P r o b l e m s --------1 401

PROBLEMS

Section 9.2 Differential Equation for Circuits w ith

Two Energy Storage Elements
P 9.2-1 Find the differential equation for the circuit shown in
Figure P 9.2-1 using the direct method.

2Q 1 mH

Figure P 9.2-4

P 9.2-5 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-5 is the

voltage of the voltage source, vs. The output is the capacitor
P 9.2-2 Find the differential equation for the circuit shown in voltage v(/) Represent the circuit by a second-order differen­
Figure P 9.2-2 using the operator method. tial equation that shows how the output of this circuit is related
Answer: to the input for t > 0 .
Hint: Use the direct method.
£ i L(t) + 11.000 ~ i L(/) + 1.1 x 108;L(f) = 108i,(/)
at1 at

P 9.2-6 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-6 is the

voltage of the voltage source, vs. The output is the inductor
Figure P 9.2-2 current /(/). Represent the circuit by a second-order differential
equation that shows how the output of this circuit is related to
P 9.2-3 Find the differential equation for iL(t) for t > 0 for the the input for t > 0 .
circuit of Figure P 9.2-3.
Hint: Use the direct method.

Figure P 9.2-3 Figure P 9.2-6

P 9.2-4 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-4 is the
voltage of the voltage source, Vs. The output is the inductor
current /(/). Represent the circuit by a second-order differential
equation that shows how the output of this circuit is related to
the input for t> 0 .
Hint: Use the direct method.
P 9.2-7 The input to the circuit showTi in Figure P 9.2-7 is the
voltage of the voltage source, vs. The output is the inductor
current i2(t). Represent the circuit by a second-order differen­
tial equation that shows how the output of this circuit is related
to the input for t > 0 .
Hint: Use the operator method.
402 I------- T h e C o m p l e t e R e s p o n s e o f Ci r c u i t s w i t h T w o E n e r g y S t o r a g e E l e m e n t s
P 9.2-8 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-8 is the
voltage of the voltage source, vs. The output is the capacitor
voltage v2(0- Represent the circuit by a second-order differ­
ential equation that shows how the output of this circuit is
related to the input for t > 0.
Hint: Use the operator method.
r= 0
Figure P 9.2-8
P 9.2-9 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-9 is the
voltage of the voltage source, vs. The output is the capacitor
voltage v(t). Represent the circuit by a second-order differen­
tial equation that shows how the output of this circuit is related
to the input for t > 0.
Hint: Use the direct method.
t= 0
P 9.2-10 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-10 is
the voltage of the voltage source, vs. The output is the
capacitor voltage v(t). Represent the circuit by a second-order
differential equation that shows how the output of this circuit
is related to the input for t > 0.
Hint: Find a Thevenin equivalent circuit.
P 9.2-11 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-11 is
the voltage of the voltage source, vs(f). The output is the
voltage v2(/). Derive the second-order differential equation
that shows how the output of this circuit is related to the input.
Hint: Use the direct method.
P 9.2-12 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-12 is
the voltage of the voltage source, vs(f). The output is the
voltage v0(f). Derive the second-order differential equation
that shows how the output of this circuit is related to the input.
Hint: Use the operator method.
C2
Figure P 9.2-12
P 9.2-13 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-13 is
the voltage of the voltage source, vs(/). The output is the
voltage v0(/). Derive the second-order differential equation
that shows how the output of this circuit is related to the input.
Hint: Use the direct method.
 P ro b lem s _ ©

/= 0
100 mH

"c ^ 1/3 mF

Figure P 9.3-2

P 9.3-3 Find the characteristic equation and its roots for the
VM)
circuit shown in Figure P 9.3-3.

Figure P 9.2-13

P 9.2-14 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-14 is

the voltage of the voltage source, vs(f). The output is the
voltage v2(/). Derive the second-order differential equation
that shows how the output of this circuit is related to the input.
Hint: Use the direct method.

