In singly reinforced simply supported beams reinforcing steel

bars are placed near the bottom of the beam where they are
most effective in resisting the tensile stresses.
0.42Xu
 Xu max = Maxi. Depth of Neutral axis
b = width of beam
d = effective depth
Z = d-0.42xu = lever arm
D = overall depth
Xu = depth of N.A
Ast = area of steel
Resultant force of compression C = average stress X area
= 0.36 fck b xu
Resultant force of tension T = 0.87 fy Ast
Force of compression should be equal to force of tension,
0.36 fck b xu = 0.87 fy Ast

xu

Where Ast = area of tension steel

Moment of resistance with respect to concrete= compressive force x lever arm

= 0.36 fck b x z

Moment of resistance with respect to steel = tensile force x lever arm

= 0.87 fy Ast x z

Maximum Depth Of Neutral Axis (IS 456 2000 , P.70)

fy ( N/mm2 ) Xu max
250 0.53 d
415 0.48 d
500 0.46 d
 If Xu = Xu max then it is balanced section
If Xu < Xu max then it is under reinforced section
If Xu > Xu max then it is over reinforced section

Xu max Xu < Xu max

Xu > Xu max
D

Balanced section Under reinforced Over reinforced

Mu with respect to steel ( for under reinforced section)
Mu = T X Z ( IS 456-2000, P.96, Cl. G1.1 (b) )
where , Z = d - 0.42 xu
= 0.87 fy Ast x (d - 0.42 xu ) T = 0.87 fy Ast
= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1- fy Ast / fck b d )

Mu with respect to concrete ( for balanced section)

Mu = C x Z ( IS 456-2000, P.96, Cl. G1.1 (c) )
= 0.36 fck b xu ( d 0.42 xu ) where , C = 0.36 fck b xu
= 0.36 fck b xu d (1 0.42 xu / d)
= 0.36 fck b xu/d d2 (1 0.42 xu / d)
= 0.36 xu/d (1 0.42 xu / d) fck b d2
Since the maximum depth of neutral axis is limited, the
maximum value of moment of resistance is also limited.

Mu lim with respect to concrete = 0.36 fck b x Z

= 0.36 fck b Xu (d 0.42 Xu)

Mu lim with respect to steel = 0.87 fck Ast (d 0.42 Xu)