INTRODUCTION

Civic Education has been a wonderful, helpful and patriotic system of learning
which teaches and sensitizes people and citizens of a particular territory to know their
individual rights and also their social responsibilities in their societies and their
contributions to the world as a whole. The introduction of this system of learning to
schools and higher institutions has made it possible for young kids, youths and elderly
persons to have a greater grounds in understanding their societal cultures, tribes,
traditions, believes, individual rights and responsibilities, values and norms,
governmental and political systems of operation and history of a particular state or
country.

In Sierra Leone there are more than ninety percent of people that do not have
the full understanding of the civic rights and the societal responsibilities which they
possess. As we all know that ignorance is a dangerous disease that may kill one’s
desire or purpose. Therefore, the result of these people not knowing their rights and
responsibilities has led to the underdevelopment of the country, unsodden happening
of tragic events (The August 10 strike fight) and Tribal fight (Tribalism) in the country.

The information written in this book of few pages talks about the detailed
meaning of the term or phrase “Civic Education”; its importance to individual citizens,
the home and families, state or country and the world as a whole. Knowing the
importance and essence of such learning system will produce a society of order,
citizens that add value to their state or country by knowing their individual, political
and governmental rights and responsibilities which will eventually make them (the
citizens) to be part of the political and governmental system of the country, and a
prosperous and purposeful state or country.

In as much as Civic Education teaches us about our cultures, traditions and

tribes, I have also decided to give accurate and detailed historical facts, culture and
practices of five (5) major ethnic group of the sixteen ethnic groups that we have in
Sierra Leone. This is to create an interrelated knowledge and understanding of the five
(5) major ethnic groups in Sierra Leone. The major reason of tribalism in the country
is because there is less or no interrelated knowledge of the culture, traditions, history
and practices of one tribe in relation to another.

Bob Davies, Student of Limkokwing University, 2022.

 CONTENT

ETHNIC GROUPS IN SIERRA LEONE

Sierra Leone consists of about sixteen (16) ethnic groups and each one of
these ethnic groups have their special, specific and individual languages in which each
of them commonly communicate. These sixteen (16) ethnic groups are; Temne,
Mende, Limba, Fula, Mandingo, Kono, Creole (Krio), Kuranko, Loko, Susu, Yalunka,
Kissi, Vai, Kru, Sherbro, and Lebanese. Out of these sixteen (16) ethnic groups, five
(5) major ones have been selected out with accurate information about their origin,
history, culture.
1. THE TEMNE
 ORIGIN

The Temne ethnic group originated from the highlands of Fouta Djallon in
the interior (central part) of present-day Guinea. This is due to the fall of
the Jallonkadu Empire around the 11 th, 12th, and 15th century which led the
Fulani (constituting the Fula Jihads - a set of Islamic fulas forcing the
acceptance of the Islamic religion on Temne people) to take dormancy
over the habitational regions of the Temne people, forcing them (the
Temne) to migrate into the northwest region of Sierra Leone.