Figure P 9.3-3

P 9.3-4 German automaker Volkswagen, in its bid to make

more efficient cars, has come up with an auto whose engine
saves energy by shutting itself off at stoplights. The stop-start
system springs from a campaign to develop cars in all its world
markets that use less fuel and pollute less than vehicles now on
the road. The stop-start transmission control has a mechanism
that senses when the car does not need fuel: coasting downhill
and idling at an intersection. The engine shuts off, but a small
starter flywrheel keeps turning so that power can be quickly
Figure P 9.2-14 restored when the driver touches the accelerator.
A model of the stop-start circuit is shown in Figure
P 9.2-15 Find the second-order differential equation for i2for P 9.3-4. Determine the characteristic equation and the natural
the circuit of Figure P 9.2-15 using the operator method. frequencies for the circuit.
Recall that the operator for the integral is 1/s.
Answer: s2 + 20s + 400 = 0
d2i2 di2 d2vs s — —10 i y l 7.3
Answer: 3 + 4 - ± + 2 12 = - r r
dt2 J/2
1Q 2Q
-AAA/-------

1/2 F

Figure P 9.2-15

Section 9.3 Solution of the Second-Order Figure P 9.3-4 Stop-start circuit.

Differential Equation— The Natural Response
P 9.3-1 Find the characteristic equation and its roots for the Section 9.4 Natural Response of the Unforced
circuit of Figure P 9.2-2. Parallel /7Z.CCircuit
P 9.3-2 Find the characteristic equation and its roots for the P 9.4-1 Determine v{t) for the circuit of Figure P 9.4-1 when
circuit of Figure P 9.3-2. L — 1 H and vs = 0 for t > 0. The initial conditions are v(0) =
Answer: s2 + 400s + 3 x 104 = 0 6 V and dv/dt(0) = -3 0 0 0 V/s.
roots: 5 = —300, -1 0 0 Answer: v{t) = —2e~,00/ + 8e~400' V
0 - The C o m p le t e Response of Circuits with T w o En ergy Sto rag e Elem ent s
> +
»s<'> Up 80 £2 <> v(t) -
Figure P 9.4-1
P 9.4-2 An R LC circuit is shown in Figure P 9.4-2 , in which
v(0) = 2 V. The switch has been open for a long time before
closing at / = 0. Determine and plot v(/).
r= 0
1/3 F ^ V(t) 3/4 f t ; 1 H
Figure P 9.4-2
P 9.4-3 Determine /j(/) and i2(t) for the circuit of Figure
P 9.4-3 when ij(0) = i2(0) = 11 A.
2 H
2n
P 9.4-4 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.4-4 contains a switch
that is sometimes open and sometimes closed. Determine the
damping factor, cr, the resonant frequency, cl>q, and the damped
resonant frequency, of the circuit when (a) the switch is
open and (b) the switch is closed.
P 9.4-5 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.4-5 is used in
airplanes to detect smokers, who surreptitiously light up before
they can take a single puff. The sensor activates the switch, and
the change in the voltage v{t) activates a light at the flight
attendant’s station. Determine the natural response v(/).
Answer: v(t) = —1.16e~2 7t + 1.16e~37 3/ V
* »Sure * g **-5 Smoke detector.
Section 9.5 N atu ral Response of th e Critically
D am p ed U nforced Parallel /?Z.CCircuit
P 9.5-1 Find vc(r) for t > 0 for the circuit shown in Figure
P 9.5-1.
A n sw e r: vc(t) = (3 + 6000 t)e~ 2(mt V
25 mH
100 Jq > ( T ) 3 0 u ( - r ) mA vc^ - iq ^ f
Figure P 9.5-1
P 9.5-2 Find vc(t) for / > 0 for the circuit of Figure P 9.5-2.
Assume steady-state conditions exist at t = 0~.
Answer: vc(t) = —8te~2t\
P 9.5-3 Police often use stun guns to incapacitate potentially
dangerous felons. The handheld device provides a series of
high-voltage, low-current pulses. The power of the pulses is
far below lethal levels, but it is enough to cause muscles to
contract and put the person out of action. The device provides
a pulse of up to 50,000 V, and a current of 1 mA flows through
an arc. A model of the circuit for one period is shown in Figure
P 9.5-3. Find v(/) for 0 < t < 1 ms. The resistor R represents the
spark gap. Select C so that the response is critically damped.
10 mH
10 4 V R= 106Q
Figure P 9.5-3
P 9.5-4 Reconsider Problem P 9.4-1 when L — 640 mH and
the other parameters and conditions remain the same.
Answer: v(/) = (6 - 1500f)e-250' V
 P r o b l e m s --------( 405

P 9.5-5 An automobile ignition uses an electromagnetic trig­

ger. The RLC trigger circuit shown in Figure P 9.5-5 has a step
input of 6 V, and v{0) = 2 V and i(0) = 0. The resistance R must
be selected from 2 n < / ? < 7 H s o that the current /(/) exceeds
0.6 A for greater than 0.5 s to activate the trigger. A critically • ‘- w
damped response /(/) is required to avoid oscillations in the
trigger current. Select R and determine and plot /(/).

