CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT

COURSE CODE: EWBE001

Energy and Water
COURSE TITLE: in the Build
Environment

MODULE NO.: 4
TOPIC: Water

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT NO. PAGE
1 2-7

STUDENT INFORMATION
Full Name: ESTRADA, IRENE V.
Year Level: 3RD YEAR
Course: BS CIVIL ENGINEERING

Instructions:
● Solve the classwork assignment posted in your Google Classroom.
● Answer the said classroom assignments using our official formatted paper, including the
correct cover page.
● Upload your output on our Google classroom, either by taking pictures of your answers
or having a scanned copy merged into one pdf file.
Classwork Assignment #1 Module 4

WATER, USE AND REUSE

1. Discuss the water supply: a. In different parts of the world, b. In the Philippines.
➢ A. Water is at the center of economic and social development; it is vital to
maintain health, grow food, manage the environment, and create jobs. Despite
water’s importance, over 663 million people in the world still lack access to
improved drinking water sources. However, increasing access is not enough. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on Water and Sanitation propose a
broader agenda: By 2030, universal and equitable access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all, access to adequate and equitable sanitation
and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the
needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. This new goal
reflects the growing importance of water and sanitation as human rights.
Additional targets that go beyond access are also being considered, such as
improving water quality by reducing pollution, and substantially increasing
water-use efficiency.

The scale of the challenge is large and becoming more complex. Population
and economic growth are pushing the limits of the world’s finite water resources.
In some cases, water scarcity is already constraining economic growth. Lack of
access to improved water supply and sanitation services imposes huge costs on
society, especially for the poor. Even where access exists, services have been
characterized for decades by poor management, inadequate financing, and
low levels of investment. Very few water or wastewater utilities in the developing
world recover adequate operation and maintenance costs from customers and
only a handful recovers debt service and depreciation. Despite the importance

MODULE / PART : #4 COURSE CODE: EWBE001

Energy and Water in the
CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT NO.: 1 COURSE TITLE:
Build Environment
 of water for development, in a recent sample of 37 countries from Africa, 82% of
governments indicated that financing was insufficient to reach national targets
for drinking water. The uncertainties brought about by political economy and
climate change only add to this sector’s already considerable challenges. Not
surprisingly, world leaders now rank water as one of their top critical issues.

The World Bank Group (WBG) — the largest multilateral source of financing for
water supply and sanitation (WSS) in developing countries — currently supervises
a WSS lending portfolio of approximately US$13.5 billion which represents more
than half of all its water-related operations.
➢ B. The Philippines' main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and
groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, the Cagayan River,
discharges approximately 53,943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its
groundwater reserves are 47,895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and
seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation.
The four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan,
and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams. Dams and
reservoirs are mainly used for water storage, water supply, irrigation, regulation
of flood, and hydropower.

The water in the metropolitan area of Manila is mostly supplied by the Angat
Dam, Ipo Dam, and La Mesa Dam (also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water
system). Well-known and larger dams in the rural areas include Ambuklao Dam
(developed for flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power source of
Baguio and some regions in Luzon) and Magat Dam (irrigation and
hydroelectric power source in Isabela).

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Energy and Water in the
CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT NO.: 1 COURSE TITLE:
Build Environment
 2. Discuss how water is used: a. In other countries, b. In the Philippines.
➢ A. Mechanisation - In developed countries, irrigation is mechanized. Sprinklers or
timed irrigation feeds are used. Where agriculture is common, vast amounts of
water can be released at a touch of a button. In emerging countries, irrigation
systems have a lower capacity and so use less water. Water can also be used
for direct and indirect purposes. Direct purposes include bathing, drinking, and
cooking, while examples of indirect purposes are the use of water in processing
wood to make paper and in producing steel for automobiles. The bulk of the
world's water use is for agriculture, industry, and electricity.
➢ B. Beneficial use means the use of the environment or any element or segment
thereof conducive to public or private welfare, safety and health; and shall
include, but not be limited to, the use of water for domestic, municipal,
irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial, recreational
and other purposes. Use of water for domestic purposes means the utilization of
water for drinking, washing, bathing, cooking or other household needs, home
gardens and watering of lawns or domestic animals; Use of water for municipal
purposes means the utilization of water for supplying water requirements of the
community; Use of water for irrigation means the utilization of water for
producing agricultural crops; Use of water for power generation – means the
utilization of water for producing electrical or mechanical power; Use of water
for fisheries means the utilization of water for the propagation of cultured fish as
a commercial enterprise; Use of water for livestock raising means the utilization
of water for large herds or flocks of animals raised as a commercial enterprise;
Use of water for industrial purposes means the utilization of water in factories,
industrial plants and mines, including the use of water as an ingredient of a
finished product; and Use of water for recreational purposes means the
utilization of water for swimming pools, bath houses, boating, water skiing, golf
courses and other similar facilities in resorts and other places of recreation.

