REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Citrus fruits such as lemons, grapefruits, limes, oranges, and tangerines are among the most widely grown fruits
in the world, with production increasing each year as consumer demand increases. Our research study aimed to
make the left over lemon peels a kind of citrus fruit that belongs to the family and also called by its scientific
name “Citrus Lemon” as an alternative bioplastic flower vase. Citrus fruits are one of the foremost important
fruit crops well-known to man since ancient times and are a good source of vitamin “C” with high antioxidant
potential. In the study conducted by Gorinstien et al. (2001), they stated that the peels of all citrus fruits are
wealthy in nutritional fibres and phenolic compounds and appropriate for business processing. Citrus is an
evergreen shrub in the rue family native to southern Asia, China, India and the Malay Archipelago, native to the
subtropical and tropical regions of Asia. Our goal is to turn a thought of using this lemon peels into a flower
vase instead of throwing it into trash.

According to the study of Mamma D. et al. (2014), fruits are divided into two parts the peel and pulp. The shell
consists of a colored peripheral surface, the exocarp or flavedo, and amesocarp or albedo, a white soft middle
layer). Peel (60-65%), inner tissue (30-35%) and seeds(0-10%) are made of citrus fruits, with this our focus is in
the part of peel which is not commonly use after using. In the study of Alnaimy A. et al, (2017), fruits mainly
provide carbohydrates such as sucrose, glucose and fructose. Fresh citrus fruits are also an invaluable
source of fiber, which has been linked to preventing gastrointestinal disease and lowering circulating
cholesterol. Citrus fruits also have a distinctive aroma and delicious flavor while being low in protein and fat, it
has many components that is good for people and no single part of it will be harmful in any situation.

People, companies or factories purchase lemon (citrus limon) and use its flesh or juices and some people use
lemon for diet such as mixing it to a glass of water or making juice or coffee, as it contains about 50 mg of
vitamin C, which is more than half the amount of vitamin C you need in your daily diet. Companies use this for
business, as an instance a branch of juice because of its health benefits, the vitamins, fiber, and plant compounds
in lemons (citrus limon) will give essential health benefits. In the study of WebMD Editorial Contributors
(2022), it qas said that the pulp, rind, and juice are made with vitamins that stimulate immunity and reduce
the chance of disease and the soluble dietary fiber in lemon aids in healthy digestion. Citrus fruits are widely
consumed around the world as fresh food, juice, and most of the peel is discarded as waste, according to the
study of Manthey & Grohmann, (2001), it was stated there that it contains various secondary components with
pronounced antioxidant activity compared to other parts of the fruit. In our choosen research study we use this
discarded or left overs lemon (citrus limon) peel to make a bioplastic flower vase.

According to the study of Ashraf H. et al. (2017), various bioactive compounds found in citrus peel extracts and
powders can lower total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and glucose levels, this shows that lemon (citrus limon)
has many components. The study of Ismail and Zhang (2004), citrus fruits are now grown and produced in the
subtropical and tropical regions of the world from 40 degrees north to 40 degrees south latitude in more than
137 countries onsix continents. About $105 billion annually in the global fruit market which means that many
lemon are being purchased and use and a big possibility that about 90% of the peel are being discarded after
used.

Although the introduction, production and consumption of citrus as a horticultural crop in Ethiopia is very
recent stated in the study of Seifu (2003), current production and acreage are increasing. By private, association,
and government companies to meet local and export needs. In the study of Viuda-Martos M. et al. (2008), citrus
by-products yield a variety of value-added products such as essential oils, pectins, enzymes, single-cell
collagen, natural antioxidants, ethanol, organic acids and prebiotics. Essential oils, including orange, lemon,
tangerine, and grapefruit, are effective against the fungi A. Niger, A. flavus, P. chrysogenum, and P. Warts.
Essential oils can be considered an acceptable alternative to chemicals.
According to the study of Pagán J, Ibarz A, et al (2001), some of factories and industries use lemon peel for
making products for instance, pectin, extracted from citrus peels, is used in a variety of industrial food processes
as a gelling agent in jams, jellies, etc., and as a thickener,texturizer, emulsifier, and stabilizer in dairy products.
Pectin is also used for gelling properties in the pharmaceutical, dental, and cosmetic industries.

In the study of Paul DK et al. (2004), bioactive lemon compounds such as flavonoids,vitamins, minerals, fiber ,
and essential oils are used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Most by-products of the lemon
juice industry can provide functional foods containing nutrients such as resistant carbohydrates, fiber, and
bioactive compounds flavonoids and ascorbic acid and in the study of Kumar D et al. (2019), stated that lemon
culmination can feature towards photo-oxidamage due to the fact carotenoids exist.

