dwell on ~ to think at length (rozpamietywaé) exposure [+to] — the act of exposing to something (wystawianie sig na cos; styeznosé) harbor - to maintain secretly (ukrywaé) helpless ~ a feeling of a loss of control or ability (bezradnosé) mitigate — to lesson in force or intensity; make less severe (zlagodzié; usmierzaé) non-abusing — not harmful, injurious, or offensive (nienaduéywajacy) nurturing ~ helping grow or develop (przyjazne; wychowaweze) obviate ~ to eliminate or prevent by effective measures (eliminowaé, usuwaé) pediatric practice ~ doctor’s business relating to children’s medicine (gabinet pediatryczny) proximity ~ nearness in relation (bliskoéé) psychopathology — the science or study of mental disorders (psycho- patologia ) reenact ~ to make it happen again in exactly the same way that it happened the first time (praywracaé) reinforce ~ to strengthen (wzmacniaé) repercussion — an effect or result, often indirect or remote, of some event or action (oddéwiek; nastepstwo) soothing ~ providing physical relief (kojqcy; usmierzajacy) stable ~ consistently dependable (stabilny) sustain ~ to keep in existence; maintain (utraymywaé pray aiyciu) unscathed — unharmed; uninjured (bez. uszezerblcu; nietknigty) vulnerable ~ susceptible to physical or emotional injury (podatny, nieodporny) 58 SECTION 9: HOMELESS FAMILIES AND CHILDREN Estimates of the size of the homeless population vary, depending on the definition of homelessness used. Even when definitions are clear and consistent, the methods used to count the homeless differ widely. Estimates of the number of homeless at one point in time or for period of time can be made. In practice, homeless families and children are a difficult group to find and track, and few estimates that focus on children specifically have been made. Defining homelessness ‘Two broad groups of individuals can be included in a definition of the homeless. The first is often called the literally homeless, pecple who have no permanent homes and spend the night in places such as the street, cars, or emergency shelters. The other group sometimes considered homeless is the precariously housed population. People who are precariously housed are in danger of becoming literally homeless because they have no place of their own to live or their current housing situation is tenuous. This group includes, among others, people who are doubled up — those who are living for short periods of time with friends or relatives and thus lack a fixed, regular nighttime residence. Children often appear among the precariously housed population because parents who become homeless may place their children with friends or relatives in order to avoid literal homelessness for them. Because some individuals and families choose to share housing as a regular, stable, and long-term arrangement, distinguishing the precariously housed from those in stable sharing arrangements is difficult. The official definition of homelessness used by government agencies for determining eligibility for services is found in the 1987 Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, the first comprehensive federal law dealing with emergency assistance for the homeless. The act defines a homeless person as: (2) an individual who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence; [or] 59(2) an individual who has a primary nighttime residence that is~ a supervised or publicly operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations (including welfare hotels, ‘congregate shelters, and transitional housing for the mentally ill); = an institution that provides a temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized; or — a publie or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings. ‘The McKinney definition includes many of the literally homeless population, although it excludes individuals in jails. It may or may not include the precariously housed, depending on the interpretation of “fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence”. This ambiguity makes the McKinney definition difficult to use for data collection. Although the statistical data on homelessness are spotty, it is well accepted that homelessness has increased for U.S. families over the past two decades, with most of the growth concentrated in the 1980s. In the 1950s and 1960s, researchers studying urban homelessness did not find or mention homeless families. Today, however, no matter which estimates are used, researchers conclude that counts of both homeless individuals and homeless families have increased dramatically since that time. The causes of this growth in the number of homeless families are multiple, complex, and not well understood. Duration of Homelessness ‘The length of time that people are homeless can vary greatly. Some are made temporarily homeless by natural disasters such as earthquakes or fires or because of unemployment