6 u{t) V
O
*W A T
ftZM ’

(a)
Figure P 9.5-5

Section 9.6 Natural Response of an Underdamped

Unforced Parallel RLCC'wcuW
P 9.6-1 A communication system from a space station uses
short pulses to control a robot operating in space. The transmitter
circuit is modeled in Figure P 9.6-1. Find the output voltage vc(t)
for / > 0. Assume steady-state conditions at t = 0_.
Answer: vc(f) = e-400,[3 cos 300f + 4 sin 300f] V

Figure P 9.6-3 (a) A 240-W power supply. Courtesy of Kepco,

Inc. (b ) Model of the power supply circuit.
P 9.6-4 The natural response of a parallel RLC circuit is
measured and plotted as shown in Figure P 9.6-4. Using this
chart, determine an expression for v(r)-
Hint: Notice that v(t) = 260 mV at t = 5 ms and that v(f) =
-2 0 0 mV at t = 7.5 ms. Also, notice that the time between
the first and third zero-crossings is 5 ms.
Answer: v{t) = 544e~276' sin 1257f V

P 9.6-2 The switch of the circuit shown in Figure P 9.6-2 is

opened at t = 0. Determine and plot v(/) when C = 1/4 F.
Assume steady state at t = 0~.
Answer: v(t) = - 4 e -2/ sin 2/ V
f=0

P 9.6-3 A 240-W power supply circuit is shown in Figure

P 9.6-3a. This circuit employs a large inductor and a large
capacitor. The model of the circuit is shown in Figure P 9.6-3 b.
Find iL(t) for / > 0 for the circuit of Figure P 9.6-3 b. Assume
steady-state conditions exist at / = 0 ~.
Answer: iL(t) = e~ 2' ( - 4 c o s t + 2 sin t) A Figure P 9.6-4 The natural response o f a parallel RLC circuit.
406 j------- j h e C o m p l e t e R e s p o n s e o f C i r c u i t s w i t h T w o E n e r g y S t o r a g e E l e m e n t s

P 9.6-5 The photovoltaic cells of the proposed space station
shown in Figure P9.6-5a provide the voltage v(t) of the circuit
shown in Figure P 9.6-5b. The space station passes behind the
shadow of earth (at t = 0) with v(0) = 2 V and /(0) = 1/10 A.
Determine and sketch v(/) for t > 0.
P 9.7-2 Determine the forced response for the capacitor
voltage, vf, for the circuit of Figure P 9.7-2 when (a) v8 =
2 V, (b) vs = 0.21 V, and (c) vs = 1<?~30' V.
7 Q 0 1 H

us k(/) v ( !

Figure P 9.7-2

P 9.7-3 A circuit is described for t > 0 by the equation

d2v c dv
+ 5 — + 6v = vs
77
dt2 dt
Find the forced response vf for t > 0 when (a)vs = 8V, (b) vs =
3e~4' V,and (c) vs — 2e~2t V.
Answer: (a) Vf = 8/6 V(b) Vf = 7 e~At V(c) Vf = 2te~2t V
S ection 9.8 C o m p le te Response of an R L C C ir c u it
P 9.8-1 Determine i(t) for t > 0 for the circuit shown in
Figure P 9.8-1.

(a) P 9.8-2 Determine i(t) for t > 0 for the circuit shown in
Figure P 9.8-2.
d2 d
Hint: Show that 1 = - 771 (f) 4- 5 — /(f) + 5/(f) for t > 0
dt2 v } dt 7
Answer: i(t) = 0.2 + 0.246 e~3 62t —0.646 e~l38r A for t > 0.
J 1Q 4Q
Space The photovoltaic
station cells connected
electric motors in parallel

