Montojo, Lincoln M.

21BSIS1M

Discuss the following network technologies. Give its description such as the allotted bandwidth, usage,
originality, etc.

1. Cellular technologies

GPRS

A mobile communications standard is known as general packet radio service (GPRS). It enables a
reasonably high-speed data network using 2G and 3G cellular networks. Transfers made with
technologies based on packets. GPRS can theoretically run at speeds of up to 115 kbps, however most
networks don't. Around 35 kbps. Unofficially, GPRS is sometimes referred to as 2.5G. It is a third-
generation approach to online accessibility. The frequency for either direction depends on which of the
12 multi-slot provider classes is selected, and GPRS can work in either symmetrical or asymmetrical
configuration. The multi-slot service class determines the number of time slots for each path, with each
time slot supporting a maximum theoretical connection speed of 21.4 kbps. Service class 1, which
permits a single slot for each path, is one of the most fundamental. The most skilled service class, with
four timeslots in each direction, is 12. While GPRS rates range from 40 to 172.2 kbps, dial-up data
services have an overall average speed of 9.6 kbps. Numerous applications were previously unreachable
in GSM networks due to the 160-character short message service (SMS) limit and the limitations on
circuit-switched data speed.

EDGE

Another sort of 2G technology network is EDGE, or Enhanced Data GSM Evolution. EDGE has a download
speed that is somewhat faster than GPRS, clocking in at 384Kbps, more than twice as fast. It is
sometimes referred to as a 2.5G network due to its speed. The Enhanced Data rates for the GSM
Evolution (or EDGE) network are denoted by the letter E. By providing speeds that were nearly three
times faster than any of its predecessors, the network started to gain prominence around 2003. Even
though it's substantially quicker than G network connections, you won't be able to watch YouTube
videos in anything but the lowest resolutions because it only allows a maximum speed of 217 kilobits
per second. EDGE is currently one of the most frequently utilized mobile internet technologies in the
world, with 604 networks spread across 213 nations. It is frequently referred to as 2.75G since it was the
last widely-used network before 3G gained popularity.

WCDMA

Third-generation (3G) wireless technology Wideband CDMA provides data speeds of up to 384 Kbps and
supports both voice and data usage. The following frequency bands are used for WCDMA: 1900MHz and
850MHz in North America, 2100MHz in Europe and Asia. Both WCDMA and UMTS are now commonly
used interchangeably. WCDMA is based in part on GSM technology, and the networks are built with
some GSM network integration.
HSPA

You have High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) connectivity if you see a H sign. A maximum speed of 7.2
Megabits per second is achieved by replacing the UMTS standard in 3G with the HSPA standard, which is
based on the same technology. YouTube videos, Spotify streaming, web browsing, and other program
usage may all be done without issue. While massive torrent files or movie downloads would still take a
very lengthy time, it is not good enough to accommodate them. Since its widespread acceptance started
in 2010, the majority of developed nations have access to it.

HSPA+

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) is referred to as H+. This technology has five releases, each
of which offers noticeably faster download rates than the preceding iteration. Release 6 had a top speed
of 14.4 Megabits per second; Release 7 increased that to 21.1 Megabits per second; Release 8 further
increased it to 42.2 Megabits per second; Release 9 pushed it to 84.4 Megabits per second; and Release
10 reached the highest speed of 168.8 Megabits per second.

WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is an acronym. Made possible by wireless MAN
technology, a wireless technology designed to deliver IP-centric services over a large geographic region.
A wireless platform that is scalable and may be used to build alternative and complementary broadband
networks. A certification that shows that equipment made in accordance with IEEE 802.16 or a
comparable standard may operate together. Two different usage model types are covered by the
standards created by the IEEE 802.16 Working Group. A model of fixed usage (IEEE 802.16-2004). A
mobile usage model (IEEE 802.16e). In order to give broadband connectivity to customer premises,
WiMAX is a standardized wireless version of Ethernet designed largely as a substitute for wire
technologies (such as Cable Modems, DSL, and T1/E1 lines). Similar to Wi-Fi, WiMAX would function at
faster rates over longer distances and with more users. WiMAX can deliver service even in locations that
are challenging for wired infrastructure to reach and can get around the physical constraints of
conventional wired infrastructure. Depending on the specific technical configuration chosen, WiMAX is
anticipated to initially provide up to about 40 Mbps capacity per wireless channel for both fixed and
portable applications, which is sufficient to support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed connectivity
and thousands of homes with DSL speed connectivity. WiMAX may enable Internet data as well as voice
and video. WiMAX is designed to give mobile devices broadband connectivity as well. Although it
wouldn't be as quick as in these stationary applications, a 3 km cell coverage area is expected to have a
capacity of roughly 15 Mbps. WiMAX might be implemented in a number of frequency bands, including
2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz.