or family breakdown, Individuals and families who receive monthly assistance checks may run out of money a few weeks into the month and be forced out of their housing until the next check arrives, making them episodically homeless. Others are homeless for a year or more. Conclusion Solving the problem of family homelessness will require multiple strategies and changes in broad economic trends-no easy task. The lack of good data on the population of homeless children and their families, however, cannot be used as an excuse for not addressing the problem. ‘Homelessness among children indicates that society is not functioning at a level that assures at least minimally decent basic necessities for all children. The new data on annual unduplicated counts of the homeless 60 suggest that many more poor families may eycle through homelessness each year than point-in-time estimates indicate. This fact should inerease concern for this population, as should the finding that, although homelessness is not a permanent condition for most Lomeless families, many children experience this state for a substantial portion of their young lives. Adapted from Homeless Families and Children by Lewit, Schuurmann Baker, 1996 TASKS (@) What words from the text are described in the following definitions? Write the Polish translation next to each definition. umieszezaé w domu opieki spotecznej / nieregularny / becdomnosé / nadzorowaé / wspélne domy / staly / umystowo chory / pensjonat sogjalny / istotny / zakwaterowanie “przejéciowe” 1. Atype of housing in which each individual or family has ¢ private bedroom or living quarters but shares with other residents 4 common dining room, recreational room, or other facilities ~8 ts ) 2A hotel in which people receiving welfare assistance are temporarily housed until permanent quarters become available — cee ) 8, Astate of having nowhere to live— h_ ee) 4, Existing perpetually; everlasting, especially without significant change ~ p__n_ ) 5. A type of housing which provides temporary residence — up to 24 months ~ for people experiencing homelessness tn ere ) 6. Suffering from severe mental illness—m____ Li. _ (sense) 7. To place or keep (someone) in a residential institation — Cee e( ) 8. Basic or essential; fundamental ~ s___t__t___ ) 9. To keep watch over (someone) in the interest of their or others’ security ~ 8G 10. Inconsistent in quality ~ 61(ii) Match each sentence beginning 1-8 with a suitable ending ah. . Society is not functioning at a . A homeless person is an individual who lacks . People who are precariously housed are in danger People who are doubled up are living for short periods of time with friends or 5. Although the statistical data on homelessness are spotty, it is well accepted that . This fact should increase concern . The causes of this growth in the number of homeless families are multiple, 8. Although homelessness is not a permanent condition for most homeless families, many children experience a) for this population. ») relatives and thus lack a fixed, regular nighttime residence. ©) fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, 4) this state for a substantial portion of their young lives. ©) of becoming literally homeless because they have no place of their own. f) level that assures decent basic necessities for all children. 8) homelessness has increased for U.S. families over the past two decades. h) complex, and not well understood. Bene ne (iii) For exercises A and B decide which word best fits each space. A accommodation residence necessity homelessness 1, We question the effectiveness, and proportionality of this measure. 2, Tuberculosis comes from poverty and .. sso and in Member States with lower standards of living this disease is common today. She flees and is lucky to find sheltered .. ‘The youth hostel has been adapted from a private comprehensive substantial decent distinguishing Mr Marty has serious difficulty .. between facts and speculation. 6. All the .. om Ae . political changes have been put in place. 62 7, Yet we still do not have any country’s children. 8. My kids still have health care, and they go to .. child care program for our . schools. (iv) Ask questions to the underlined words. 1, Literally homeless people have no permanent homes. 2. They spend the night in places such as the street, ears, or emergency shelters. 3. People who are doubled up are living for short periods of time with friends or relatives 4, Homeless people lack a fixed, regular nighttime residence. 5. The causes of this growth in the number of homeless families are multiple, complex, and not well understood. 6, Solving the problem of family homelessness will require rultiple strategies and changes in broad economic trends-no easy task. 17. This fact should increase concern for the homeless population. 