6.
FALSE 5. A 5. 99% 5.
yes 4. 9 4.
FALSE 4. B 4. 5 4.
FALSE 3. D 3. no 3. 22 3.
27 3.
TRUE 2. D 2. yes 2. 27 2. 2.845 2.
TRUE 1. D 1. yes 1. 14 1. 2.201 1.

PRE-TEST POST- TEST ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 2 ACTIVITY 3

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
size.
– 1, or one less the sample
freedom will always be df = n
Why? The degree of
If n = 21 then df = 20
If n = 6 then df = 5 and
ACTIVITY 4:

REFERENCES
Belecina, R.R., Baccay, E.S., Mateo, E.B.(2016). Statistics and Probability.

Rex Book Store.

Blay, B. E. (2007). Elementary Statistics. Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Keller, Gerald (2009). Managerial Statistics. South-Western Cengage

Learning.

Issues in Statistics. Retrieved from https://pages.wustl.edu.articles

The t-distribution in Statistics. Retrieved from

https://www.statisticshowto.com
STAT 101: Problems on confidence Intervals. Retrieved from

https://stattrek.com