Martinez 1

Yuritci Martinez

Professor Nolen

ENGL 1302-101

4 October 2022

Covid-19 Vaccines effectiveness and side effects toward people: A review of a Scholarship

This paper presents the existing research that reports the side effects after getting the

Covid-19 vaccines, yet the other side scholars argue about the effectiveness of the Covid -19

vaccines to people.

Side effects after getting vaccinated

The Covid-19 vaccines have caused a lot of side effects or negative impact toward the

people and has caused paralysis or even death. According to researches, the Covid-19 vaccines

has caused a lot of side effects toward the woman’s and adolescents after getting vaccinated.

The research by Muhaidat, et al. agree that Covid-19 vaccines has caused people side effects

because he investigates how women around the world are having abnormalities in their

menstrual periods after getting vaccinated. As Muhaidat, et al. stated “In addition, many studies

reported a variety of vaccine-related side effects, ranging from mild symptoms like fever, chills,

headache, fatigue, and arm pain to severe side effects such as thrombosis and anaphylaxis.

Moreover, a recent study reported several menstrual abnormalities following COVID-19

vaccination, including increased cycle length, pain, and bleeding” (395). The researcher started

investigating the menstrual cycle abnormalities of the woman’s and study the different types of

Covid-19 vaccines to see which one was causing the most side effects after getting vaccinated.

Muhaidat, et al., observe that “66.3% of women experienced menstrual abnormalities after

vaccination” and “The majority (46.7%) had the symptoms after the first dose, while 32.4% after
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the second dose and 20.9% after both doses” (398). He stated that “93.6% of participant, the

symptoms resolved within 2 months” (395). Muhaidat, et al., concluded that the vaccine had a

little bit of influence with the problem of the menstrual abnormalities among these women, but

these symptoms were normal or common to happen to woman’s after getting vaccinated because

the body is reacting on a positive way. As Muhaidat, et al., stated that “According to our

findings, the vaccine altered the duration of menstruation and length of the menstrual cycle in the

women who received it, resulting in a significant difference between before and after

vaccination” (400). Therefore, the Covid-19 vaccines did affect women’s menstrual cycle and

has impacted their quality of life. These women will have major change in their life because the

body will have new changes due to the vaccines.

Alternatively, Tavakoli, et al., reports about how the Covid-19 vaccines were affecting

the adolescents and children with side effects after getting vaccinated. He agrees that Covid-19

vaccines have influence on the side, when getting vaccinated. Tavakoli, et al., investigates if the

Covid-19 vaccines are safe and the side effects of the children’s and adolescents under 18 years.

As Tavakoli, et al., observe that “31.8% of the participants receiving Soberana experienced

general side effects the same day of vaccination, while in the Sinopharm group it was 25.1%.

Soberana shows early side effects compared to Sinopharm. Moreover, 7.2% of the participants

receiving Soberana experienced general side effects 3 days after the injection, but it was 5.7% in

the Sinopharm group” (4892). He commented that Sinopharm group had higher side effects

compared to the Soberana group. The side effects that the children’s and adolescents were

experimenting are pain, fatigue, and dizziness after getting vaccinated. Tavakoli, et at., stated

that “They reported that fatigue, chill, dizziness, and fever were the most common side effects,

and however 10% of the cases reported severe side effects. Based on our study, the most
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common side effect in teenagers is also nonsignificant complications, but the rate of severe

adverse reactions in less than 18 years is lesser than in adults” (4897). He concludes that every

Covid-19 vaccine will have side effects and some vaccines can have higher side effects than

others. Furthermore, he concludes that Covid-19 vaccinations made by Sinopharm and Soberana

are typically safe and do not have any negative impact/effects on children under the age of 18”

(4890).