(b)
Figure P 9.6-5 (a) Photocells on space station. (b) Circuit with
photocells.
P 9.8-3 Determine vj(/) for / > 0 for the circuit shown in
Section 9.7 Forced Response of an /?Z.CCircuit Figure P 9.8-3.
P 9.7-1 Determine the forced response for the inductor Answer: v\ (t) = 10 + e-24xl°4' _ 6 ^~4xI°3' V forf>0
current /f when (a) is = 1 A, (b) /s = 0.5/ A, and (c) zs =
1 kQ 1 kn
2e~250' A for the circuit of Figure P 9.7-1.
r= 0
10 V i/ito =f= 1 /6 /iF u2W = T = l/1 6 /iF

s 10 mH _ _________?
) <£ 10<V65ft ! " 1 mF
Figure P 9.8-3
1 'l ,
P 9.8-4 Find v(/) for / > 0 for the circuit shown in Figure
F ig u re P 9.7-1 P 9.8-4 when v(0) = 1 V and /L(0) = 0.
 P r o b l e m s --------( 407

Answer: v = 25e~ 3' - ~ [429e 4/ - 21 cos f + 33 sin t] V

1Q 1ft

P 9.8-5 Find v(/) for / > 0 for the circuit of Figure P 9.8-5. P 9.8-9 In Figure P 9.8-9, determine the inductor current i(t)
Answer: v(t) = [—\6e~‘ + \6e~3t + 8 ]«(/) when is = 5u(t) A. Assume that /(0) = 0, vc(0) = 0.
+ [\6e-C-V - 16*-3('-2) - 8 ]«(/ - 2) V Answer: i(t) = 5 + e~2x [ - 5 cos 5t - 2 sin 5/] A
1/3 F

Vs F

Figure P 9.8-5
Figure P 9.8-9
P 9.8-6 An experimental space station power supply system
P 9.8-10 Railroads widely use automatic identification of
is modeled by the circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-6. Find v</) for
railcars. When a train passes a tracking station, a wheel
t > 0. Assume steady-state conditions at t = 0~.
detector activates a radio-frequency module. The module’s
antenna, as shown in Figure P 9.8-10a, transmits and receives
a signal that bounces off a transponder on the locomotive. A

5 V
Vehicle-mounted (a)
transponder tag

Figure P 9.8-6

P 9.8-7 Find vc(t) for t > 0 in the circuit of Figure P 9.8-7

when (a) C = 1/18 F, (b) C = 1/10 F, and (c) C = 1/20 F.
Answers:
(a) vc(f) = 8<r3' + 24/e-3' - 8 V
(b) vc(f) = 10<r' - 2e~5' - 8 V Wheel detector
(c) vc(r) = e - J , (8 cos t + 24 sin t) - 8 V input

811
— i Antenna

T) 2«(r) A ;4Q c 4= tKr)

2 H

lit) (b)
Figure P 9.8-7

P 9.8-8 Find vc{t) for t > 0 for the circuit shown in Figure
P 9.8-8.
Hint: 2 = ^ j v c( / ) + 6 ^ v e(<) + 2vc(0 for t > 0
Figure P 9.8-10 (a) Railroad identification system.
Answer: vc(t) = 0.123< r5 65' + 0.877<r0 35' + 1 V for t > 0. (6 ) Transponder circuit.
408 )------- T h e C o m p l e t e R e s p o n s e o f C i r c u i t s w i t h T w o E n e r g y S t o r a g e E l e m e n t s

trackside processor turns the received signal into useful infor­ *P 9.8-14 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-14 is at
mation consisting of the train's location, speed, and direction steady state before the switch closes. Determine the capacitor
of travel. The railroad uses this information to schedule voltage, v(/), for t > 0.
locomotives, trains, crews, and equipment more efficiently.
i, t= 0
One proposed transponder circuit is shown in Figure
P 9.8-106 with a large transponder coil of L = 5 H. Determine
i(t) and v(t). The received signal is is = 9 + 3e~2t u(t) A. 0.4 H
25 mF ^ vU)
P 9.8-11 Determine v(0 for / > 0 for the circuit shown in
Figure P 9.8-11.
Answer: vc(f) = 0.75 e’ 4' - 6.75 £>“36' + 16 V for t > 0
Figure P 9.8-14
iHL - vm +

P 9.8-15 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-15 is at steady

) 6u(t) + 10 V < i> 0.625 F: state before the switch closes. Determine the capacitor voltage,
v(t), for t > 0.

