542 )------- AC S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

m r 1
rP R
nHu Rd IL L IVI o
W S tL

Section 11.3 In stan tan eo u s P ow er and A verage

P ow er
P 11.3-1 An RLC circuit is shown in Figure P 11.3-1. Find
the instantaneous power delivered to the inductor when is = 1
cos cot A and co = 6283 rad/s.

: 10 /iF

Figure P 11.3-1

P 11.3-2 Find the average power absorbed by the 0.6-kfl

resistor and the average power supplied by the current source
for the circuit of Figure P 11.3-2. 1/5 H

1.8 kQ
-AAAr-

0.6 k n

Figure P 11.3-4 (a) The simulation training room for the Pilgrim
Figure P 11.3-2 Power Station. The power station is located at Plymouth,
Massachusetts, and generates 700 MW. It commenced operation
in 1972. Courtesy of Boston Edison. (b) One control circuit of the
P 11.3-3 Use nodal analysis to find the average power
reactor.
absorbed by the 20-fl resistor in the circuit of Figure
P 11.3-3. P 11.3-5 Find the average power delivered to each element
for the circuit of Figure P 11.3-5.
Answer: P = 200 W
10 Q V30 F 5 0 0 /iF 15 q

P 11.3-4 Nuclear power stations have become very complex
to operate, as illustrated by the training simulator for the
operating room of the Pilgrim Power Station shown in Figure
P 11.3-4a. One control circuit has the model shown in Figure
P 11.3-4b. Find the average power delivered to each element.
Answer: P<source current = -1 2 .8 W
Pm = 6.4 W
PL = 0 W
^voltage source = 6.4 W
P 11.3-6 A student experimenter in the laboratory encounters
all types of electrical equipment. Some pieces of test equip­
ment are battery operated or operate at low voltage so that any
hazard is minimal. Other types of equipment are isolated from
electrical ground so that there is no problem if a grounded
object makes contact with the circuit. Some types of test
equipment, however, are supplied by voltages that can be
hazardous or have dangerous voltage outputs. The standard
power supply used in the United States for power and lighting
in laboratories is the 120, grounded, 60-Hz sinusoidal supply.
This supply provides power for much of the laboratory
 P r o b l e m s --------( 543

equipm ent, so an understanding o f its operation is essential in (b) Find the pow er absorbed by resistor R\
its safe use (Bernstein, 1991).
Consider the case in which the experimenter has one hand A n sw ers: (a) 30 W (b) 20 W
on a piece o f electrical equipment and the other hand on a ground
connection, as shown in the circuit diagram o f Figure P 113-6a.
R] = 1 Q
The hand-to-hand resistance is 200 17. Shocks with an
energy o f 30 J are hazardous to hum ans. C onsider the m odel
shown in Figure P 11.3-66, w hich represents the hum an with
10 cos t V in <i h
R. D eterm ine the energy delivered to the hum an in 1 s.

F igure P 11.3-8

Electrical Section 11.4 Effective Value of a Periodic W aveform

ground
P 11.4-1 Find the rm s value o f the current i for (a) i = 2 —4
cos 2 1 A, (b) i = 3 sin j t t + y / l cos n t A, and (c)i = 2 cos
2 1 + 4 \ / 2 cos ( 2 1 + 4 5 ° ) + 1 2 sin I t A.

A n sw e rs: (a) 2 \/3 (b) 2.35 A (c) 5y/2 A

P 11.4-2 D eterm ine the rm s value for each o f the w aveform s
show n in Figure P 11.4-2.

A n sw e rs: (a) 4.10 V ( b ) 4 .8 1 V ( c )4 .1 0

(a)
i>(V)
6
120 V,

J ___ L _L
(b )
5 7 10 t (s)
Figure P 11.3-6 Student experim enter touching an electrical
device. (a)
P 11.3-7 An R L C circuit is show n in Figure P 11.3-7 w ith a
u(V)
voltage source vs = 7 cos lOr V.

(a) D eterm ine the instantaneous pow er delivered to the circuit

by the voltage source.
(b) Find the instantaneous pow er delivered to the inductor.
J ___ L _L
5 7 10 t ( s)
A nsw ers:

(a) p = 7.54 + 15.2 cos (20/ - 60.3°) W (b )

v(V)
(b) p = 28.3 cos (20/ - 30.6°) W

0.3 H

vAt) - r - 50 mF J ___ L
5 7 10 ris)

(c)
Figure P 11.3-7
F igure P 11.4-2

P 11.3-8 P 11.4-3 D eterm ine the rm s value for each o f the w aveform s
show n in Figure P 11.4-3.
(a) Find the average power delivered by the source to the
circuit shown in Figure P 11.3-8. Answers: ( a )4 .1 6 V (b) 4.16 V (c) 4.16
^ 5 4 4 ^ ------- AC S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

P 11.4-5 Find the rms value o f the voltage v(f) shown in

Figure P 11.4-5.
Answer: = 4.24 V

Figure P 11.4-5

(b ) P 11.4-6 Find the effective value of the current waveform

shown in Figure P 11.4-6.
Answer: /eff = 8.66

10

l _

Figure P 11.4-3

P 11.4-4 Find the rms value for each of the waveforms of Figure P 11.4-6
Figure P 11.4-4.
P 11.4-7 Calculate the effective value of the voltage across
Answers: = 1.225 V
the resistance R of the circuit shown in Figure P 11.4-7 when
I rms ==: 5 mA
co = 100 rad/s.
Hint: Use superposition.
Answer: Veff=4.%2 V

10 cos cot v2 q

Figure P 11.4-7

(a)
Section 11.5 C om plex P ow er
P 11.5-1 The complex power delivered by the voltage source
in Figure P 11.5-1 is S = 3.6 + j l 2 V A. Determine the values
of the resistance, /?, and inductance, L.
Answer: R = 4 H and L — 2 FI

Figure P 11.4-4 Figure P 11.5-1

 P r o b l e m s --------( 545

P 11.5-2 T h e c o m p le x p o w e r d e liv e r e d b y th e v o lt a g e so u rce

P 11.5-5 F o r th e c ir c u it s h o w n in F ig u r e P 1 1 .5 - 5 , d e te r m in e

I an d th e c o m p le x p o w e r S d e liv e r e d b y th e so u rc e w h en
in F i g u r e P 1 1 .5 - 2 is S = 1 8 + j 9 V A . D e te r m in e th e v a lu e s o f
V = 5 0 / l 2 0 ° V rm s.
th e r e s is ta n c e , /?, a n d in d u c ta n c e , L .