Hospitalization after getting vaccinated

Manny people from all ages have been hospitalize on the ER after getting vaccinated and

the Covid-19 Vaccines have highly risked of side effects that can caused death. Solomon, et al.,

investigates patients from the emergency room presenting with suspected side effects or

complications of recent Covid-19 vaccination” (1). The researchers wanted to find what was

causing patients to be hospitalized, but they had and Idea because patients were “presenting with

symptoms suspected to be side effects of recent Covid-19 vaccination” (2). Unexpected adverse

effects of the Covid-19 vaccination have been reported, some of which have caused visits to the

emergency room. Solomon, et al., observe that “Chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, and

headache were the most common presenting symptoms in the ER after COVID-19 vaccination,

and chest X-ray and computed tomography chest angiography were the most ordered studies to

assess vaccine-related complications” (1). The authors concluded that it is rare that vaccines will

cause serous reaction, but some side effects can lead the person to the ER.

In addition to, a total of five vaccinations against Covid-19 have been approved by the

authorities: Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Jonson) and. Novavax. Every vaccine has different

reactions or side effects toward people but have been proven to reduce hospitalizations thus
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proving their efficacy. Erazo, et al., agrees that the Covid-19 vaccines are safety and has been

proven that reduces a lot of hospitalization. Erazo, et al., observe that the “findings confirm the

protection conferred by the vaccines against the risks of hospitalization in all age groups” (4).

They stated that “our results also confirm notable variations in the apparent protective effect of

the vaccine between different age categories, with the RR estimates increasing globally with

age” (4). The research has proven that the Covid-19 vaccines protects the people from getting

hospitalized; they also confirm that the more boosters you get the less the risk of getting

hospitalized. Erazo, et al., observes “Globally, those overall sliding window estimates indicated

that the effect of vaccination on the risk of hospitalization remains high, with RR associated with

“at least primary course completed” and “The latter observations further highlight the importance

of the booster shots to maintain a sufficient level of protection against the risk of hospitalization

in these older age categories” (5). The Covid-19 vaccines and boosters have been lowering the

numbers of hospitalizations and has protect the people, when the second SARSCoV-2.

Reactions toward people and the prevention of the Covid-19

It was rare that people would get allergic reaction, when getting vaccinated.

Romanowski, et al., agree that all the Covid-19 vaccines are safe and efficacy for the people that

suffer with allergic reactions. “Several SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines have been approved around the

globe, including mRNA (i.e., Comirnaty® and Spikevax), and viral vector (COVID‐19 Janssen

and Vaxzevria) vaccines. All of them have demonstrated high safety and efficacy in preventing

severe COVID‐19 infection in clinical trials” (Romanowski, et al.,2). The researches investigate

the develop vaccine allergy work up protocols including management of their administration in

patients with high risk of allergy, those who experience allergic reactions after the first reaction
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vaccine dosses, should not get the second dose. The researches have look at develop methods for

managing vaccine treatment in individuals at high risk for allergy; many who have allergic

reactions after receiving the first dose of the vaccine shouldn’t receive the second”

(Romanowski, et al.,2).

Safety and effectiveness of the Covid-19 vaccines

The Covid-19 vaccines has made a big impact because these vaccines have helped and

protect the people to not get hospitalized, nor get the infection again or even death. Chirico, et

al., agree that the Covid- 19 vaccines are safety and effectiveness because has help people to not

get sick. Chirico, et al., stated that “the SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization in a large

multi-country phase III trial after administering two doses 21 days apart, but efficacy could not

be determined in people aged 60+ and with comorbidities, and there was an underrepresentation

of women” (92). The researchers observe that “three vaccines had higher (>90%) efficacy

against COVID-19 Infection {Pfizer-BioNTech (~95%), Moderna (~94%) and Sputnik V

(~92%)] than the vaccines by Oxford-AstraZeneca (~70%) and Janssen (54-72%), against

moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 infection” (Chirico, et al.,92). These vaccines showed

high efficacy against the infection and a very high level of protection against serve disease,

hospitalization, and death. High effectiveness against the virus and very high levels of protection

against sickness, hospitalization and morality/deaths were demonstrated by these vaccines” (92).

Therefore, these vaccines have been confirmed that are safety and effectiveness for

everyone, but not everybody are same. Liu, et al., evaluates the effectiveness and safety of the

covid-19 vaccine in the real world” (3). Liu, et al., observes “the effectiveness by the first and

second dose of vaccines” (4). The Covid-19 vaccines have also been proved by these researches
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that they are safe and efficacy, and these vaccines will help to protect you from hospitalization,

infections, ICU or ER, and death. As Liu, et al., stated that….