LTE

LTE, which stands for "Long Term Evolution," is a marketing term used to denote the development of
real 4G. Given that there is no real standard for 4G LTE, its vast range of potential speeds spans from
3G's average 3 Mbps to 4G's 100 Mbps. However, download speeds are typically between 12 and 30
Mbps, with greater rates being accessible in big cities.
5G

The ITU has announced a new standard called 5G. This fifth-generation network is intended to connect
practically everyone and everything at faster speeds, with reduced latency, more network capacity, and
more dependability. To do this, it expands into new frequency spectrums and makes use of new
technology. The introduction of 5G will dramatically increase download speeds and alter how gadgets
remain connected. In its ideal state, 5G is expected to provide a minimum of 1 Gbps and a maximum of
20 Gbps. However, since there are so many variations of 5G, speeds vary greatly. There are 3 types of
5G, one of which is 5G Low-band that has frequency of 600MHz-1GHz and speed of 50-250 Mbps, 5G
Mid-Band (Includes C-Band) also a type of 5G has 1-6 GHz frequency and speed up to 300 Mbps- 1Gbps.
5G High-band (aka mm Wave) last type of 5G has a frequency of 24-47Ghz and speed up to 1+ Gbps.

2. Dial-up

Using a modem, dial-up is a method of connecting to the internet on a computer using the public
telephone network. Technically, a dial-up connection functions much like a regular phone call, except
that two computers are linked at either end rather than two humans. Only when that "phone call" is
placed can you access it, and each time you do, you're charged, so it's rather pricey. Additionally, dial-
effectiveness up's and speed can be affected because it uses regular phone lines. By today's standards,
dial-up networking performs badly due to the limitations of conventional modem technology. In the
1950s and 1960s, the first modems were developed; their operating speeds were 110 and 300 baud.
This is the same as 110 to 300 bits per second (bps). Due to technical restrictions, modern dial-up
modems may only transmit data at a speed of up to 56 Kbps (0.056 Mbps). There are different ways to
distribute dial-up internet access among numerous devices connected to your home network. Be aware
that dial-up connection sharing is not supported by current broadband routers.

3. Dedicated leased lines

T1 and T3

Two popular digital data transmission system types used in telecommunications are T1 and T3. T1 lines
and T3 lines were initially created by AT&T in the 1960s to facilitate telephone service, but they
eventually gained popularity for enabling business-class internet access.

E1 and E3

There are three plans for Office 365: E1, E3, and E5. The most fundamental plan, E1, provides storage,
file sharing, and other crucial business services. Office programs (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.) and
additional security capability are included in E3's entire range of enterprise functionality. Along with
email, One Drive for Business for file storage, SharePoint for real-time collaboration, Yammer for
communication, and online meetings (Teams). All the capabilities of E1 are included in E3 subscriptions,
along with Microsoft Office programs for desktop, online, and mobile.
4. DSL

A method for voice lines to access high-speed networks or the Internet. There are several types,
including symmetric DSL (SDSL), very-high-bit-rate DSL, high-bit-rate DSL (HDSL), and asymmetric DSL
(ADSL) (VDSL). The term "xDSL" is sometimes used to describe the entire group.

SDSL

A digital subscriber line (DSL) technology that transmits data at a rate of 1.5 megabits per second in one
direction or 768 kilobits per second in both directions over an 8,000-foot distance using voice-grade
lines.

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a technology that enables high-bandwidth, quick data
transmission to homes and businesses over already-existing copper wire telephone lines. In contrast to
standard dial-up copper telephone line service, ADSL offers always-on, continuously accessible
broadband connections. Because it uses the majority of its channels to transport data downstream to
the user and only a tiny portion of them to upload data from the user, ADSL is asymmetric.