A n s w e r : S = 10 0 4 -/7 5 V A
A n s w e rs : R — 4 f t an d L — 2 H

iit) 12 a j20 o

F ig u r e P 11.5-5
F ig u r e P 11.5-2
P 11.5-6 F o r th e c ir c u it o f F ig u r e P 11.5 - 6 , d e te r m in e th e

P 11.5-3 D e te r m in e th e c o m p le x p o w e r d e liv e r e d b y th e c o m p le x p o w e r o f th e R , L , a n d C e le m e n t s a n d sh o w th a t th e

v o lt a g e so u rce in th e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e P 1 1 . 5 -3 . c o m p le x p o w e r d e liv e r e d b y th e so u rc e s is eq u a l to th e

A n s w e r: S = 7 .2 - f y ’3 . 6 V A c o m p le x p o w e r a b so rb e d b y th e R , L , an d C e le m e n ts .

5 0 mF
ii 4q

F ig u r e P 11.5-3

P 11.5-4 M a n y e n g in e e r s a r e w o r k in g to d e v e lo p p h o t o v o lta ic
F ig u r e P 11.5-6
p o w e r p la n t s th a t p r o v id e ac p o w e r. A n e x a m p le o f an e x p e r­

im e n ta l p h o t o v o lta ic sy ste m is sh o w n in F ig u r e P 1 1.5 -4 a . A

P 11.5-7 A c ir c u it is s h o w n in F i g u r e P 11.5 - 7 w it h a n u n k n o w n
m o d e l o f o n e p o r tio n o f th e e n e r g y c o n v e r s io n c ir c u it is s h o w n
im p e d a n c e Z . H o w e v e r , it i s k n o w n t h a t v (Y ) = 10 0 c o s (lO O r +
in F ig u r e P 11.5 -4 / ? . F in d th e a v e ra g e , r e a c t iv e , an d c o m p le x
2 0 °) V an d i( t ) = 2 5 c o s ( lO O r - 1 0 ° ) A . (a ) F in d Z . (b ) F in d th e
p o w e r d e liv e r e d b y th e d ep en d en t so u rce.
p o w e r ab so rb ed b y th e im p e d a n c e , (c ) D e te r m in e th e ty p e o f

A n s w e r: S = + y ‘8 / 9 V A e le m e n t an d its m a g n itu d e th at s h o u ld b e p la c e d a cro ss th e

im p e d a n c e Z (c o n n e c te d to t e r m in a ls a -b ) so th at th e v o lt a g e

v(t) a n d th e c u rre n t e n te r in g th e p a r a lle l e le m e n t s a r e in p h ase.

A n s w e r s : (a ) 4 ^ 3 0 ! f t (b ) 1 0 8 2 .5 W (c ) 1.2 5 m F

Kt)

v(t)

(a) F ig u r e P 11.5-7

P 11.5-8 F in d th e c o m p le x p o w e r d e liv e r e d b y th e v o lt a g e

so u rc e an d th e p o w e r fa c t o r s e e n b y th e v o lt a g e so u rc e fo r th e

c ir c u it o f F ig u r e P 11.5 - 8 .

10 cos 2 1 V (3/4) Vl i/3 F

F ig u r e P 11.5-4 (a ) A n e x p e r im e n t a l p h o t o v o lt a ic p o w er p la n t.

(b ) M o d e l o f p a rt o f th e e n e r g y c o n v e r s io n c ir c u it . C o u r t e s y o f

E P R I Jo u r n a l. Figure P 11.5-8
546 )------- A C S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

P 11.5-9 The circuit in Figure P 1 1.5-9 consists of a source P 11.5-12 The circuit in Figure P 11.5-12 consists of a source
connected to a load. connected to a load. The complex power delivered by the
source to the load is S = 6.61 4- y 1.98 VA. Determine the
(a)Suppose R = 9 O and L = 5 H. Determine the average,
values of R and C.
complex, and reactive powers delivered by the source to
R C
the load.
(b) Suppose R - 15H and £ = 3 H. Determine the average,
complex, and reactive powers delivered by the source to
the load.
(c) Suppose the source delivers 8.47 + y 14.12 VA to the load.
Determine the values of the resistance, R, and the induc­ Source Load

tance, L. Figure P 11.5-12

(d) Suppose the source delivers 14.12 + y'8.47 VA to the load.
Determine the values of the resistance, /?, and the induc­ P 11.5-13 Design the circuit shown in Figure P 11.5-13, that
tance, L. is, specify values for R and L so that the complex power
R delivered to the RL circuit is 8 + j6 VA.
Answer: R = 5.76 0 and L = 2.16 H

Figure P 11.5-9

P 11.5-10 The circuit in Figure P 11.5-10 consists of a source

connected to a load. Suppose the amplitude of the source
P 11.5-14 The source voltage in the circuit shown in Figure
voltage is doubled so that Vj(/) = 48 cos (3/ + 75°) V. How will
P 11.5-14 is Vs = 2 4 /3 0 0 V. Consequently,
each of the following change?
(a) The impedance of the load Ii = 3.13/2 5 .4 0 A, l2 = 1.99/52.9° A and V4 = 8.88
(b) The complex power delivered to the load / —10.6° V
(c) The load current
Determine (a) the average power absorbed by Z4, (b) the
average power absorbed by Z 1? and (c) the complex power
delivered by the voltage source. (All phasors are given using
peak, not rms, values.)
*J ihit) = 24 cos (3f + 75°) V ! L
+ vi “ h + v2 -