Figure P 9.8-11

P 9.8-12 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-12 is at steady state

before the switch opens. The inductor current is given to be

i(t) = 240 + \93e~625t cos(9.27f — 102°) mA for / > 0

Determine the values of R x, R3, C9 and L.

P 9.8-16 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-16 is at steady

state before the switch closes. Determine the inductor current,
/(/), for t > 0.
t= 0

+
vit)

Figure P 9.8-12

P 9.8-13 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-13 is at steady

Figure P 9.8-16
state before the switch opens. Determine the inductor current,
*(/), for t > 0.
P 9.8-17 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-17 is at steady
state before the switch opens. Determine the inductor current,
i2(t), for t > 0.

0(t)

Figure P 9.8-13 F igu re P 9 .8 -1 7

 P ro b lem s - ©

P 9.8-18 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-18 is at steady

state before the switch closes. Determine the capacitor voltage,
v(f), for / > 0.

t= 0

Section 9.9 State Variable Approach to Circuit

Analysis
P 9.9-1 Find v(f) for t > 0, using the state variable
method of Section 9.9 when C = 1/5 F in the circuit
of Figure P 9.9-1. Sketch the response for v(t) for 0 <
Figure P 9.8-18 r < 10 s.
Answer: v(f) = -25e~' + e~s' + 24 V
P 9.8-19 Find the differential equation for vc(f) in the circuit
of Figure P 9.8-19, using the direct method. Find vc(/) for time
t > 0 for each of the following sets of component values:
(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, Rt = R2 = 1.309 H
(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, Rx = 3 fl, i?2 = l f l
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, /?, = 1 H, R2 = 4 fl

(a) vc(f) = ^ —e-2' + ^ e “4' V

(b) *(#)« J - + V
(c) vc(z) = 0.8 - e-2/(0.8 cos 4 1 + 0.4 sin At) V P 9.9-2 Repeat Problem P 9.9-1 when C = 1/10 F. Sketch the
response for v ( t ) for 0 < t < 3 s.
iLU) Answer: v (t) = e~3,(—24 cos t — 32 sin /) -I- 24 V
L R\
—tyW - P 9.9-3 Determine the current i { t ) and the voltage v(f) for the
circuit of Figure P 9.9-3.
v%
U) =uU)(iJ Answer: i(t) = (3.08«r2-57' - 0.08*-97 4t - 6) A

Figure P 9.8-19

P 9.8-20 Find the differential equation for v0(f) in the circuit -3a(/) A i’^ :2 0 mF < 0 .5 Q 13 A
of Figure P 9.8-20, using the direct method. Find vc(/) for time
t > 0 for each of the following sets of component values:
(a) C = 1 F, I = 0.25 H, /?, = R2 = 1.309 H Figure P 9.9-3
(b) C = 1 F, I = 1 H, *i = 1 n , R2 « 3 a
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, /?, = 4 fl, /?2 = 1H
P 9.9-4 Clean-air laws are pushing the auto industry
toward the development of electric cars. One proposed
vehicle using an ac motor is shown in Figure P 9.9-4a.
<»> v0(r) = i - e- 2' + I e -4'v
The motor-controller circuit is shown in Figure P 9.9-46 with
L = 100 mH and C — 10 mF. Using the state equation
(h , v 0 ^ ) = | _ ( | + | r ) e ~ 2' V
approach, determine i(t) and v(t) where i(t) is the motor-
control current. The initial conditions are v(0) = 10 V and
(c) v0(/) a= 0.2 - e_2,(0.2 cos 4/ + 0.1 sin At) V
m = o.
410 J------- j h e C o m p l e t e R e s p o n s e o f C i r c u i t s w i t h T w o E n e r g y S t o r a g e E l e m e n t s

Transistorized
dc to ac inverter
Integrated interior 0
permanent magnet Sodium-sulfur Electric power
ac motor and battery
System SteeMng
automatic transaxle
controller
(a) (b)
Figure P 9.9-4 (a) Electric vehicle. (b) Motor-controller circuit.

P 9.9-5 Studies of an artificial insect are being used to under­ P 9.10-3 For the circuit of Figure P 9.10-3, determine the roots
stand the nervous system of animals. A model neuron in the of the characteristic equation and plot the roots on the 5-plane.
nervous system of the artificial insect is shown in Figure P 9.9-5. 4 H
The input signal, vs, is used to generate a series of pulses, called
synapses. The switch generates a pulse by opening at f = 0 and
closing at / = 0.5 s. Assume that the circuit is at steady state and 4 kQ
that v(0~) — 10 V. Determine the voltage v(f) for 0 < t < 2 s.
Switch
Figure P 9.10-3

P 9.10-4 An RLC circuit is shown in Figure P 9.10-4.