“For the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the pooled VE was 41% (95% CI: 28–54%)

for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 52% (95% CI: 31–73%) for the prevention of

symptomatic COVID-19, 66% (95% CI: 50–81%) for the prevention of hospital admissions,

45% (95% CI: 42–49%) for the prevention of ICU admissions, and 53% (95% CI: 15–91%) for

the prevention of COVID- 19-related death” (4).

“For the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the pooled VE was 85% (95% CI: 81–

89%) for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 97% (95% CI: 97–98%) for the prevention of

symptomatic COVID-19, 93% (95% CI: 89–96%) for the prevention of hospital admissions,

96% (95% CI: 93–98%) for the prevention of ICU admissions, and 95% (95% CI: 92–98%) for

the prevention of COVID-19-related death” (4).

To conclude, these Covid-19 vaccines has been proved by 32 studies for vaccine effectiveness

and 26 studies for vaccine safety. The Coronavirus vaccinations are remarkably safe and have

the potential to signific ally reduce the virus-related deaths, serve cases, symptomatic cases, and

infections worldwide (1).

Conclusion

Most of the people have proven that the Covid -19 vaccines are effectiveness and safety,

but not everyone talks about the side effects that these vaccines caused after getting vaccinated.

Therefore, 4 out of 10 articles agree that Covid-19 vaccines are safe and effectiveness for
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everyone. While 6 out of 10 articles agrees the Covid-19 are safe, but they caused side effects

and negative impact toward the people.

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Works cited

Chen, Yamin, et al. “Covid-19 Vaccine Research Focusses on Safety, Efficacy,

Immunoinformatics, and Vaccine Production and Delivery: A Bibliometric Analysis Based

on VOSviewer.” BioScience Trends, vol. 15, no. 2, 2021, pp. 64–73.,

https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2021.01061. 

Chirico, Francesco, et al. “Safety & Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Narrative

Review.” Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 155, no. 1, Jan. 2022, pp. 91–104.,

https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_474_21. 

Erazo, Diana, et al. “Investigating Covid-19 Vaccine Impact on the Risk of Hospitalisation

through the Analysis of National Surveillance Data Collected in Belgium.” Viruses, vol.

14, no. 6, 16 June 2022, pp. 2–8., https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061315. 

Liu, Qiao, et al. “Effectiveness and Safety of SARS-COV-2 Vaccine in Real-World Studies: A

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Infectious Diseases of Poverty, vol. 10, no. 1, 14

Nov. 2021, pp. 1–15., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00915-3. 

Luo, Chongliang, et al. “Comparability of Clinical Trials and Spontaneous Reporting Data

Regarding COVID-19 Vaccine Safety.” Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, 29 June 2022, pp.

1–9., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13809-7. 
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Muhaidat, Nadia, et al. “Menstrual Symptoms after COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional

Investigation in the MENA Region.” International Journal of Women's Health, Volume

14, 31 Mar. 2022, pp. 395–404., https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s352167. 

Solomon, Nadia, et al. “Emergency Room Imaging Findings in Patients Presenting after COVID-

19 Vaccination.” Journal of Clinical Imaging Science, vol. 12, 17 June 2022, pp. 1–7.,

https://doi.org/10.25259/jcis_44_2022. 

Stouten, Veerle, et al. “Incidence and Risk Factors of COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough

Infections: A Prospective Cohort Study in Belgium.” Viruses, vol. 14, no. 4, 13 Apr. 2022,

pp. 1–14., https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040802. 

Romanowski, Jan, et al. “Protocol of Safe Vaccination against COVID‐19 in Patients with High

Risk of Allergic Reactions.” Clinical and Translational Allergy, vol. 12, no. 5, 21 Apr.

2022, pp. 1–8., https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12152. 

Tavakoli, Nader, et al. “Pediatric and Adolescent COVID‐19 Vaccination Side Effects: A

Retrospective Cohort Study of the Iranian Teenage Group in 2021.” Journal of Medical

Virology, vol. 94, no. 10, 24 June 2022, pp. 4890–4900.,

https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27962.