Source Load Zj = 4 - \2Q. Z2 = 5 + j5Q I +

Figure P 11.5-10 0 Vs Z3 = 3 + j 8 £2 Z4

P 11.5-11 The circuit in Figure P 11.5-11 consists of a source

T
connected to a load. Suppose the phase angle of the source
voltage is doubled so that v* (r) = 24 cos (3/ + 150°) V. How Figure P 11.5-14
will the following change?
(a) The impedance of the load Section 11.6 P o w e r Factor
(b) The complex power delivered to the load
(c) The load current P 11.6-1 An industrial firm has two electrical loads con­
nected in parallel across the power source. Power is supplied to
the firm at 4000 V rms. One load is 30 kW of heating use, and
the other load is a set of motors that together operate as a load
at 0.6 lagging power factor and at 150 kVA. Determine the
. ! ) !>,(r) = 24cos(3/ + 75°) V
total current and the plant power factor.
Answer: I = 42.5 A rms and p f — \ / \ f l
Source Load
P 11.6-2 Two electrical loads are connected in parallel to a
Figure P 11.5-11 400-V rms, 60-Hz supply. The first load is 12 kVA at 0.7
 P r o b l e m s --------( 547

la g g in g p o w e r fa c to r; th e s e c o n d lo a d is 10 k V A at 0 .8 la g g in g
(a) C alculate the currents in line 1, lin e 2, and the neutral w ire.
p o w e r fa c to r. F in d th e a v e r a g e p o w e r , th e a p p a r e n t p o w e r , a n d
(b) C a l c u l a t e : ( i ) P re f r i g i 0 r e f r i g » ( i i ) ^ >l a m p > 0 1 a m p ? ^ ^ d ( i i i ) / ? t o t a l ’

g to ta h S to t a l, a n d o v e r a ll p o w e r fa c to r.
th e p o w e r fa c to r o f th e tw o c o m b in e d lo a d s .
(c ) T h e n eu tra l c o n n e c tio n r e s is ta n c e in c r e a s e s , b e c a u se o f
A n s w e r : T o ta l p o w e r fa c to r = 0 .7 5 la g g in g
c o r ro s io n an d lo o s e n e s s , to 2 0 ft. (T h is m u st b e in c lu d e d

P 11.6-3 T h e s o u rc e o f F ig u r e P 11.6 - 3 d e liv e r s 5 0 V A w it h a a s p art o f th e n e u tra l w ir e .) U se m e sh a n a ly s is an d

p o w e r fa c t o r o f 0 .8 la g g in g . F in d th e u n k n o w n im p e d a n c e Z . c a lc u la te th e v o lt a g e a c ro ss th e la m p .

A n s w e r: Z = 6 .3 9 / 2 6 .6 ° H

7.2 kV -

(a)

F ig u r e P 11.6-3

P 11.6-4 M a n n ed sp a ce s t a tio n s r e q u ir e s e v e r a l c o n t in u o u s ly

a v a ila b le ac p o w e r so u rc e s. A ls o , it is d e s ire d to k e e p th e

p o w e r fa c to r c lo s e to 1 . C o n s id e r th e m o d el o f o n e c o m m u n i­

c a t io n c ir c u it , s h o w n in F i g u r e P 11.6 - 4 . I f an a v e ra g e p o w e r o f

5 0 0 W is d is s ip a te d in th e 2 0 - 0 r e s is to r , fin d (a ) (b )

h rm s> ( c ) t h e p o w e r fa c to r se en b y th e so u rc e , an d (d ) | V S |.

( b )
V = IV I / 0° V
F ig u r e P 11.6-6 R e s id e n t ia l c ir c u it w ith s e le c t e d lo a d s .

F ig u r e P 11.6-4
P 11.6-7 A m o to r c o n n e c te d to a 2 2 0 -V s u p p ly lin e fro m

th e p o w e r c o m p a n y h a s a c u r r e n t o f 7 .6 A . B o th th e c u rre n t
P 11.6-5 T w o im p e d a n c e s are s u p p lie d b y V = 10 0
an d th e v o lt a g e are r m s v a lu e s . T h e a v e ra g e p o w e r d e liv e r e d
/ 1 6 0 ° V rm Q , as sh o w n in F ig u r e P 11.6 - 5 , w h e re 1=
to th e m o to r is 1 3 1 7 W .
2 / 19 0 ° A rm s. T h e fir s t lo a d d ra w s P x = 2 3 .2 W , an d

= 5 0 V A R . C a lc u la t e I j, I 2 , th e p o w e r fa c to r o f e a c h im p e d ­ (a) F in d th e a p p aren t p o w e r, th e r e a c t iv e p o w e r, an d th e

an ce, an d th e to ta l p o w e r fa c to r o f th e c ir c u it . p o w e r fa c to r w h e n co = 3 7 7 rad /s.

(b) F in d th e c a p a c ita n c e o f a p a r a lle l c a p a c it o r th a t w ill r e s u lt

in a u n ity p o w e r fa c to r o f th e c o m b in a tio n .

(c ) F in d th e cu rren t in th e u tility lin e s a fte r th e c a p a c ito r is

i 'l
in s ta lle d .

