Chapter 4

Computer Network &

Operating Systems
Contents
4.1. Concept of Computer Network
4.2. Classification of Computer Networks
4.3. Major Components of a Computer Network
4.4. The Internet
4.5. Introduction to Operating Systems
4.6. Functions of Operating Systems
4.7. Microsoft Windows

2
4.1. Computer Networks
• A collection of computing devices that are
connected in various ways in order to
communicate and share resources.
• Connection between computers in a network :
• Cable
• Wireless

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4.2. Classification of Computer Networks

• By network layer
• By scale
• By connection method
• By functional relationship
• By network topology
• By protocol

4
Classification by functional relationship

• Server based (client/server)

 Computers set up to be primary providers of services
such as file service or mail service.
 The computers providing the service are called
servers
 The computers that request and use the service are
called client computers.
• Peer-to-peer
 Various computers on the network can act both as
clients and servers.
 Example : Many Microsoft Windows based computers
allow file and print sharing.
• Many networks are combination peer-to-peer and
server based networks.

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Classification by scale
• A Local Area Network (LAN) connects a
relatively small number of machines in a relatively
close geographical area
• A Wide Area Network (WAN) connects two or
more LANs over a potentially large geographic
distance
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A network
infrastructures developed for a large city
• GAN (Global Area Network)

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Packet switching
• Messages are divided into fixed-sized, numbered
packets
• Packets are sent individually, then combined into
original message

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Topologies of LANs

Ethernet: The industry standard for LANs based on a bus topology

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Topologies of LANs (others)

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 Open Systems
Layers of the Open
• Interoperability: The Systems Interconnection
ability of software and model (OSI model)
hardware on multiple
machines and from
multiple commercial
vendors to communicate
• Open System: A system
that is based on a
common model of
network architecture and
an accompanying suite
of protocols

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Why is a protocol needed?

Hi request

Hi response

What request
time?
2:00 response

time

Human-human Computer - computer

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Network protocol

• Protocol: Rule of communication

• Send a message with request or information
• Receive message with information, action or event
• Defines format, order of messages sent and received
among network entities, and actions taken on message
transmission, receipt
• Examples: TCP, UDP, IP, FTP, Telnet, SSH, Ethernet, …

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Layers’ protocols
7 Application layer HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, FTP, Telnet, ECHO, SIP, SSH, NFS, RTSP, XMPP, Whois, ENRP

6 Presentation layer XDR, ASN.1, SMB, AFP, NCP

5 Session layer ASAP, TLS, SSH, ISO 8327 / CCITT X.225, RPC, NetBIOS, ASP

4 Transport layer TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP, SPX, ATP, IL

3 Network layer IP, ICMP, IGMP, IPX, BGP, OSPF, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, ARP, RARP, X.25

2 Data Link layer Ethernet, Token ring, HDLC, Frame relay, ISDN, ATM, 802.11 WiFi, FDDI, PPP

1 Physical layer 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, SONET/SDH, T-carrier/E-carrier,

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Layering of key network protocols

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Routers
• A packet may make several intermediate hops
between computers before it reaches the final
destination
• Routers are used to direct packets between networks
• If a path directed to a down machine or a path have
heavy network traffic, a router might choose an
alternative route

15
Repeater

• The device that are

installed periodically along
the line to strengthen and
propagate the signal
• Restrict information loss
of digital signal

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TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): The
network protocol that breaks messages into packets,
reassembles them at the destination, and takes care
of errors
• Internet Protocol (IP): The network protocol that
deals with the routing of packets through
interconnected networks to the final destination
• TCP/IP: A suite of protocols and programs that
support low-level network communication

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High Level Protocols
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): A
protocol used to specify the transfer of electronic
mail
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): A protocol that
allows a user on one computer to transfer files to
and from another computer
• Telnet: A protocol used to log into a computer
system from a remote computer
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A protocol
defining the exchange of World Wide Web
documents that are written using HTML

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The Internet
• The wide-area network that spans the planet

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 History of the Internet

⚫ Originated from an
experimental project of ARPA
⚫ Initially having only two nodes
(IMP at UCLA and IMP at SRI).

ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency

UCLA: University California Los Angeles
SRI: Stanford Research Institute
IMP: Interface Message Processor

Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html 20
 In 12/1969, after 3 months

SRI UTAH

UCSB
UCLA

A network with 4 nodes, 56kbps

UCSB:University of California, Santa Barbara

UTAH:University of Utah
source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html 21
 ARPANET, 1971

Source:
http://www.cybergeography.org/
atlas/historical.html One node was added each month
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Years 70s: Interconnection, new network
architecture and private architectures

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 Expansion of ARPANET, 1974

source:
http://www.cybergeography.org/
atlas/historical.html
Traffic each day not more than 3.000.000 package 24
Years 70s
• Since 1970, new networks private
architectures appear:
• ALOHAnet in Hawaii
• DECnet, IBM SNA, XNA
• 1974: Cerf & Kahn – principles of
interconnection of open systems (Turing
Awards)
• 1976: Ethernet, Xerox PARC
• End of 1970s: ATM
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Years 80s: New protocols, more
expansion