 LOCATION
The Temne ethnic group are located predominantly in the Northern
Provinces of the Republic of Sierra Leone. Though widely found in the
North-West region of the country, they can also be found or located in the
central regions of Sierra Leone as well as the coastal capital city of
Freetown (The Capital of Sierra Leone). In exclusion of Sierra Leone, the
Temne ethnic group can also be found in other West African countries
mostly in Guinea and The Gambia.
 POPULATION
The Temne tribe occupy a huge or large portion of the population of the
country as compared to any other tribe. They constitute about 35.5% of
the total population of the country. They are thereby considered to be the
largest ethnic group in Sierra Leone with a higher concentration of their
population being in the northwest of the country. Only about a few
amounts of the Temne’s population is found in the Capital (Freetown).
 DIVISION
The Temne ethnic group is divided in various clans. Around the 16 th to 18th
century, a Fula ruler known as Fula Mansa seized power of the southern
part of the Rokel River Region where the Temne were residing. This seize
of power therefore brought division among the Temne ethnic group. The
Temne that fled to Banta near the Jong River were then known as the
MABANTA TEMNE (SANDE TEMNE). Those of the Temne tribe who
accepted the Fula Mansa were called the YONI TEMNE. Other minor clans
are the KOLIFA, KONINKE and the KOYA TEMNE GROUP.
 LANGUAGE
The official language spoken by the Temne ethnic group is the TEMNE
language. The TEMNE language is belief to originate from the Mel branch
of the Niger-Congo languages. The English word “Cola” as in Coca Cola is
said to be derived from the Temne word “an’ Kola meaning Kola Nut.”
 RELIGION
The Temne people practice normally a polytheistic religion (believing in
two or more religions). They practice Islam, Christianity and Traditional
religion. About 90% to 95% of the Temne population are Muslims, whiles
the remaining 5% to 10% are Christians. Though the ethnic group is
practicing these two major religions in the world, a large amount of
Temne practice and believe in traditional religion. Traditionally, the
Supreme Being of the Temne people is called Kuru (which means “God”)
Masaba (which originated from the Mandinka or Madingo phrase “Mansa
ba” meaning “The big King”).
 CULTURE AND TRADE
In terms of trade the Temne are traditionally known as farmers that grows
staple crops like rice and cassava and cash crops including peanut, cotton,
palm and most often kola nuts. Other than them being farmers, they are
also in the fishing industry and trading. One of their commonest cultures
is the practice of chieftainship and secret societies (The men’s Poro
society and the women’s Bondo society.)
 PROMINENT TEMNE PEOPLE PAST AND PRESENT
 Bai Bureh – a Temne chief who led a war against the colonial
(British) Hut Tax in 1898. He was also a Sierra Leonean ruler and
military strategist.
 Ernest Bai Koroma – a Sierra Leonean Temne politician who maned
the honor of being the fourth President of Sierra Leone from 2007
to 2018 serving for two terms in office.
 Foday Sankoh – founder of the Sierra Leone Rebel Group (The
Revolutionary United Front (RUF)) who was indicted for the 11
years-long Sierra Leone Civil War from 1991 to 2002.
2. THE MENDE
 ORIGIN
The Mende ethnic group originated from a subset of Mande-
ethnolinguistic group which belongs to a large group of Niger-Congo
people. They are believed to be descendant of the thirteenth-century Mali
Empire that migrated from Sudan to settle in Sierra Leone in about 1550s.
The Mande people are speakers of the Mande language which is divided in
two major groups (The East Mande’ and the West Mande’ language
speaking group).
 LOCATION
The Mende ethnic group are largely found in the Southern and Eastern
regions (provinces) in Sierra Leone. The Mende are found in districts like
Bo, Bonthe, Moyamba, Pujehun, Kenema and Kailahun. A few percentages
of the Mende population are also located in the Capital of the country
(Freetown).
 POPULATION
The Mende ethnic group constitute the second largest ethnic group in
Sierra Leone. The Mende tribe occupy about 31.2% of the general
population of Sierra Leone. A huge percentage of the Mende’s population
is found in the Southern and Northern Districts in the country and a few
percentages is found in the capital.
 DIVISION
Generally, the Mende ethnic group is divided into five (5) different clans or
sub-groups. The Kpa Mende clan are those that are found mostly in
Moyamba district in the southern part of the country. The Gola Mende
originated from the Gola Forest (a national reservation landmark) located
between Kenema and Pujehun districts. The Sewa Mende (middle Mende)
settle mostly along the Sewa River in Sierra Leone. The Vai (Wanjama)
Mende found mostly in Pujehun district. The last clan are the Koh (Upper
Mende) Mende who are in the Kailahun district.
 LANGUAGE
The Mende tribe speak the MENDE language for easy communication and
understanding between themselves. The Mende language is a tonal
language belonging to the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo language
 family. At around 46% of the country’s population speak the Mende
language. It is one of the local languages taught in schools in the country.
 RELIGION
Most of the Mende people are Muslims by religion. At about 68% of the
Mende’s population are Muslims. Christianity owns a percentage of 30%
of the Mende’s population. The remaining 2% believe mostly in Traditional
practices.
 CULTURE AND TRADE

The Mende ethnic group are mostly farmers. They are believed to be
farmers that grow mostly rice and other crops like Coffee, Cocoa, Ginger,
pepper, groundnut, Benniseed and palm oil. Crops grown for income are
Coffee, Cocoa and Ginger. In terms of cultural practices, the Mende tribe
practice patrilineal, patrilocal and polygamous family setup. Traditionally,
they are also involved in secret society practices. These secret societies
are operate individually based on gender. The male secrete society is
known as the Poro Secrete Society whiles that of the female is known as
the Sande Secrete Society (which teaches Mende Women the
responsibilities of adulthood). The Mende Female cultures are Arts,
wearing of mask, dancing, white clay, Growth of healthy Hair,
Circumcision, attachment of neck rings and more.