A n s w e r s : (a )p f = 0 .7 8 8 (b) C = 5 6 .5 //F (c ) / = 6 .0 A rm s

P 11.6-8 T w o lo a d s a r e c o n n e c t e d in p a r a l le l a c r o s s a 10 0 0 -V
Figure P 11.6-5
rm s, 6 0 -H z so u rc e . O n e lo a d a b so rb s 5 0 0 k W at 0 .6 p o w e r

fa c to r la g g in g , an d th e se c o n d lo a d a b so rb s 4 0 0 k W an d 6 0 0
P 11.6-6 A r e s id e n t ia l e le c t r ic s u p p ly t h r e e - w ir e c ir c u it fro m
k V A R . D e te r m in e th e v a lu e o f th e c a p a c ito r th a t s h o u ld b e
a tr a n s fo r m e r is s h o w n in F i g u r e P 1 1 .6 - 6 a . T h e c ir c u it m o d e l
ad d e d in p a r a lle l w ith th e tw o lo a d s to im p ro v e th e o v e r a ll
is sh o w n in F ig u r e P 11.6 - 6 b . F ro m its n a m e p la te , th e r e frig ­
p o w e r fa c to r to 0 .9 la g g in g .
e r a to r m o to r is k n o w n to h a v e a r a te d c u r r e n t o f 8 .5 A r m s . It is

A n s w e r : C = 2 .2 /x F
r e a s o n a b le to a s s u m e an in d u c tiv e im p e d a n c e a n g le o f 4 5 ° fo r

a sm a ll m o to r at ra te d lo a d . L a m p an d ra n g e lo a d s a re 10 0 W
P 11.6-9 A v o lt a g e so u rc e w ith a c o m p le x in te rn a l im p e d ­
an d 12 k W . r e s p e c t iv e ly .
a n c e is c o n n e c te d to a lo a d , a s sh o w n in F ig u r e P 11.6 - 9 . T h e
548 )------- AC S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

load absorbs 1 k W of average power at 100 V rms with a power P 11.6-12 The circuit in Figure P 11.6-12 consists of a source
factor of 0.80 lagging. The source frequency is 200 rad/s. connected to a load. Determine the impedance of the load and
the complex power delivered by the source to the load under
(a) Determine the source voltage VY
each of the following conditions:
(b ) Find the type and value of the element to be placed in
parallel with the load so that maximum power is trans­ (a) The source delivers 14.12 + y’8.47 VA to load ,4 and 8.47 +
ferred to the load. >14.12 VA to load B.
( b ) The source delivers 8.47 +yT4.12 VA to load A , and the
6 .4 Q 2 4 m H
impedance of load B is 15 + /9 fl.
(c) The source delivers 14.12 W to load A at a power factor of
V -
Zl 0.857 lagging, and the impedance of load B is 9 +yT5 ft.
T ( d ) The impedance of load A is 15 +j9 ft, and the impedance
of load B is 9 +y*15 ft.
F ig u r e P 1 1 .6 - 9

P 11.6-10 The circuit shown in Figure P 11.6-lOa can be T 1

r -------------------------------------- |
represented in the frequency domain as shown in Figure
c o s (3 » + 7 5 ° ) V A B
P 11.6-10/). In the frequency domain, the value of the mesh
current is I = 1.076 / —8.3 A. 1 „ _____________ - 1
L

(a) Determine the complex power supplied by the voltage S o u rc e L o ad

source.
( b ) Given that the complex power received by Zj is 6.945 +
j 13.89 VA, determine the values of R\ and L x.
(c) Given that the real power received by Z3 is 4.63 W at a power
factor of 0.56 lagging, determine the values of R3 and I 3.
Z i — R i + j( o L j
F ig u r e P 1 1 . 6 - 1 2
P 11.6-13 Figure P 11.6-13 shows two possible representa­
tions of an electrical load. One of these representations is used
when the power factor of the load is lagging, and the other is
used when the power factor is leading. Consider two cases:
(a) At the frequency co — 4 rad/s, the load has the power factor
p f = 0.8 lagging.
( b ) At the frequency co = 4 rad/s, the load has the power factor
p f = 0.8 leading.
In each case, choose one of the two representations of the load.
Let R = 6 ft and determine the value of the capacitance, C, or
the inductance, L.

. 1
4 8 £ _° V ( Y Z2~ ^2 ~ J coC9

^ C

F ig u r e P 1 1 . 6 - 1 3
F ig u r e P 1 1 .6 - 1 0

P 11.6-11 The circuit in Figure P 11.6-11 consists of a source
connected to a load. The source delivers 14.12 W to the load at
a power factor of 0.857 lagging. What are the values of the
resistance, /?, and the inductance, LI
R
-------- o ---------- v w
" ) 2 4 cos (3 f+ 7 5 ° )V
P 11.6-14 Figure P 11.6-14 shows two possible representa­
tions of an electrical load. One of these representations is used
when the power factor of the load is lagging, and the other is
used when the power factor is leading. Consider two cases:
(a) At the frequency co — 4 rad/s, the load has the power factor
-
p f = 0.8 lagging.
(b) At the frequency a>= 4 rad/s, the load has the power factor
p f = 0.8 leading.

Source Load
In each case, choose one of the two representations of the load.
Let R — 6 ft and determine the value of the capacitance, C, or
F ig u re P 11.6-11 the inductance, L.
 P r o b l e m s --------( 549

A n s w e r : P — 4 1 3 W

14 A

Figure P 11.6-14

P 1 1 . 6 - 1 5 F ig u r e P 1 1.6 - 15 sh o w s tw o e le c tr ic a l lo a d s .

E x p r e s s th e p o w e r fa c t o r o f e a c h lo a d in t e r m s o f co, R , a n d L .

Figure P 11.7-1

P 11.7-2 F in d th e a v e r a g e p o w e r a b s o rb e d b y th e 8 -C l r e s is t o r

in th e c ir c u it o f F ig u r e P 11.7 - 2 .

A n s w e r : P = 2 2 W

(b)
5 cos 2 0 0 0 r A
Figure P 11.6-15

P 11.6-16 F ig u r e P 1 1.6 - 16 sh o w s tw o e le c tr ic a l lo a d s .

E x p r e s s th e p o w e r fa c to r o f e a c h lo a d in t e r m s o f co, R , a n d C .
F ig u r e P 11.7 - 2

1 P 11.7-3 F o r th e c ir c u it s h o w n in F ig u r e P 1 1 . 7 - 3 , d e te rm in e

1 th e a v e ra g e p o w e r a b so rb e d b y e a c h r e s is t o r , R \ an d R 2 . T h e

v o lt a g e s o u r c e is v s = 10 -I-10 c o s (5 / + 4 0 ° ) V , a n d th e c u rre n t

so u rc e is is = 4 c o s (5 / — 3 0 °) A .