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1981: Beginning of NSFNET

NSF: National Science Foundation

NSF network is separated from ARPANET for academic research
uniquely

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 1986: Connect USENET and NSFNET

Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html 28
More network to join and more
protocol
• More networks join in: MFENET, HEPNET (Dept.
Energy), SPAN (NASA), BITnet, CSnet, NSFnet,
Minitel …
• TCP/IP is standardized and becomes popular in
1980
• Berkeley integrate TCP/IP in BSD Unix
• Services: FTP, Mail, DNS …

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Years 90s: Web and E-commerce over
Internet

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Years 90s
⚫Begining of 90s: End of 1990’s – 2000’s:
Begining of Web
• Many new Internet applications
⚫HTML, HTTP: was introduced:
Berners-Lee • Chat, file sharing P2P…
⚫1994: Mosaic, • E-commerce, Yahoo, Ebay,
Amazon, Google…
Netscape
• > 50 millions hosts, > 100
⚫End of 90s: millions users.
Commercialized the
Internet

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 Vietnam at that time
• 1991: In an effort, negotiations for connecting Vietnam to
Internet failed. (what a pity!)
• 1996: Again, prepare for Internet infrastructure
• ISP: Only VNPT
• 64kbps, 1 international out-link, hundreds special users (dial-up
connections)
• 1997: Officially open and connect Vietnam to Internet
• 1 IXP (Internet Exchange Point): VNPT
• 4 ISP: VNPT, Netnam (IOIT), FPT, SPT
• 2007: “Ten years of Vietnam Internet Development”
• 20 ISPs, 4 IXPs
• 19 million of Internet users, 22.04% of population

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 Development of the Internet in
Vietnam

The numbers of users are estimated by 2 times the number of subscribers

Source: Vietnam Internet Case Study, http://www.itu.int/asean2001/reports/material/VNM%20CS.pdf
33
Statistics until 2007

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Source: Vnnic, http://www.thongkeinternet.vn
Recent statistics

Number of Vietnamese mobile users in 2019

Source: Vnnic, http://www.thongkeinternet.vn

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 Bandwidth to the world (Mbps), 3rd
Quarter 2007

FPT, 2635

EVN, 400

SPT, 200

HanoiTelecom,
4
Vietel, 2056
VNPT, 6820

Total: 12115.0 Mbps

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Recent statistics

Number of Vietnamese mobile users in 2019

Source: Vnnic, http://www.thongkeinternet.vn

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How to Connect to the Internet?
• The Hardware: Modem (dial up, ADSL) or Ethernet
Card
• The Software: Operating System, Connection
Software
• The Browser
• Connection Options: Dial up, Cable, ADSL,
Wireless. . .
• Locating Internet Access Providers

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 Internet Connections
• Internet backbone: A set of high-speed networks
carrying Internet traffic
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) A company providing
access to the Internet
• Phone Modem: Converts computer data into an
analog audio signal and back again
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): an internet connection
made using a digital signal on regular phone lines
• Cable Modem: A device that allow computer network
communication using the cable TV hook up in a home

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Upload and Download
• Upload: Sending data from your home computer to
a destination on the internet

• Download: receiving data on your home computer

from the internet

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 The Internet
How Information Travel Through the Internet

When you connect to a Web site through an ISP and start

exchanging information, there isn't a fixed connection
between your computer and the Web server computer
hosting the Web site. Instead, information is exchanged
using the best possible path at that particular time.
Special computers called routers determine these paths,
avoiding slow links and favoring fast ones.

Your ISP Web

Computer Routers Servers
Firewalls
• Firewall A machine and its software that serve as a

15-42
special gateway to a network, protecting it from
inappropriate access
• Filters the network traffic that comes in, checking the
validity of the messages as much as possible and perhaps
denying some messages altogether
• Enforces an organization’s access control policy
 Firewalls

15-43
Figure 15.8 A firewall protecting a LAN
Network Addresses
• Hostname A unique identification that specifies a

15-44
particular computer on the Internet
For example
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
condor.develocorp.com
hust.edu.vn
Network Addresses
• Network software translates a hostname into its

15-45
corresponding IP address
For example
205.39.145.18
192.168.1.x
Network Addresses
• An IP address can be split into

15-46
• network address, which specifies a specific network
• host number, which specifies a particular machine in
that network

IPv4: An IP
address is
stored in four
bytes (32bits)

2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (128 bits) in IPv6

Domain Name System
• A hostname consists of the computer name followed

15-47
by the domain name
• hust.edu.vn is the domain name
• A domain name is separated into two or more sections
that specify the organization, and possibly a subset of an
organization, of which the computer is a part
• Two organizations can have a computer named the same
thing because the domain name makes it clear which one
is being referred to
The World Wide Web (Web)
• An infrastructure of information and the network
software used to access it
• Web page: a document that contains or references
various kinds of data
• Link: a connection between one Web page and
another
• Web site: a collection of related Web pages, usually
designed and controlled by the same person or
company

