GOVT.

POLYTECHNIC
KULLU AT SEOBAG
PROJECT REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
HP PWD DHALPUR

01/09/2021-21/09/2021
SUBMITTED AS A COURSE CURRICULUM
FOR DIPLOMA - CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
Sakshum
Er LOKESH SHARMA
DIPLOMA CIVIL ENGINEERING
Roll no - 180714103052
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to
H.P.P.W.D. (DHALPUR)for having me provided with
an unbelievable practical learning experience
during summer training. It was indeed a pleasure
to be a part of Such organization.

First and foremost , I would like to thank Er.

DEEPAK DharmaniJunior Engineer or guiding me
throughout the training and special thanks to Mr.
DIVANSHU Site Engineer ,who support me through
inspiring toward his this report. He had Provided
me a nice Industrial Training.
Secondly, I am no less grateful to the other
employees and members of department
for their kind co-operation and spontaneous
response.
FOUNDATION :
The low artificially built part of a structure
which transmits the load of the structure
to the ground is called foundation.

Concept :
Foundation of a structure is always constructed
below the ground level so as to increase the
lateral stability of the structure. It includes the
portion of the structure below the ground level
and is built, so as to provide a firm and level
surface for transmitting the load of the structure
on a large area of the soil lying underneath. The
solid ground on which the foundation rests is
called the Foundation Bed.
 Types of Foundation:

SHALLOW FOUNDATION:

1. Individual footing or isolated footing

2. Combined footing
3. Wall footing
4. Raft or mat footing
5. Inverted arch footing
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6. Grillage footing

DEEP FOUNDATION:
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1. Pile foundation
2. Well foundation and caissons
The Construction Of Foundation Of
a Building Involves the Following
operation:
1. Preparing Foundation Plan
2. Setting Out Foundation Plan On
Ground
3. Excavation Of Foundation
02

04
STEP
STEP

4. Laying Of Foundation
01

03
STEP
STEP
EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION:
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RCC FOOTING:
They are Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
footings, and are made up of steel bars
that act as a reinforcement to the concrete
foundation, which bears the entire weight
of the home. The footings transfer the
overall weight to the ground easing the
load on your home's structure. Depending
on the requirements of the structure,
footings can be either trapezoidal, block or
step-shaped.

STEP OF INSTALLING RCC FOOTING:

 Before installing the footing, ram the

ground that was excavated for it. This
increases the strength and stability of
the soil.
 After that, cover the area with 150
mm of concrete, creating a bed.
This will give you a plain surface for
your footing.
 When fixing the reinforcement cage,
make sure that its alignment is right.
 Pour the concrete onto the cement
bed after applying a layer of slurry
to it. Make sure the amount of
concrete used is based on the
foundation size, and don't forget to
do shuttering.
 Last but not least, do not forget to
do curing once the footing is set. It's
necessary for building
comprehensive strength.
Laying of Foundation

Size of Pit - 280×290

Size of Footing - 270×280

Size -40×50
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COLUMN:
A column is a vertical structural member
intended to transfer a compressive load. ...
Columns are typically constructed from
materials such as stone, brick, block,
concrete, timber, steel, and so on, which
have good compressive strength.

Standing a column
Concreting of Column
Precautions to be taken while placing the
Concrete
To avoid segregation, concrete should not be
dropped from a height more than 1 meter.
Concrete should not be placed during rain.
The thickness of the concrete layer should
not be more than 15 – 30cm in case of RCC
and 30 – 40cm in case of mass concrete.
Walking on freshly laid concrete should be
avoided.

Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid

irregular and unsightly lines.
To avoid sticking of concrete, formwork should be
oiled before concreting.
Grade of Concrete - M25
M25 grade concrete ratio is 1:1:2 mixture
of cement, fine aggregates and course
aggregate in which one part is cement,
one part is sand and two part is aggregate.
The degree of preparation of the concrete
is selected based on the m25 grade
concrete mix design.

Compressive strength of M25 concrete

after 28 days
Making of at least 3 concrete cube size each
150mm×150mm×150mm in mould by cement sand
and aggregate ratio 1:1:2, use tamping rod for
levelling the surface of mould, it is kept for 24
hours setting after water mix in concrete, after 24
hours it is kept in water for curing for 28 days.
And taken out just before test 28 days to find out
compressive strength of M25 concrete after 28
days.
M25 Concrete Block
Curing of concrete :
Curing of concrete is defined as providing
adequate moisture, temperature, and time to
allow the concrete to achieve the desired
properties for its intended use. ... When these
recommendations are properly specified and
performed in the field, the final properties of
the concrete mixture will be achieved.
Combined Footing
Construction of stone masonry Footing
Stone Masonry Foottng Construction Step :

After the trench is dug and prepared, then a layer

of plain concrete will be poured at the bottom of
the trench.
After plain concrete bed is set, the construction of
stone masonry footing will begin with laying a layer
of mortar on which first stone masonry course will
be installed.
Stones should be placed close to each other and
the maximum joint between is 2 cm.

Purpose of Stone Masonry Footing:

The purpose of stone masonry foundation is to

support structural walls and transfer load to the
soil beneath it. It should serve its purpose
without settlement or sinking. The load exerted
on stone masonry footing should be vertical.
Construction of Stone Masonry Footing
Stone Masonry
Soil Filling in Foundation :

A filling refers to a quantity of earthen

material such as murrum, soil, rock,
aggregate, shingle, and sand that is placed
and compacted in trenches, foundation,
and under floors for the purpose of filling
in a hole or depression.