 PROMINENT MENDE PEOPLE PAST AND PRESENT

 Sir Milton Augustine Strieby Margai – A medical doctor and politician
who was the country’s head of government from 1954 to 1964. He
was entitled the Prime Minister of the country from 1961.
 Sir Albert Michael Margai – He was entitled the Second Prime
Minister. He was half-brother of Sir Milton Margai.
 Julius Maada Bio – The present President of Sierra Leone who sat in
office since March, 2017.

3. THE CREOLE OR KRIO

 ORIGIN
The Creole originated from various sets of freed African-American, Afro-
Caribbean and Liberated African slaves who settled in the western part of
Sierra Leone between 1787 and 1885. The Creole ethnic group was set up
 by four (4) major different sets of free-slave people from different part of
the globe. These four (4) major sets of Free-slave people are the Black
Poor, Nova Scotians, Jamaican Maroons, and the Recaptives or Liberated
Africans. The Black Poor are believed to be the first descendant of the
Creole ethnic group who were the first settlers to find a colony (known as
“The Province of Freetown”) in Sierra Leone in May 1787. The second
descendant of the Creoles were the Nova Scotians (African Americans
from Nova Scotia) who settled at the surroundings of the Cotton Tree near
George Street on the 11th March, 1792. The Jamaican Maroons were also
recorded to be descendant of the Creole Tribe. The Jamaican Maroons
were from Cudjoe’s Town (Trelawny Town; one of the five major towns in
Jamaica) who escaped slavery in Jamaica and settled in Sierra Leone in
1801. The last descendant of the Creoles was the Recaptive or Liberated
Africans (a set of slaves who were on slave ships for sale being liberated
by the Royal Navy). The Liberated African colonized the territory in 1808.
 LOCATION
The Creoles live predominantly in the Capital of Sierra Leone (Freetown).
They settle in various parts of the Western Area of the Country. They are
mostly found in Wilberforce, Gloucester, Aberdeen, Goderich, Grafton,
Hastings, Kissy, York, Waterloo, Kent, Leicester, Murray Town, and
surroundings along the Western Area Peninsula in Sierra Leone. Apart
from being located in Freetown, Sierra Leone, they are also found in other
West African countries like The Gambia, Nigeria, Cameroon and in the
United State meanly in Washington DC, Maryland, Virginia, New York,
Texas California, Georgia and North Carolina.
 POPULATION
The Creole ethnic group holds a very small percentage of the total
population of Sierra Leone. They are about 1.2% of the population of the
whole country. They are one the least populated ethnic group in Sierra
Leone.
 LANGUAGE
The Creole communicate in their language which is the Krio Language. The
Krio language is a language that is derived from multiple of English words
(English based). It is the most widely spoken language in almost every
part of the country. At about 96% of the country’s population speak the
 Krio language which makes it possible for the different ethnic groups in
the country to communicate smoothly in terms of trade and interaction.
English is the official language of the country but Krio is the primary
language (lingua franca) of communication among Sierra Leoneans inland
and abroad.
 RELIGION
The Creoles are mostly all Christians by religion. Over 98% of their
population are Christians by religion. They are mostly found in the
Anglican, Methodist, Catholic and Baptist denominations of Christianity.
Tradition churches that were part of the history of the Creoles are St
George’s Cathedral, Holy Trinity Church, St John’s Maroon Church,
Ebenezer Methodist Church and Zion Methodist Church, all at Freetown.
The remaining percent are Muslims. These Creole Muslims are known as
the Oku or Fourah Bay Creole who are descendants of Yoruba Muslim tribe
from Nigeria who settled in Freetown in the mid-19th century.
 CULTURE AND TRADE
The Creole culture is just as that of the culture of the Western world. This
is due to their interaction with the British colonial power in ancient days.
The Creoles practice traditional dating and marriage customs. They
consider marriage to be a contract between two families and is done
mostly in churches. The nuclear family is the family setting of the Creole
families. In term of how they take their meal, breakfast is always served
in the morning and rice during the noonday all throughout the week. On
Saturday, Fufu (a food made from cassava) is served. Traditionally, there
are various rituals or ceremonies performed by Creoles. The Awujoh
festival or feast is a ceremony made to seek the protection of ancestral
spirits and also to remember deceased family members. The “pull na doh”
is a naming ceremony performed on the seventh day after birth to
celebrate the birth of a new born. In terms of trade, the Creole are less in
number in the trading industry of Sierra Leone. They are known to be
educators, academists and professionals of leadership in the country.
 NOTABLE CREOLE PEOPLE PAST AND PRESENT
 Davidson Sylvester Hector Willoughby Nicol – A Creole academist,
physician, diplomat, writer and poet who contributed to science,
history and literature. He discovered the treatment of diabetes.
  Sir Samuel Lewis – He was honored to be the first mayor of
Freetown.
 Constance Cummings-John – A female Creole educationist and
politician, who was recorded to have been the first female mayor of
Freetown. Her picture is on the present new twenty leones currency.
 Clifford Nelson Fyle – A Creole academist and writer known to be
the lyrical writer of the Sierra Leone National Anthem and the
author of the Krio-English Dictionary.

