Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

Different Connections Of 3-Phase Transformer

EXPERIMENT
3
1. Object:
- to understand and define the differences between the different
transformer connections.
2. Experimental Setup
The three phase transformer (3phT) windings can be connected in
several ways. Based on the windings’ connection, the vector group of
the transformer is determined.
The transformer vector group is indicated on the nameplate of
transformer by the manufacturer. The vector group indicates the phase
difference between the high voltage and low voltage sides, introduced
due to that particular configuration of transformer windings
connection.
The Determination of vector group of transformers is very important
before connecting two or more transformers in parallel. If two
transformers of different vector groups are connected in parallel then
phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers and
large circulating current flows between the two transformers which is
very detrimental.
2.1 Theory
As the IEC60076-1 standard has stated, the notation is HV-LV in
sequence. For example, a step-up transformer with a delta-connected

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

primary, and star-connected secondary, is not written as ‘dY11’, but

‘Yd11’. The 11 indicates the LV winding leads the HV by 30 degrees.
There are 26 sets of connections star-star, star-delta, and star zigzag,
delta-delta, delta star, delta-zigzag, zigzag star, zigzag-delta.
Displacement of the low voltage winding vector varies from zero to -
330° in steps of -30°, depending on the method of connections.
Symbols of transformer windings connections:
Y, D, (Z) - higher voltage side connections in star, delta, (zig-zag)
y, d, z - lower voltage side connections in star, delta, zig-zag.
Phase displacement: - the angle of advance in passing from LV phasor
to HV phasor in counter-clockwise direction, described in hours.
(1hour ↔ 30°).
(HV phasor at 12 o'clock and the LV phasor at a given hour).
for example 0, 1, 11
0 line LV is in-phase with line HV.
1 line LV is lagging line HV by 30°.
11 line LV is leading line HV by 30°.
Winding terminals lettering (symbols):
A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2 - Higher voltage windings (A1 - the beginning
and A2 - the end of the winding of phase A).
a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 - lower voltage windings (a1 - the beginning and
a2 - the end of the winding of phase a).
A classification of different phase shift of different connection is listed
in Table 3.1.
The connection diagram of different connections is shown in Table 3.2.

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

Table 3.1 Phase shift groups

phase shift (deg) Connections
0 Yy0 Dd0 Dz0
30 lag Yd1 Dy1 Yz1
60 lag Dd2 Dz2
120 lag Dd4 Dz4
150 lag Yd5 Dy5 Yz5
180 lag-lead Yy6 Dd6 Dz6
150 lead Yd7 Dy7 Yz7
120 lead Dd8 Dz8
60 lead Dd10 Dz10
30 lead Yd11 Dy11 Yz11

Table 3.2 Connection diagram of different 3phT connections

Yy0 (0 phase shift)
A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √3 𝑉𝑉2 ∠30 𝑉𝑉2 A a
= = ∠0 VAB VA Va Vab
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 √3 𝑉𝑉1 ∠30 𝑉𝑉1
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vb Vbc
VCA V1 120 c2 V2 120 Vca
C1 C2 c1
C c
VC Vc

Yy6 (180 phase shift)

A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √3 𝑉𝑉2 ∠ − 150 𝑉𝑉2 A a
= = ∠ − 180 VAB VA Vab
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉1 Va
√3 𝑉𝑉1 ∠30
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vbc Vb
VCA V1 120 Vca c2 V2 120 c1
C1 C2
C c
VC Vc

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

Dd0 (0 phase shift)

A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉2 ∠0 𝑉𝑉2 A a
= = ∠0 VAB VA Va Vab
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉1 ∠0 𝑉𝑉1
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vb Vbc
VCA V1 120 c2 V2 120 c1 Vca
C1 C2
C c
VC Vc
Dd6 (180 phase shift)
A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉2 ∠180 𝑉𝑉2 A a
= = ∠180 VAB VA Vab Va
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉1 ∠0 𝑉𝑉1
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vbc Vb
VCA V1 120 Vca c2 V2 120 c1
C1 C2
C c
VC Vc