2 H

(a) (b )

Figure P 11.6-16

P 11.6-17 T h e so u rce v o lt a g e in th e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e

P 1 1 .6 - 1 7 is V s = 2 4 / 3 0 o V . C o n s e q u e n t ly ,

1. = 3.13/2S .40 A. I2 = 1.99/5 2 .9 0 A and V4 = 8.88/- 1 0 .6 ° V

D e te r m in e (a ) th e p o w e r f a c t o r o f Z I? ( b ) t h e p o w e r fa c to r o f
P 11.7-4 F o r th e c ir c u it s h o w n in F ig u r e P 1 1 . 7 - 4 , d e te r m in e
Z 3, an d (c ) th e p o w e r fa c to r o f Z 4 . In c lu d e th e in d ic a tio n o f
th e e ffe c tiv e v a lu e o f th e r e s is t o r v o lt a g e v R an d th e c a p a c ito r
le a d in g o r la g g in g .
v o lt a g e v c .

+ V

2 ft > v R

Z2 = 5 + j 5 n I +
+
Z3 = 3 + j8 Q Z4 2 0 m F i v c

J F igure P 11.7-4
Figure P 11.6-17

Section 11.8 The M axim um Power Transfer

Section 11.7 The Power Superposition Principle Theorem
P 11.7-1 F in d th e a v e r a g e p o w e r a b s o r b e d b y th e 2 - 0 r e s is t o r P 11.8-1 D e te rm in e v a lu e s o f R an d L f o r th e c ir c u it s h o w n in
in th e c ir c u it o f F ig u r e P 1 1 .7 - 1 .
F ig u r e P 11.8 - 1 th a t c a u s e m a x im u m p o w e r t r a n s fe r to th e lo a d .
550 )------- AC S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

R 0.8 H
Answer: R = 800 O and L — 1.6 H
4000 ft

5 cos (lOOOr
Figure P 11.8-5

Section 11.9 Coupled Inductors

Figure P 11.8-1
P 11.9-1 Two magnetically coupled coils are connected as
P 11.8-2 Is it possible to choose R and L for the circuit shown show'n in Figure P 11.9-1. Show that an equivalent inductance
in Figure P 11.8-2 so that the average power delivered to the at terminals a-b is Lab — L\ + L2 — 2M.
load is 12 mW?
a M
Answer: Yes o-

b
o -

Figure P 11.9-1

Figure P 11.8-2 P 11.9-2 Two magnetically coupled coils are shown con­
nected in Figure P 11.9-2. Find the equivalent inductance I ab.
P 11.8-3 The capacitor has been added to the load in the
circuit shown in Figure P 11.8-3 to maximize the power
absorbed by the 4000-0 resistor. What value of capacitance
should be used to accomplish that objective?
Answer: 0.1 /zF
800 ft 0 .3 2 H
Figure P 11.9-2

P 11.9-3 The source voltage of the circuit shown in Figure

P 11.9-3 is vs = 141.4 cos 100/ V. Determine z'i(f) and i2(t).

Figure P 11.8-3
200 ft
P 11.8-4 What is the value of the average power delivered to
the 2000-0 resistor in the circuit shown in Figure P 11.8-4?
Can the average power delivered to the 2000-0 resistor be Figure P 11.9-3
increased by adjusting the value of the capacitance?
Answers: 8 mW. No. P 11.9-4 A circuit with a mutual inductance is shown in
Figure P 11.9-4. Find the voltage V2 when co = 5000.
400 ft 0 .8 H
10 ft m = 10 mH

400 ft
■100 mH

F ig u r e P 11.8 - 4

P 11.8-5 What is the value of the resistance R in Figure P 11.8-5 P 11.9-5 Determine v(t) for the circuit o f Figure P 11.9-5
that maximizes the average power delivered to the load? when v, = 10 cos 30/ V.
 P r o b l e m s --------( 551

Answer: v(t) = 23 cos (30/ + 9°)V P 11.9-9 T h e c u rre n ts / ,( / ) an d i2{t) in F ig u r e P 11.9 - 9 are

m e sh c u rre n ts. R e p re s e n t th e c ir c u it in th e fre q u e n c y d o m a in

an d w rite th e m e sh e q u a t io n s .
1/150 F 2 8 ft

Figure P 11.9-5

P 11.9-6 F in d th e to ta l e n e r g y sto red in th e c ir c u it sh o w n in 15 cos (25r + 30°) V 80 Q

F ig u r e P 1 1.9 - 6 at t = 0 i f th e se c o n d a ry w in d in g is (a ) o p e n -
Figure P 11.9-9
c ir c u it e d , ( b ) s h o r t - c ir c u it e d , ( c ) c o n n e c t e d to th e te r m in a ls o f

a 7 - 0 r e s is to r .

A n s w e rs : (a ) 15 J (b ) 0 J (c ) 5 J P 11.9-10 D e te r m in e th e m e s h c u r r e n ts fo r th e c ir c u it s h o w n

in F ig u r e P 11 .9 - 10 .

Figure P 11.9-6

P 11.9-7 F in d th e in p u t im p e d a n c e , Z, o f th e c ir c u it o f F ig u r e

P 11.9 - 7 w h en co = 10 0 0 rad /s.

A n s w e r: Z = 8.4 /14° O

P 11.9-11 D e te r m in e th e c o i l v o l t a g e s , v ls v 2 , v 3 , a n d v4, fo r

8 mH Ve mF th e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e P 1 1 .9 - 1 1 .

- i>1 + 2 cos (5r + 45°) A

Figure P 11.9-7

P 11.9-8 A c ir c u it w ith th re e m u tu a l in d u c ta n c e s is s h o w n in

F ig u r e P 11.9 - 8 . W h e n v s = 10 c o s 2/ V , M x = 2 H , an d A /2 =
A /3 = 1 H , d e te r m in e th e c a p a c ito r v o lt a g e v (t).