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Energy and Water in the
CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT NO.: 1 COURSE TITLE:
Build Environment
 3. Discuss how water is transported and treated.
➢ The water allocation of human settlements concerns both water quantity and
quality. Providing accountable, efficient water and sanitation services along
with sustainable and affordable access to safe water is one of the big
challenges of our time.

Similar living conditions can be found in many developing countries. Within the
countries, varied socio-economic clusters exist, consisting of people living in
large metropolis, bigger cities, medium cities, small towns, villages, small tribal
settlements or isolated housings. The concentration of people in large urban
regions brings an increasing pressure on water resources, while tribal settlements
may be located in remote areas difficult to reach.

Gravity distribution networks allow transporting the water in the distribution

system without the need of energy, but this is not possible everywhere.
Sometimes, the elevations of the impounding reservoirs are such that raw water
can be brought by gravity to treatment plants, but once treated water needs to
be pumped to elevated master reservoirs from where it can be conveyed to
various reservoirs and further to consumers by gravity. In many cases, in one or
another stage, water needs to be pumped in order to distribute it in the piping
network. Hence, there is a great need for optimisation of energy consumption
for the pumped waters (see also energy optimization in water distribution
systems). For rural water supply, however, energy is not always available and
distribution depends on gravity and non-piped transport (buckets or trucks) only.
Non-piped transport of water in rural areas, often done by women or children,
has many social implications and deep efforts are needed to avoid the ill
effects of such methods on society.

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Energy and Water in the
CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT NO.: 1 COURSE TITLE:
Build Environment
 Decentralizing water catchment, treatment and distribution can help to simplify
the required conveyance system and thus also the related costs, energy, and
operation and maintenance requirements. A few non-governmental
organizations are trying to create awareness through the construction of
low-cost water storage tanks to store either rainwater or water supplied by local
authorities.

➢ Water may be treated differently in different communities depending on the

quality of the source water that enters the treatment plant. The water that
enters the treatment plant is most often either surface water or groundwater.
Surface water typically requires more treatment and filtration than ground water
because lakes, rivers, and streams contain more sediment (sand, clay, silt, and
other soil particles), germs, chemicals, and toxins than groundwater.

Some water supplies may contain radionuclides (small radioactive particles),

specific chemicals (such as nitrates), or toxins (such as those made by
cyanobacteria). Specialized methods to control or remove these contaminants
can also be part of water treatment.

4. Discuss potable, fresh, grey, and black water.

➢ Potable water, also known as drinking water, comes from surface and ground
sources and is treated to levels that meet state and federal standards for
consumption. Water from natural sources is treated for microorganisms,
bacteria, toxic chemicals, viruses, and fecal matter. Drinking raw, untreated
water can cause gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, vomiting, or fever.
➢ Fresh water is found in glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands,
and even groundwater. These freshwater habitats are less than 1% of the world’s
total surface area yet house 10% of all known animals and up to 40% of all

MODULE / PART : #4 COURSE CODE: EWBE001

Energy and Water in the
CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT NO.: 1 COURSE TITLE:
Build Environment
 known fish species. Despite their importance to life as a drinking water source,
sustaining crops through irrigation, providing food in the form of fish, powering
homes through dams and moving goods by barges –freshwater habitats are
disappearing at an alarming rate.
➢ Greywater (also spelled graywater, grey water, gray water) or sullage is all
wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without
fecal contamination. By definition greywater is generally waste water from
showers, baths, basins, and washing machines.
➢ Blackwater is the wastewater from bathrooms and toilets that contains faecal
matter and urine. Water from kitchens and dishwashers are also considered
blackwater due to the contamination by pathogens and grease.

MODULE / PART : #4 COURSE CODE: EWBE001

Energy and Water in the
CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT NO.: 1 COURSE TITLE:
Build Environment