Yd1 (30 phase shift) (line LV lags line HV by 30°)

A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉2 ∠0 𝑉𝑉2 A a
= = ∠ − 30 VAB VA Va Vab
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 √3 𝑉𝑉1 ∠30 √3 𝑉𝑉1
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vb Vbc
VCA V1 120 c2 V2 120 c1 Vca
C1 C2
C c
VC Vc

Yd11 (30 phase shift) (line LV leads line HV by 30°)

𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉2 ∠60 𝑉𝑉2 A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
= = ∠30 A
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 √3 𝑉𝑉1 ∠30 √3 𝑉𝑉1 Vab a
VAB VA Va
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vb Vbc
VCA V1 120 c2 V2 120 c1
Vca
C1 C2
C c
VC Vc

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

Dy1 (30 phase shift) (line LV lags line HV by 30°)

A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
A a
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √3 𝑉𝑉2 ∠30 √3 𝑉𝑉2
= = ∠ − 30 VAB VA Va Vab
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉1 ∠60 𝑉𝑉1
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vb Vbc
VCA V1 120 c2 V2 120 c1 Vca
C1 C2
C c
VC Vc

Dy11 (30 phase shift) (line LV leads line HV by 30°)

A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √3 𝑉𝑉2 ∠30 √3 𝑉𝑉2 A a
= = ∠30 VAB Vab
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉1 ∠0 𝑉𝑉1 VA Va
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1
B b
VBC VB Vb Vbc
VCA V1 120 c2 V2 120 c1 Vca
C1 C2
C c
VC Vc

Yd5 (150 phase shift) (line LV lags line HV by 150°)

A1 V1 0 A2 a2 V2 0 a1
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉2 ∠ − 120 𝑉𝑉2 A c
= = ∠ − 150 VAB VA Va Vca
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 √3 𝑉𝑉1 ∠30 √3 𝑉𝑉1
B1 V1 -120 B2 b2 V2 -120 b1 a
B
VBC VB Vb Vab
VCA
b Vbc
V1 120 c2 V2 120 c1
C1 C2
C
VC Vc

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

2.2 Connection Diagram and Results

2.2.1 STAR-star Connection with 0 phase shift (Yy0)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.1

2. -Increase the variable voltage from 0 to rated value.
3. Record the oscilloscope waveform
4. Check the phase shift between the wave form of HV and LV sides.
5. Use voltameters to measure the phase and line voltage of primary
and secondary sides.
Repeat the steps from 1 to 4 for different connections (Yy6, Dd0,
Dd6, Yd1, Yd11, Dy1, Dy11) and modify the connection of
Fig.3.1 according to under studying case with help of Table
3.2. Adjust the primary voltage to the rated value according to
under studying connection.
Oscilloscope
Ch1 Ch2

Variable
3ph supply

A1 a1 B1 b1 C1 c1

A2 a2 B2 b2 C2 c2

Fig. 3.1 Yy0 Connection diagram

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

HV and LV Yy0 Waveforms

HV and LV Yy6 Waveforms

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

HV and LV Dd0 Waveforms

HV and LV Dd6 Waveforms

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

HV and LV Yd1 Waveforms

HV and LV Yd110 Waveforms

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

HV and LV Dy1 Waveforms

HV and LV Dy11 Waveforms

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

3 Discussion
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4 Questions on the Experiment

Q1. What are the precautions must be observed when paralleling 3-
phase transformers?
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Q2. Explain any unbalance observed and difference in your

data/readings due to the effect of the neutral in Y-Y configuration.
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Q3. Explain the voltage and frequency appearing across the open
terminals of the delta test from Yd configuration with and
without the primary side neutral connected to the source neutral.
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Q3. Explain if two three phase transformers of Yd1 and Yd11 can be
connected in parallel or not?
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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 3

Q4. A 11/0.4 kV Dyn 3phT is fed from 11 kV three phase supply. A

single line of the supply is opened. Describe the effects of this phase
failure on the secondary voltages.
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