F igure P 11.9-11

P 11.9-12 F ig u r e P 1 1 .9 - 1 2 sh o w s th re e s im ila r c ir c u it s . In

ea c h , th e in p u t to th e c ir c u it is th e v o lt a g e o f th e v o lt a g e

so u rc e , v s(/ ). T h e o u tp u t is th e v o lt a g e a c ro ss th e r ig h t -h a n d

c o il, v 0(/). D e t e r m in e th e s t e a d y - s t a te o u tp u t v o lt a g e , v 0(/), fo r

ea c h o f th e th re e c ir c u it s .
552 )------- AC S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

P 11.9-14 The circuit shown in Figure P 11.9-14 is repre­

4 H
sented in the time domain. Determine coil voltages vj
’5 Q 5H v0{() and v2.
Answers: v\ = 104.0cos (61 + 46.17°) V and v2 = 100.6
■Q- cos (6t + 63.43°) V
us(r)=5.94 cos (3t + 140°) V
(a) 1.5 cos (6/+ 90°) A
4H

\ 8H
2H 5H v0(t)

i»sU)=5.94 cos (3r + 140°) V

(b)
4H 6H

5Q 2H 5H v0it)

o
Figure P 11.9-14

vs(t)=5.94 cos (3r + 140°) V

P 11.9-15 The circuit shown in Figure P 11.9-15 is repre­
sented in the frequency domain. (For example, —J30 f l is the
Figure P 11.9-12 impedance due to the mutual inductance of the coupled coils.)
Suppose V(o>) = 70 /o ° V. Then I, («) = B / d A and I2(<w) =
P 11.9-13 Figure P 11.9-13 shows three similar circuits. In
0.875 / —90° A. Determine the values of B and 9.
each, the input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source,
Answers: B — 1.75 A and 0 = —90°
vs(f) = 5.7 cos (4t + 158°) V
The output in each circuit is the voltage across the right-hand
coil, vG(r). Determine the steady-state output voltage, vo(0, for ■i<©> -;2 5 Q I2(g»
each of the three circuits.
-W V/— j 30 Q
+ *----- ►^ /40 Q 4 = -7*100 Q
4 n
T ) Vs(0 4 H 5 H uo(0

Figure P 11.9-15

P 11.9-16 Determine the values of the inductances L x and L2

in the circuit shown in Figure P 11.9-16, given that
5 H t>0tf>
i{t) = 0 .3 1 9 cos ( 4 / - 82.23°) A
and
v(/) = 0.9285 cos (4/ - 62.20°) V.
(b)
^W V -
4Q I 2H L* i(t)

us(f> 4 H S- ^ 5 H v0(t)

5cos 41 V( +

(c)
Figure P 11.9-13 F ig u re P 1 1 .9-16
 P r o b l e m s --------( 553

P 1 1 .9 -1 7 Determine the com plex power supplied by the

source in the circuit shown in Figure P 11.9-17.
4 H 200 Q

Ideal

Figure P 11.10-4

P 11.10-5 T h e c ir c u it o f F ig u r e P 1 1 .1 0 - 5 is o p e r a t in g at 10

rad /s. D e te r m in e th e in d u c ta n c e L an d th e tu rn s r a tio n to

a c h ie v e m a x im u m p o w e r tra n sfe r to th e lo a d .

Figure P 11.9-17 A n s w e r : n = 2

Section 11.10 The Ideal Transformer

P 11.10-1 F in d V i, V 2, I i, an d I2 fo r th e c ir c u it o f F ig u r e

P 1 1 .1 0 - 1 w h en n = 5.

I2
J +
• v2 100 _/75
*] • F igure P 11.10-5

P 11.10-6 F in d th e T h e v e n in e q u iv a le n t a t te r m in a ls a - b fo r

th e c ir c u it o f F ig u r e P 11.10-6 w h e n v = 16 c o s 31 V .

P 11.10-2 A c ir c u it w it h a tra n sfo rm e r is sh o w n in F ig u r e

A n s w e r : V oc = 12 an d Z t = 3 .7 5 H
P 11.10 - 2 .

(a) D e te r m in e th e tu rn s r a tio , n.

(b) D e te r m in e th e v a lu e o f R ab.

(c) D e te r m in e th e c u r r e n t, /, s u p p lie d b y th e v o lt a g e so u rce.

A n s w e r s : (& ) n — 5 (b )/? ab = 4 0 0 H

5 mA rms
1 :n
F igure P 11.10-6
10 V rms ( l ) M O kQ
P 11.10-7 F in d th e in p u t im p e d a n c e Z fo r th e c ir c u it o f
Ideal
F ig u r e P 1 1 .1 0 - 7 .

Figure P 11.10-2 A n s w e r : Z = 6 C l

2Q
JWV
P 11.10-3 F in d th e v o lt a g e V c in th e c ir c u it s h o w n in F ig u r e
2:1
P 11.10 - 3 . A ssu m e an id e a l tr a n s fo r m e r. T h e tu rn s r a tio is n =

r
1/ 3 .
’6 Q
A n s w e r : V c = 2 1 . 0 7 - 1 0 5 .3 °

30 Q ;2 0 Q 5 Q
1 :n Ideal

F igure P 11.10-7
80 Z=50° V ( 1

P 11.10-8 In le s s d e v e lo p e d r e g io n s in m o u n ta in o u s a re a s,
Ideal
s m a ll h y d r o e le c t r ic g e n e ra to rs are u se d to se rv e se v e ra l r e s i­
Figure P I I . 10-3 d e n c e s (M a c k a y , 19 9 0 ). A ssu m e ea c h h o u se u se s an e le c tr ic

r a n g e a n d a n e le c tr ic r e frig e r a to r, a s s h o w n in F i g u r e P 11.10 - 8 .
P 11.10-4 A n id e a l tra n s fo rm e r is c o n n e c te d in th e c ir c u it
T h e g e n e ra to r is re p re se n te d a s V s o p e r a t in g at 6 0 H z an d
sh o w n in F i g u r e P i l l 0 -4 , w h e re vs = 5 0 c o s 1 0 0 0 / V an d n =
V 2 = 2 3 0 / o °V. C a lc u la t e th e p o w e r c o n s u m e d b y e a c h h o m e
N 2/N \ = 5 . C a lc u la t e V , an d V 2.
c o n n e c te d to th e h y d r o e le c tr ic g e n e ra to r w h e n n = 5.
554 )------- A C S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

Source and line P 11.10-10 Find V, and \ { for the circuit o f Figure
P 11.10-10 when n — 5.