4. THE LIMBA
 ORIGIN
The Limba are believed to be the earliest indigenous people of Sierra
Leone. This simply means that they were the original tribe of Sierra Leone
who have always been in the country and thereby considered to be the
first rulers of the territory. They are not known to be immigrant as other
ethnic groups who originated from different part of the world and came to
settle in Sierra Leone. They are the traditionally owners of the land.
 LOCATION
The Limba are found predominantly in the Northern regions (provinces)
across seven districts in Sierra Leone. They are located particularly in
Bombali District, Koinadugu District, Kambia District and Tonkolili District.
Thousands of Limba are also found in the capital (Freetown) of the
country. This is due to their migration from their limba lands into the
capital, in order to escape slave trade during Sierra Leone’s colonial era.
 POPULATION
The Limba ethnic group are considered to be the third largest ethnic group
in Sierra Leone. They hold about 12.4% of the total population of Sierra
Leone. About 12% of their population reside in the Northern Provinces
and the remaining percentage of the Limba are found in the capital and
the southern region of the country.
 LANGUAGE
The Limba speak a unique language which differs from all other languages
being spoken in Sierra Leone. The language of the Limba is known as the
Hulimba language which originated from a Niger-Congo language family.
 RELIGION
The Limba ethnic group practice Christianity, Islam and Traditional
religion. A percentage of 55% of the total percentage of the Limba
population are Christians whiles 40% are Muslim converts and the
remaining 5% believe in traditional religion.
 CULTURE AND TRADE
The Limba are known to be farmers that plant crops like rice and palm
wine. One of their cultural practices is the believe of a spiritual home
called the KAKOYA VILLAGE in Wara-Wara Bafodia Chiefdom. This village
has a wooden figure or image which the Limbas take as an ancestor or
deity. Just as in the culture of the Mende and the Temne tribe, the Limba
tribe also practice the Bondo Secret Society.
 PROMINENT LIMBA PEOPLE PAST ANF PRESENT
 Siaka Probyn Stevens – He served as the Prime Minister of Sierra
Leone from 1967 to 1971 and later was honored the office of a
President from 1971 to 1985.
 Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh – He served as President of
Sierra Leone from November 1985 to 29th April 1992.
 Jimmy B (Bangura) – He is a Sierra Leonean Musician, filmmaker
and entertainer known to be the Godfather of Sierra Leone Music.