(a) Obtain the two-node voltage equations, using operators.
(b) Obtain the characteristic equation for the circuit.
(c) Show the location of the roots of the characteristic equa­
tion in the 5-plane.
(d) Determine v(t) for t > 0.
Figure P 9.9-5 Neuron circuit model. 1 H

Section 9.10 Roots in th e C om plex Plane

P 9.10-1 For the circuit of Figure P 9.10-1, determine
3 6 u(t) V ( I ) V is F v(t)
the roots of the characteristic equation and plot the roots on
the 5-plane.
2 kQ 3 kQ Figure P 9.10-4

Section 9.11 H o w Can W e Check . . . ?

P 9.10-2 For the circuit of Figure P 9.6-1, determine the roots
of the characteristic equation and plot the roots on the 5-plane.
P 9.11-1 Figure P 9.11 -\a shows an RLC circuit. The voltage,
vs(f), of the voltage source is the square wave shown in Figure
P 9.11-la. Figure P 9.11-lc shows a plot of the inductor
current, /(f), which was obtained by simulating this circuit,
using PSpice. Verify that the plot of /(f) is correct.
Answer: The plot is correct.
 P ro b lem s - ©

100 Q M

t, ms
(a) (b)

4 0 0 mA
(5 5 0 .5 6 2 u i, 3 2 1 .8 8 6 m )
1
A (1 .6 4 0 5 r n, 2 5 6 .9 5 0 m ) ( 3 .6 8 5 4 m , 2 5 0 .0 3 5m )

— 4
2 0 0 mA / V -
/ (1 .0 7 8 7 m , 2 2 8 .5 1 0 m )

0 A \ %
v / ^

- 2 0 0 mA
0 s 2 .0 ms 4 .0 ms 6 .0 ms 8 .0 ms
□ /(L I) Time

(c)
Figure P 9.11-1

P9.11-2 Figure P 9.11-26 shows an RLC circuit. The voltage, current, i(f)» which was obtained bysimulating this circuit,
vs(r), of the voltage source is the square wave shown in Figure using PSpice. Verify that the plot of i(f) iscorrect.
P 9.11 -2a. Figure P 9.11-2c shows a plot of the inductor i -cl4Mllt tu i ♦ «•
r Answer: The plot is not correct.
412 )------- T h e C o m p l e t e R e s p o n s e o f C i r c u i t s w i t h T w o E n e r g y S t o r a g e E l e m e n t s

PSpice Problems
SP 9-1 The input to the circuit shown in Figure SP 9-1 is the vQ(f), across resistor, R2. The input is the pulse signal specified
voltage of the voltage source, Vj(r). The output is thevoltage graphically by the plot. Use PSpice to plot the output, vQ(f), as
across the capacitor, v0(f). The input is the pulse signal a function of t for each of the following cases:
specified graphically by the plot. Use PSpice to plot the output, (a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R x = R2 = 1.309 O
vG(r), as a function of t for each of the following cases:
(b )C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R x = 3 n , R2 = 1 O
(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R x = R2 = 1.309 (1 (c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H j , = i a j 2 = 4 f i
(b) C * 1 F, L = 1 H, R x = 3 O, R2 = 1 H Plot the output for these three cases on the same axis.
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 = =
Hint: Represent the voltage source, using the PSpice part
Plot the output for these three cases on the same axis. named VPULSE.
vm
u,(V)
5

_L
10 15 t (s)

C =4= v0(t)

Figure SP 9-1

Figure SP 9-2
Hint: Represent the voltage source, using the PSpice part
named VPULSE.
SP 9-3 Determine and plot the capacitor voltage v(f) for 0 < /
SP 9-2 The input to the circuit shown in Figure SP 9-2 is the < 300 /is for the circuit shown in Figure SP 9-3a. The sources
voltage of the voltage source, Vj(/). The output is the voltage, are pulses as shown in Figures SP 9-3/),c.
 D e s i g n P r o b l e m s --------( 413

SP 9-4 Determine and plot v(/) for the circuit of Figure

SP 9-4 when vs(0 = 5u(t) V. Plot v(/) for 0 < / < 0.25 s.
3 kQ 6 kQ
----- W Vi— t— V A — i
>2kO >3kQ

»sw Q )
v ( t) 2 nF : 3 /iF

Figure SP 9-4
0.2 A 5V

vg

100 200 100 200

tins) tins)
(b) (c)
Figure SP 9-3 (a) Circuit, (b) current pulse, and (c) voltage
pulse.