P 11.10-9 Three similar circuits are shown in Figure

P 11.10-9. In each of these circuits, vs(t) = 5 cos (41 +
45°) V. Determine v2 (/) for each of the three circuits.
P 11.10-11 Determine v2 and i 2 for the circuit shown in
Answers: (a) v2(/) = 0 V Figure P 11.10-11 when n = 2. Note that i 2 does not enter the
(b) V2 (/) = 1.656 cos(4r + 39°) V dotted terminal.
(c) v2(/) = 2 .8 8 co s(4 / + 45°) V
Answers: v2 = 6.08 cos( 10/ + 47.7°) V

i\(t) i2(t) i2 = 3.34 cos(10f -f 42°) V

8Q

2 0 m F 5 Q 2Q

P 11.10-12 The circuit shown in Figure P 11.10-12 is

represented in the frequency domain. Given the line current
lune = 0.5761 7 -7 5 .8 8 ° A, determine ^source* the average
power supplied by the source; Pune* the average power
delivered to the line; and PLoad, the average power delivered
to the load.
Hint: Use conservation of (average) power to check your
answers.
Answer: P Source = 42.15 W, P Line = 0.6638 W, and P^ od =
F ig u r e P 1 1 .1 0 - 9
41.49 W

120Z0 0 V

Source transformer 1 line transformer 2 load

F ig u re P 11.10-12
 P r o b l e m s --------( 555

4a 2n
P 11.10-13 T h e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e P 1 1 .1 0 - 1 3 is

re p re se n te d in th e fre q u e n c y d o m a in . D e te r m in e R an d X y

th e r e a l a n d im a g in a r y p a r ts o f th e e q u iv a le n t im p e d a n c e , Z eq. vs(t) ( I
A nsw er: R = 18 0 Cl an d X — 1 1 0 Cl

F igure P 11.11-2

P 11.11-3 C o m p u te r a n a ly s is o f th e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e

P 1 1 . 1 1 - 3 in d ic a t e s th a t w h en

v s (f) = 12 c o s ( 4 / + 3 0 °) V

th e m e sh c u rre n ts are g iv e n b y
Figure P 11.10-13
/ ,( / ) = 1.0 0 1 c o s ( A t - 4 7 .0 1° ) A

an d
Section 11.11 How Can W e Check . . . ? i2 (t) = 0 .4 2 4 3 c o s (4 / - 15 .0 0 °) A

P 11.11-1 C o m p u te r a n a ly s is o f th e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e
C h e c k th e r e s u lt s o f th is a n a ly s is b y c h e c k in g th a t th e e q u a ­
P 1 1 . 1 1 - 1 in d ic a te s th a t w h en
tio n s d e s c r ib in g c u rre n ts an d v o lt a g e s o f c o u p le d c o ils are

vs( 0 = 12 c o s (A t + 3 0 °) V s a tis fie d .

th e m e sh c u rre n ts are g iv e n b y

h ( t ) = 2 .3 2 7 c o s (4 / - 2 5 .2 2 ° ) A
an d
i2 (t) = 1.2 2 9 c o s ( 4 / - 1 1 .1 9 ° ) A

C h e c k th e r e s u lt s o f th is a n a ly s is b y c h e c k in g th a t th e

a v e ra g e p o w e r s u p p lie d b y th e v o lt a g e so u rc e is e q u a l to th e

su m o f th e a v e ra g e p o w e rs r e c e iv e d b y th e o th e r c ir c u it
F igure P 11.11-3
e le m e n ts.

4 fl 2 Q
P 11.11-4 C o m p u te r a n a ly s is o f th e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e

P 1 1 . 1 1 - 4 in d ic a te s th a t w h en

v s (t) = 12 c o s (A t + 3 0 °) V

th e m e sh c u rre n ts are g iv e n b y

Figure P 11.11-1
i\ ( t) = 2 5 .6 c o s ( A t - I- 3 0 ° ) m A

an d
i2 (t) — 6 4 c o s ( A t -I- 3 0 ° ) m A
P 11.11-2 C o m p u te r a n a ly s is o f th e c ir c u it sh o w n in F ig u r e

P 1 1 . 1 1 - 2 in d ic a te s th a t w h en C h e c k th e r e s u lt s o f th is a n a ly s is b y c h e c k in g th a t th e e q u a ­

v s (t) = 12 c o s ( 4 / + 3 0 °) V tio n s d e s c r ib in g c u r r e n ts a n d v o lt a g e s o f id e a l t r a n s fo r m e r s a r e

s a tis fie d .
th e m esh c u rre n ts are g iv e n b y

i,( f) = 1.6 4 7 c o s ( A t - 17 .9 2 ° ) A
an d
i2 (t) = 1.0 9 4 c o s ( 4 / - 1 3 .1 5 ° ) A

vs{t)
C h e c k th e r e s u lt s o f th is a n a ly s is b y c h e c k in g th a t th e

c o m p le x p o w e r s u p p lie d b y th e v o lt a g e so u rc e is e q u a l to th e

su m o f th e c o m p le x p o w e rs r e c e iv e d b y th e o th e r c ir c u it

e le m e n ts. Figure P 11.11-4

 556 )------- AC S t e a d y - S t a t e P o w e r

PSpice Problems
SP 11-1 The input to the circuit shown in Figure SP 11-1 is The output is the voltage across the 9-11 resistor, vG(f). Use
the voltage of the voltage source PSpice to determine the average power delivered to the
transformer.
vs(0 = 7.5 sin (5t + 15°) V
Hint: Represent the voltage source, using the PSpice part
The output is the voltage across the 4 -0 resistor, vQ(/). Use
called VAC.
PSpice to plot the input and output voltages.
Hint: Represent the voltage source, using the PSpice part
iit) 8U
called VSIN.
2:3
8Q
3 H 9Q ,