5. THE SUSU
 ORIGIN
The Susu ethnic group are believed to be descendants of the Mande who
lived in the mountainous Mali-Guinea border. They were a set of the
Soninke people that migrated from Wagadou (order wise known as Akar
was a west African Empire located in modern-day southeast of Mauritania
and western Mali).
 LOCATION
The Susu ethnic group are primarily found in the Northwest region of
Sierra Leone particularly in Kambia District. They are also found
predominantly in Guinea and a fewer number of them in Guinea Bissau
and Senegal.
 POPULATION
They Susu are one of the less populated ethnic groups in Sierra Leone.
They compose of about 2.9% of the entire population of the country.
 LANGUAGE
The Susu communicate commonly in their own language within
themselves. Their language is known as the Sosoxui language. It is a
language that belongs to the Niger-Congo language family. The Sosoxui
language serves a very essential trade language along the Guinea Coast in
the Southwest and in Conakry.
 RELIGION
The Susu are mostly Muslims by religion. Over 99% of their population are
Muslims. Though practicing Islam, they also combine their Islamic beliefs
with traditional beliefs such as belief in sorcerers and spiritism. There are
few Susu people that are practicing Christianity.
 CULTURE AND TRADE
The Susu family setup is an (extended) polygamous one. This is due to the
acceptance of this practice in their religion (Islam) in which Men are allow
to marry as many as four wives. Just as some major Ethnic group, the
Susu also practice the Bondo secret Society. They are known to be farmers
that primarily plant rice and millet and other crops like coconuts, mangoes
and pineapple. They are the most talented tribe when it comes to artistry.
They are gifted as smiths, musicians, carpenters, jewelers and
leatherworkers.
 NOTABLE SUSU PEOPLE PAST AND PRESENT
 Dr. Abdulai Osman Conteh – He was a lawyer and politician and
former vice present of Sierra Leone who served under the leadership
of President Joseph Saidu Momoh.
 Harry Yansaneh – He was an acting editor of the “For Di People”
newspaper in Freetown, Sierra Leone who was killed by a gang of
robbers.
 Alhaji Dr. Kandeh Kolleh Yumkella – He is an agriculturist
economist, Politian and former United Nations Under-Secretary
General.
  Alhaji Osman Foday Yansaneh – He is a Sierra Leonean politician
who has been the secretary of the All-People’s Congress political
party.

CIVIC EDUCATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Civic Education consists of two main fundamental words, “civic” and

“education”. For one to understand the full meaning of this term civic education, one
must know individually the meaning of these two fundamental words that make up
this term. The word “civic” is an adjective which is derived from a Latin word civicus
or civis which means “pertaining to a city or citizenship”. The word “education” is
derived from the Latin words “educare”, “educere” and “educantum” which primarily
refers to “to bring out” or “to bring forth”.

DEFINITION

The term Civic Education can be simply defined as the study of individual rights
and social responsibilities or obligations of citizens in a particular state, country or
society. It is a system of learning which teaches people about their theoretical,
political, social, public, governmental and practical role as a citizen as well as their
rights and duties in actualizing a better society. Civic education provides vital
information and learning experiences to build and empower citizens to participate in
democratic movement and processes. The learning process of Civic Education can take
diverse forms, including classroom-based learning, informal training, experiential
learning, and mass media projects (campaign). Civic Education primarily depend on
certain factors which are civic knowledge, civic techniques or skills and civic
deposition. Civic knowledge simply refers to the depth and detailed comprehension of
political and governmental systems as well as civic obligations by citizens. Civic skills
or techniques points out the ability of citizens to analyze, evaluate, accept and defend
stands in state or public issues and to use their required knowledge in civics to
participate in governmental and political processes. Civic deposition talks about
citizens’ tolerance and willingness to partake in the building process of other citizens
about their contribution in civic learning. In general, Civic Education is the study of
citizenship, politics and government. It covers topics such as the history of
democracy, the process involved in making laws and most importantly the
participation of citizens in government. Civic Education also includes comprehending
and respecting the rights of others, obeying the rule of law, and being tolerant of
those who have different opinions. Being a good and active citizen is very much vital
not only for the individual, but also for the community, the country and the world as a
whole.

IMPORTANCE OF CIVIC EDUCATION

The introduction of Civic Education in primary, secondary and tertiary level of

learning has been one of the big moves of modern learning in the world and in Sierra
Leone. It has contributed greatly in the development of western countries, in the
upbringing of Sierra Leoneans and most importantly to me as an individual. Below are
some importance out of a million of importance of civic education.