Design Problems
DP 9-1 Design the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-1 so that DP 9-4 Show that the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-1 cannot be
designed so that
vc(t) = ^ + A\e~2t + A2e~4t V for t > 0 vc(f) = 0.5 + e~2t(A\ cos4r + A2 sin4r) V for t > 0
Determine the values of the unspecified constants, A\ and A 2. Hint: Show that such a design would require 1/RC + 10/?C =
Hint: The circuit is overdamped, and the natural frequencies 4 where R = R\ = R2. Next, show that 1/RC + 10 RC = 4
are 2 and 4 rad/sec. would require the value of RC to be complex.
DP 9-5 Design the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-5 so that
i L(t)
L
—Y vV 1
V for / > 0
vo (0 = 2 + A l e + A ^ e
+
vs(t) = u{t) ( v M ) Determine the values of the unspecified constants, A\ and A 2.

Figure DP 9-1

DP 9-2 Design the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-1 so that

vc(<) = ^ + (/li + A 2t)e~2' V for / > 0

Determine the values of the unspecified constants, A} and A2.

Hint: The circuit is overdamped, and the natural frequencies
Hint: The circuit is critically damped, and the natural fre­ are 2 and 4 rad/sec.
quencies are both 2 rad/sec.
DP 9-6 Design the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-5 so that
DP 9-3 Design the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-1 so that
3
vc(0 = 0.8 + e~2t(A i cos 4 1 + A2 sin 4/) V for t > 0 v°(/) = - + (/*! + A 2t)e~2t V for t > 0

Determine the values of the unspecified constants, At and A2. Determine the values of the unspecified constants, A\ and A 2.
Hint: The circuit is underdamped, the damped resonant Hint: The circuit is critically damped, and the natural fre­
frequency is 4 rad/sec, and the damping coefficient is 2. quencies are both 2 rad/sec.
 414 )------- T h e C o m p l e t e R e s p o n s e o f C i r c u i t s w i t h T w o E n e r g y S t o r a g e E l e m e n t s
DP 9-7 Design the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-5 so that
vc(/) = 0.2 4 *e~2t(A i cos 4t 4 - A 2 sin 4t) V
Determine the values of the unspecified constants, A x and A2.
Hint: The circuit is underdamped, the damped resonant
frequency is 4 rad/sec, and the damping coefficient is 2.
DP 9-8 Show that the circuit shown in Figure DP 9-5 cannot be
designed so that
vc(/) = 0.5 4 - e~2t(A \ cos 4 1 4- A 2 sin 4 t) V
Hint: Show that such a design would require 1/R C 4 - 10 RC =
4 where R — R x = R2. Next, show that 1jR C 4 -10RC = 4
would require the value of RC to be complex.
DP 9-9 A fluorescent light uses cathodes (coiled tungsten
filaments coated with an electron-emitting substance) at each
end that send current through mercury vapors sealed in the tube.
Ultraviolet radiation is produced as electrons from the cathodes
knock mercury electrons out of their natural orbits. Some of the
displaced electrons settle back into orbit, throwing off the
excess energy absorbed in the collision. Almost all of this
energy is in the form of ultraviolet radiation. The ultraviolet
rays, which are invisible, strike a phosphor coating on the inside
for t > 0 of the tube. The rays energize the electrons in the phosphor
atoms, and the atoms emit white light. The conversion of one
kind of light into another is known as fluorescence.
One form of a fluorescent lamp is represented by the RLC
circuit shown in Figure DP 9-9. Select L so that the current i(t)
reaches a maximum at approximately / = 0.5 s. Determine the
maximum value of i(t). Assume that the switch was in position 1
for a long time before switching to position 2 at t = 0 .
for t > 0
Hint: Use PSpice to plot the response for several values of L.
1 2 L
1 0 V (T ) <4£2
T =T= »/3F <
Figure DP 9-9 Flourescent lamp circuit.