5 H 2H - v0U) *4 Q

SP 11-4 Determine the value of the input impedance, Z t, of

SP 11-2 The input to the circuit shown in Figure SP 11-1 is
the circuit shown in Figure SP 11-4 at the frequency co = 4
the voltage of the voltage source
rad/s.
vs(/) = 7.5 sin (51 + 15°) = 7.5 cos (51 - 75°) V Hint: Connect a current source across the terminals of the
circuit. Measure the voltage across the current source. The
The output is the voltage across the 4-fl resistor, vQ(/). Use
value of impedance will be equal to the ratio of the voltage to
PSpice to determine the average power delivered to the
the current.
coupled inductors.
8Q 2Q
Hint: Represent the voltage source, using the PSpice part
called VAC. Use printers (PSpice parts called IPRINT and
VPRINT) to measure the ac current and voltage of each coil.
SP 11-3 The input to the circuit shown in Figure SP 11-3 is
the voltage of the voltage source,

vs(f) = 48 cos (4/ + 114°) V Figure SP 11-4

Design Problems
DP 11-1 A 100-kW induction motor, shown in Figure
DP 11-1, is receiving 100 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging.
Determine the additional apparent power in kVA that is made
available by improving the power factor to (a) 0.95 lagging
and (b) 1.0. (c) Find the required reactive power in kVAR
provided by a set of parallel capacitors for parts (a) and (b). (d)
Determine the ratio of kVA released to the kVAR of capaci­
tors required for parts (a) and (b) alone. Set up a table, Induction motor
recording the results of this problem for the two values of
Figure DP 11-1 Induction motor with parallel capacitor.
power factor attained.
 D e s i g n P r o b l e m s --------( 557

DP 11-2 T w o lo a d s are c o n n e c te d in p a r a lle l an d su p p lie d c o n n e c tio n o f a 10 - ft r e s is ta n c e an d a 10 -//H in d u c ta n c e . T h e

fro m a 7 .2 - k V rm s 6 0 -H z so u rc e . T h e fir s t lo a d is 5 0 -k V A at Z s c o n s is ts o f a 1- ft r e s is ta n c e an d a l- / z H in d u c ta n c e .

0 .9 la g g in g p o w e r fa c to r, a n d th e s e c o n d lo a d is 4 5 k W at 0 .9 1 (a) S e le c t a n in te g e r n to m a x im iz e th e e n e r g y d e liv e r e d to th e

la g g in g p o w e r fa c to r. D e te r m in e th e k V A R ra tin g an d c a p a c ­
lo a d . C a lc u la t e I 2 an d th e e n e rg y to th e lo a d .
ita n c e r e q u ir e d to c o rre c t th e o v e r a ll p o w e r fa c to r to 0 .9 7
(b) A d d a c a p a c ita n c e C in s e r i e s w ith Z 2 t o i m p r o v e t h e e n e r g y

la g g in g . d e liv e r e d to th e lo a d .

A n s w e r : C — 1.0 1 / iF

DP 11-3
(a) D e te r m in e th e lo a d im p e d a n c e Z ab th a t w ill ab so rb m a x i­

m u m p o w e r i f it i s c o n n e c t e d to te r m in a ls a - b o f th e c ir c u it

sh o w n in F ig u r e D P 11- 3 .

(b) D e te r m in e th e m a x im u m p o w e r a b so rb e d b y th is lo a d .

(c) D e te r m in e a m o d el o f th e lo a d an d in d ic a t e th e e le m e n t

v a lu e s .
F igure DP 11-5

5Q a 100 mH
DP 11-6 A n e w e le c tr o n ic la m p ( e - la m p ) h a s b een d e v e lo p e d

th a t u se s a r a d io -fr e q u e n c y s in u s o id a l o s c illa t o r an d a c o il to

tr a n s m it e n e r g y to a s u r r o u n d in g c lo u d o f m e rc u ry g a s a s sh o w n

in F ig u r e D P 1 1 - 6 a . T h e m e r c u r y g a s e m it s u lt r a v io le t lig h t th a t

is t r a n s m it t e d to th e p h o sp h o r c o a tin g , w h ic h , in tu rn , e m it s

v is ib le lig h t. A c ir c u it m o d e l o f th e e -la m p is sh o w n in F ig u r e
Figure DP 11-3
D P 1 1 - 6 b . T h e c a p a c ita n c e C a n d th e r e s is ta n c e R are d e p e n d en t

o n th e la m p 's s p a c i n g d e s i g n a n d th e ty p e o f p h o s p h o r. S e le c t R
DP 11-4 S e le c t th e tu rn s ra tio n n e c e s s a r y to p r o v id e m a x im u m
an d C so th a t m a x im u m p o w e r is d e liv e r e d to R , w h ic h r e la te s to
p o w e r to th e r e s is to r R o f th e c ir c u it s h o w n in F ig u r e D P 11- 4 .
th e p h o s p h o r c o a tin g ( A d le r , 1 9 9 2 ) . T h e c i r c u i t o p e r a t e s a t co q =
A ssu m e an id e a l tr a n s fo r m e r. S e le c t n w h en R = 4 an d 8 ft.
1 0 7 r a d / 's .

Phosphorus

j3 ft

Figure DP 11-4

DP 11-5 A n a m p lifie r in a sh o rt-w a v e ra d io o p e ra te s at 10 0

k H z. T h e lo a d Z 2 is c o n n e c te d to a so u rc e th ro u g h an id e a l

tr a n sfo rm e r, a s sh o w n in F ig u r e D P 11- 5 . T h e lo a d is a se rie s

F igure DP 11-6 E le c tr o n ic la m p .