 Firstly, Civic Education contributes in personal mental transformation and

mentality change in individuals in a country. It has brought the awareness
of civic rights, obligations and responsibilities in the life of citizens in
many countries and therefore has brought the willingness in citizens to
partake in political and governmental issues in a country. This thereby
helps to produce responsible, active and patriotic individuals in a
particular country.
 Also, it provides the platform for citizens to be aware about the value of
political and governmental participation for a peaceful and democratic
society. For example, it shows the importance of citizens involving in
voting during political seasons in a democratic state.
 Moreover, civic education prevents civil wars and deadly insurrections in a
state by informing citizens about decision making in politics and
government in accordance to the rule of law. For example, this simply
means that civic education teaches about the legal or legitimate processes
and steps in participating in public strikes, campaigns and protests.
 It also teaches or sensitizes citizen to contribute in national development
(the process by which a state improves the social and economic wellbeing
of its citizens) by pointing out the importance of paying our taxes as
citizens. It provides the skills for the citizens to monitor the government
 on how their taxes is being utilized to bring social amenities and other
social infrastructures in a particular state.
 Civics helps citizens to understand the issues and problems that cause
underdevelopment in their communities and country. When citizens
understand how their government work, they can know issues that affect
them and take action in addressing them based on the rule of law.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Civic education is more vital than ever in our modern society. The
basics of civics help students and unlearned individuals understand their rights,
responsibilities, obligations and contributions as citizens, and allow them to engage
effectively and coherently in the democratic process. Civics education also teaches
students how to be good neighbours and societal members by bringing solutions to
problems and issues in their community. Civic engagement leads to a stronger, more
effective, more stable and transformed society, which is why all students and
individuals of a particular state should have access to a quality civics education. There
are many ways to get involved, and it’s certain to make our community and country a
better place.

I certainly believe that the written information in this series of pages about five
ethnic groups, meaning and essence of Civic education in Sierra Leone will bring a
vast and in depth understanding of the subject matter discussed in this document.
 REFERENCE
 Wikipedia. 2022. Enwikipediaorg. [Online]. [25 November 2022]. Available
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/

 omniglot. 2017. wwwomniglotcom. [Online]. [25 November 2022]. Available

from: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/krio

 sierraleoneheritage. 2022. wwwsierraleoneheritageorg. [Online]. [25 November

2022]. Available from: http://sierraleoneheritage.org/glossary/Temne

 inc. 2003-2022. the free dictionary. [Online]. [25 November 2022]. Available
from: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

 Stanford. 2021. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [Online]. [25 November

2022]. Available from: http://plato.stanford.edu/

 Fyle, C & Shillington, K (2000). Encyclopedia of African History. (3rd ed.).

England: Routledge.

 Alexander Peter Kup. 1961. A History of Sierra Leone, 1400-1787. A History of

Sierra Leone. 1(1), pp. 124-125.

 Fyle, C (2006). Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone. (1st ed.). Unknown:

Scarecrow.

 Alie Joe, A.D (1990). A New History of Sierra Leone. (1st ed.). United State:
Macmillan Publishers.
 RECOMMEMDATION
As we all know now that civic education is a very important and vital system
of learning in our society, it must therefore be considered to be a must taught and
known learning in the life of every citizen in a particular state or country. Although
Civic education is already introduced in the learning system of Sierra Leone, it is still
recorded that there are a lot of people out there both learned and unlearned
individuals that are unaware of the civic rights, responsibilities and obligations they
have as citizens in Sierra Leone. Below are some recommendations inorder to have an
effective Civic Education system of learning.

1) Easy Access to Civic Learning

Civic Education must be easily accessible by all citizens in a country. This is done
by introducing the subject to every learning institution irrespective of the level
starting from kindergarten, primary, secondary and tertiary level of learning in a
country. This means Civic education must be integrated across every learning
curriculum for pupils and students to have coherent knowledge and skills of
their civic obligations to their families, schools and country. This is also done by
organizing radio and TV programs that educates the general public about their
civic rights and responsibilities in building a peaceful and prosperous country.
2) Empowerment
Civics Education program should support students and the general public in
learning to speak up and take action to make a difference in their society.
Civics Education can be empowered in the following ways;
 Teachers and the government must Partner with civic and community
organizations on volunteer efforts to bring effectiveness in civic
processes.
 Civic activists and teachers must engage in collaborative, effective and
efficient research projects, where students investigate and address
pressing issues relevant to their communities, to make them be problem-
solvers and advocates.
 Civic organization must inform the general public about the value of their
vote during election periods. In tertiary institutions and high schools,
voter challenges must be organized, in which schools compete to see who
can register the most newly eligible voters. This therefore helps students
to actualize their voting actions thereby paving the way to the value of
voting in their democratic society.