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The World Wide Web (cont’d)
• Web browser :A software tool that retrieves and displays Web pages
• Web server: A computer set up to respond to requests for Web pages
• Uniform Resource Locator (or URL) A standard way of specifying
the location of a Web page

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What is Operating System?
System software that manages computer
resources and provides an interface for system
interaction

Examples
Windows, UNIX (Linux), Mac OS

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Interaction of OS with
the computer hardware

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 Services of an OS
• The operating system (OS) is the first thing
loaded onto the computer -- without the
operating system, a computer is useless.
• Create Interface between you and your
computer
• Memory management
• Ability to perform input and output on a variety
of devices
• Resource allocation
• Management of the running systems
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 Categorization of OS
• All desktop and laptop computers have operating
systems.
• Operating systems are categorized based on the types
of computers they control and the sort of applications
they support:
• Single-user, single task
• Single-user, multi-tasking
• Multi-user, multi-tasking
• Real-time operating system
• Open-sources/proprietary

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Memory Management
• When multiple programs and their data are stored in
the memory at the same time, OS must :
• Track where and how a program resides in memory
• Convert logical program addresses into actual memory
addresses

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Converting logical addresses to
physical addresses
• Logical address: a reference to a stored value relative to
the program making the reference
• Physical address: an actual address in the main memory
device
• When a program is compiled, a reference to an identifier
(such as a variable name) is changed to a logical address
• When the program is loaded into memory, each logical
address corresponds to a specific physical address.
• The mapping of a logical address to a physical address
is called address binding

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 Process Management

• Process means program

in execution
• Process state: new,
waiting, ready, running,
terminated
• The Process Control
Block (PCB) : manage
information about
process
Windows task manager
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 Process Management

• Process means program

in execution
• Process state: new,
waiting, ready, running,
terminated
• The Process Control
Block (PCB) : manage
information about
process
Linux process view
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CPU Scheduling
• Decide which process should be given over to the
CPU so that it can make computational progress
(move to running state)
• Approaches:
• First Come First Serve (FCFS)
• Shortest-Job-First (SJF) Scheduling.
• Shortest Remaining Time.
• Priority Scheduling.
• Round Robin Scheduling.
• Multilevel Queue Scheduling

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File Management
• Structure of Disks

• Organizing Information on Disks

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Structures of Disks
• Floppy Disk and Hard Disk

• Tracks, Sectors, Clusters

• Formatting

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Types of Floppy Disks

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Inside a Hard Disk

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Tracks, Sectors and Clusters
• Floppy disk can be single-sided or double-sided
• Data is stored on a disk in circular tracks
• Tracks are numbered 0, 1. . .
• Each track is broken up into arcs called sectors
• Each sector stores a fixed amount of data. The
typical formatting of these media provide space for
512 bytes (for magnetic disks) or 2048 bytes (for
optical discs) of user-accessible data per sector.

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Sector, Track, Block

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Organization of a Hard Disk

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 Formatting (initializing)

• Determines the sector size and placement.

• Slices the disk into sectors by writing codes on the disk.
• Locates bad spots on the disk, locks it out to prevent the
bad spot from being used.
• Side number, track number, sector number  address :
locates where on the disk the computer will store the
data.

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 Organizing Information on Disks

• A collection of data grouped into one unit on a disk

• Files can be located in directories.
• File name : Depends on the operating system
• Common name (full name) of a file includes
• Device (or node) (e.g., C:, /, etc.)
• Directory (or path) — directory tree (e.g., /usr/bin, \TEMP, etc.)
• file — base name of the file
• type (format or extension) — indicates the content type of the file (e.g., .txt,
.exe, .doc, etc.)

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A Windows Directory Tree

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Microsoft Windows
• An operating environment created by Microsoft.
• Provides an interface known as Graphical User
Interface (GUI) for IBM compatible computers.
• Eliminates the need for a user to have to type each
command at a command line, like MS-DOS.
• Using a mouse to navigate through drop-down
menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons.
• Win 1.0 was announced in 1983.

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Microsoft Windows: What to learn?

• Getting Start with Windows

• Navigating in a Window
• Control Panel
• Managing Files, Folders and Disks
• Running Programs with Windows
• Command Prompt

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Getting Start with Windows
• Starting Windows
• Part of Screen
• Start Button & Start Menu
• Icons
• Taskbars
• Using Help and Support
• Shutting down Windows

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 Navigating in a Window

• Parts of a Window
• Menus
• Dialog Boxes
• Toolbars

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Control Panel
• Your system
• Setting date and time
• Changing mouse and keyboard properties
• Setting up a printer
• Managing fonts
• Changing the Taskbar
• Adjusting screen appearance

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Managing Files, Folders and Disks
• Overview
• Navigating between folders
• Manipulating files and folders
• Searching for files and folders
• Working with the Recycle Bin
• Formatting Disks
• Copying a floppy disk
• Copying files to a writable CD
• Setting file management option

74
Running Programs with Windows
• Working with Word, Excel, Notepad
• Adding and removing windows components
• Installing, removing programs

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