8. The society is not functioning at a level that assures at least minimally decent basic necessities for all children, 9. Some people are made temporarily homeless by natural disasters such as earthquakes or fires or because of unemployment or family breakdown, 10. Homelessness among children indicates that society is_not functioning at a level that assures at least minimally decent basic necessities for all children, GLOSSARY accommodations — living quarters provided for public convenience (kovatery, noclegi) arrangement ~ a plan or preparation for a future event (ustalenie, plan) assert ~ to state with assurance, confidence, or force; state strongly or positively; affirm (zapewniaé) assure - to declare earnestly to; inform or tell positively; state with confidence to (zapewniaé) complex — composed of many interconnected parts; so complicated or intricate as to be hard to understand or deal with (zlozony; skom- plikowany) comprehensive - of large scope; covering or involving much; inclusive (obszerny; wyezerpuiaey) 63concern ~ worry, solicitude, or anxiety (troska, zmartwienie) conclude - to arrive at a judgement or opinion by reasoning (wy- wnioskowaé) decent — adequate; fair; passable (przyzwoity) distinguish — to mark off as different (odrééniaé) double up — to share accommodations designed for one (gnie#dzié sig w mieszkaniu) eligibility ~ a state of being qualified or entitled to be chosen (uprawnienia; zdatnosé) emergency shelter ~ a temporary residences of desperation for homeless people which provides essential services to protect vulnerable populations from devastating effects of homelessness (pogotowie opiekufeze) estimate ~ an approximate judgment or caleulation, as of the value, amount, time, size, or weight of something (liczba szacunkowa) exclude ~ to deny (someone) access to a place, group, or privilege (wykluezyé) homeless ~ (of a person) without a home, and therefore typically living on the streets (bezdomny) Jail —a prison, especially one for the detention of persons awaiting trial or convicted of minor offenses (areszt tymezasowy; wigzienie) lack — to be without or deficient in (brakowaé) literally — in the literal or strict sense (dostownie) multiple — consisting of, having, or involving several or many individuals, parts, elements, relations, ete. (wielokrotny) natural disasters ~ any event or force of nature that has catastrophic consequences, such as avalanche, earthquake, flood, forest fire, hurricane, lightning, tornado, tsunami, and voleanic eruption (kleska éywiolowa) necessity - the state or fact of being necessary or inevitable (koniecznosé) precarious ~ not safe, strong, or steady (nietrwaly, niepewny) residence ~ the place, especially the house, in which a person lives or resides; dwelling place; home (zamieszkanie) stable - firmly fixed (stabilny) temporarily — lasting, existing, serving, or effective for a time only; not permanent (tymezasowo) tenuous ~ not certain, definite, or strong (niepewny) 64 SECTION 10: PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION PROGRAMS FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS ‘There are many reasons to prevent juveniles from becoming delinquents or from continuing to engage in delinquent behaviour. The most obvious reason is that delinquency puts a youth at risk for drug use and dependency, school drop-out, incarceration, injury, early pregnancy, and adult criminality. Saving youth from delinquency saves them from wasted lives. Most adult criminals begin their criminal careers as juveniles. Preventing delinquency prevents the onset of adult criminal careers and thus reduces the burden of erime on its victims and on society. Prevention Programs Primary prevention programs target the general population of youth and include efforts to prevent smoking, drug use, and teen pregnancy. Secondary prevention programs target youth at clevated risk for a particular outcome, such as delinquency or violence, a group that might include those in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, those struggling in school, or those exposed to violence at home. School- and classroom-based programs Numerous school- or classroom-based programs have proven effective in preventing drug use, delinquency, anti-social behaviour, and early school drop-out, all behaviours that can lead to criminal behaviour. For example, the Bullying Prevention Program was developed with elementary and junior high school students in Bergen, Norway. The program involves teachers and parents in setting and enforcing clear rules against bullying. Two years after the intervention, bullying problems had declined 50 percent in treated schools. Furthermore, other forms of delinqueney declined as well, and school climate improved. ‘Multiple evaluations of Life Skills Training, a classroom-based approach to substance abuse prevention, have shown it to reduce the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana among participants. 65