The study of González-Molina E, et al. (2010), lemon fruit, wealthy in flavonoids, has aenormous function
within side the wholesome diet, specifically in stopping sicknesses alongwith obesity, diabetes, reducing blood
lipids, cardiovascular disease, and a few kinds of cancer.Also in the study of Viuda-Martos M, et al (2008),
stated that citrus fruits, whether consumed directly or converted into juices, jams, jellies, molasses, lemon cello
drinks, etc.,include value-added products such as pectin, essential oils and functional ingredients, in

In addition to lemon peel. Therefore, this part highlights the nutritional value of important ssential nutrients
such as vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin A, folic acid, dietary fiber, flavonoids, limonoids, and value-added
products such as food ingredients, pectins and essential ingredients, a packaging film made from oils, enzymes,
natural antioxidants from lemon ( citruslimon ) fruit Citrus fruits are own as one of the most common products
in the world and are grown in more than 100 countries. The regions suitable for growing this type of fruit are the
tropical and subtropical zones due to their favorable soil and climatic conditions. Orange (61%), tangerine
(22%), lime and lemon (11%) and grapefruit (6%) are the main citrus fruits.

According to the study of Usman Mir Khan et al. (2021), these fruits are commercially in both the fresh
consumer market and the processing industry. It is estimated that the citrus processing industry, which has long
been primarily focused on the production of fruit juices and essential oils, uses 33% of the citrus harvest for the
production of fruit juices. Moreover most parts of them are converted to waste, for instance its peel, lemon peel
is discarded after drinking or using the peel Some people have developed ways of recycling lemon (citrus
limon) peel as making it as a deodorizer, stain remover, facial cleanser, body scrub , pest repellant etc. stated in
the study of Bea P. (2015).

Therefore, In the study of Bioplastics Limer (2020), research initiated by the LIMHER project develops a
sustainable alternative to plastic materials from organic waste extracts composed of lemon peel (citrus)
bioplastic due to its high antioxidant and antibacterial activity, was developed with the aim of it has properties
similar to those of conventional plastics, with the advantage that the degradation time is approximately 4
months. The plastics commonly used are derived from oil and depend entirely on this non-renewable resource.
Their extensive use causes serious pollution problems in various ecosystems as it can take up to 500 years for
this material to degrade. This research study and product produced is very similar to our research study and has
proven that lemon peel has its components in making it bioplastic.

The increasing global demand for plastic materials has led to large-scale pollution by plastic waste, especially in
the marine environment. This critical problem affects both marine life and humans, as microplastics can enter
the food chain and have multiple health impacts stated in the study of Wen YiChia et al. (2020). In their
research study project that has been proven that they have made bioplastics withstand low temperatures and are
compatible with elongation and formability testing, they have many uses, including bag, plate, glass or straw
Also according to the studdy of Nesrin M. et al. (2017), Citrus fruits are economically important fruits for
Egypt, but their peels are also a major source of agricultural waste. Due to its fermentation, this waste causes
many economic and environmental problems.
Therefore, it is worth considering ways to utilize this citrus waste produced by the juice industry. There’s are
search study “Citrus Peel Extract Starch-Based Bioplastic: Effect of Extract Concentration on

Packed Fish and Bioplastic Properties that” from this it stated that it is possible to have an eco- friendly
packaging material made by adding citrus lemon peel ethanol extract to starch. Gasschromatography-mass
spectrometry of citrus lemon extracts showed the presence ofcompounds such as fatty acids, Terpenes, aromatic
esters, aldehydes, and polyphenols. Bioplastic films made with different percentages of citrus 0%, 5%,10%,15%
and 20%. Fatty acid analysis results showed that the bioplastic with the highest addition of citrus lemon extract
performed the best. Lowest saturated fatty acids, highest unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

In the study of Olugbenga O. et al. (2021), a superior active packaging film was made using a waste ethanol-
extracted additive from citrus peel ethanol extract additive. Environmental concerns, availability, and safety
have led scientists to look to the use of biopolymer packaging materials. Natural sources such as
polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids are used in the production of bioplastic film packaging. Starch is becoming
the most widely used raw material for biopolymers due to its ready availability, non-toxicity, ease of processing,
relatively low cost, and its widespread propaga-tion ability, is becoming the mostly used biopolymer raw
material.

Bioplastics are plastics derived from natural sources such as cornstarch, biomass, sugarcane bagasse and food
waste. Unlike fossil fuel-based plastics, they are fully or partially biodegradable. Therefore, bioplastics are
relatively harmless to the environment. Cellulose- and starch-based bioplastics are already used for applications
like packaging, cutlery, bowls, straws. Cost and performance, however, cannot compete with traditional plastics.
The present study aimed to produce bioplastic from food waste said in the study of Jayachandra S. et al. (2021).
For this reason, orange (Citrus sinensis) peel is chosen for its high cellulose content which is one of the
components in making bioplastic stated in the study of Bampidis et al. (2006) & Mamma et al. (2008).Lemon
peel which is our main ingredient in making bioplastic flower vase in our research study was stated in the study
of Arslanoglu, H. (2008), that the phytochemical composition of dry lemon peel primarily includes cellulose, a
component of making bioplastic that is present in lemon peel.
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