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Controversy over Sargent Ranch Quarry on Indigenous Land

Clare Weinstock
Field Investigation Version 1
12/08/2022
Prof. Neil Schaefer

(A1) The Proposal: The proposal is to turn 403 acres of Sargent Ranch Quarry, also

known as Juristac Quarry, which is being used primarily for cattle ranching and partially

accessible to the Amah Mutsun tribe but is largely untouched, into a sand and gravel mine in

Santa Clara county to be used for 30 years in 4 phases, mining approximately 40 million tons of

gravel (Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Protect Juristac, “About”, Section 2, Paragraph 1, 2022) and

then subject to reclamation in accordance with California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act

(SMARA) after each phase. Sargent Ranch Partners LLC proposed this project to the County of

Santa Clara Planning Commission Officials, who accepted comments from the public from July

25th 2022-November 7th 2022, and are now making their final decision (County of Santa Clara

Department of Planning and Development, “Sargent Ranch Quarry”, Section 2, Paragraph 1,

2022).

(A2) Context and Historical Background: The land on which the quarry is proposed to

be constructed runs across San Benito, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz counties and has belonged to

the Amah Mutsun Tribe for thousands of years-their land extended from Pajaro River to

surrounding areas such as Monterey. The ambiguity which has allowed any construction to occur

on this land at all stems from the arrival of the Spanish in the 1700s. During this time, the Amah

Mutsun tribe was stripped of their stewardship of the land through theft and colonization. When

the Amah Mutsun people were subject to Spanish Missions, they lost autonomy of their lands

and were later pushed out again when they tried to reinhabit the area by growing external

pressure to move to ranchos and the destructive smallpox epidemic. The tribe is still using the
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land for ceremonies and is considered sacred and a religious/historical site (Amah Mutsun Tribal

Band, 2022).

Sargent Ranch Quarry has been subject to a number of ownership changes, the most significant

beginning in 2007. In 2007, 85% of the property was owned by developer Wayne Pierce under

Sargent Ranch Partners LLC, although the other owners at the time are unspecified. At this time

it was Pierce’s intention to develop the land, and he worked closely with Irene Zwierlein (former

chairperson of the Amah Mutsun tribal band) in an attempt to develop the land together and

federally recognize the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band. Zwierlein was working with Pierce on the

basis that she had created a splinter group of the Amah Mutsun tribe which she was the founder

and chairperson. Zweilerien resigned from the actual Amah Mutsun Tribal in March 2000, after

refusing to answer questions in an internal investigation into her activities by the Amah Mutsun

Tribe. By 2003, the new chairperson of the Amah Mutsun Tribal band was attempting to bring

awareness of Zweilerein's potential fraudulent activity to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The

BIA eventually raised these claims with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). In 2007, the

FBI confirmed that Zweilerlein had forged documents about the alleged splinter group of the

Amah Mutsun Tribal band, and the track to federal recognition of the Amah Mutsun tribal band

was halted. Pierce’s extensive plans for the ranch were also halted at this time, due to another

FBI investigation into his past fraudulent dealings.

In 2010, Wayne Pierce and Sargent Ranch Partners LLC filed for bankruptcy and the property

was foreclosed upon. At this time, the debt Acquisition Company of America had acquired 30%

of the debt on the property, and the developer, Sargent Ranch Management Company LLC (chief

managers of Sargent Ranch Partners LLC) listed the DACA as an officer in their company.

Howard Justus, the managing partner at the DACA, purchased the land in auction in September
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2013.

In 2015, Freeman Associates LLC, submitted an application for a 30-year mining permit on

behalf of the DACA acting under the name Sargent Ranch Management Company LLC. In 2016

Sargent Ranch Partners LLCs filed as domestic and were acquired by the DACA under Howard

Justus. The same year, they refiled for the permit, working under the name Sargent Ranch

Partners LLC. In 2019, hundreds of people gathered at the site to protest the proposed sand and

gravel mine in support of the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band. From 2015-2022, the draft EIR for the

project was delayed, and then finally published on July 22, 2022. (Weinstock C., 12/05/2022)

I learned about this project through a presentation by Amah Mutsun Chairperson Valentine

Lopez, and given that it is relatively close to the Santa Cruz area I live in, it felt pertinent to

explore the proposal and educate myself since it seems to be the most pertinent current

environmental concern.

(A3) Other Key Elements of the Proposal:

● According to the Draft Environmental Impact Report as paraphrased by the Amah

Mutsun Tribal Band-

Over a 30-year operational period, the proposed Sargent Quarry would impact
403 acres of land. The plan includes a 62-acre processing plant area, three open
pit quarry sites up to 250 ft deep1, a 1.6-mile long conveyor belt, and a 22-foot
wide access road. An estimated 40 million tons of sand and gravel aggregate
would be produced over the life of the mine, primarily for use in local road
building and general construction.
(Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, Protect Juristac, “About”, 2022, Section 2, Paragraph 1), (County of

Santa Clara With Technical Assistance by: ESA, Draft Sargent Ranch Quarry Environmental

Impact Report, July 2022, Section 2-14 Page 82).

● The Draft Environmental Impact Report for the Quarry states-

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“The remaining 105 acres of the 403-acre Project site would be designated as a
“geotechnical setback area” that would buffer excavation areas from surrounding
uses and that could be used if needed to allow more slope layback to increase
slope stability or provide a buffer area in the case of unforeseen slope failure”
(County of Santa Clara With Technical Assistance by: ESA, Draft Sargent Ranch Quarry

Environmental Impact Report, July 2022, Section 1.3 Page 9).

● There are several alternative proposals, however, they are not being considered currently

by County of Santa Clara Planning Commission Officials. An environmentally superior

alternative is a requirement for the Draft Environmental Impact Report, and the identified

alternative is the “No Project” alternative. However, Alternative 3 has been the environmentally

superior alternative if the project continues (County of Santa Clara With Technical Assistance

by: ESA, Draft Sargent Ranch Quarry Environmental Impact Report, July 2022, page 641,

Section 4.6). The alternative is described as

[S]imilar to Alternative 2, except that a screening berm would be constructed

along the Phase 1 mining pit and the mining activities would not occur above 500
feet mean sea level (MSL). In addition, there would be a 15 percent reduction in
the amount of aggregate mined in Phases 1 and 2, for a total reduction in mining
of 28 percent.
(Draft Sargent Ranch Quarry Environmental Impact Report, July 2022, Page 16, Section 3).

(B) Arguments made for the Proposal: The quarry would mine for sand and gravel, which are

crucial resources in many different sectors of growth and development. Sand is a particularly

essential resource for making concrete and asphalt, which is used in roads, highways, homes,

buildings, and schools (Sargent Quarry, 2015-2021, Product, Paragraph 1-2). The project is

estimated to produce 36 million tons of mined sand and gravel in a 30-year period (County of

Santa Clara With Technical Assistance by: ESA, Draft Sargent Ranch Quarry Environmental

Impact Report, July 2022, Page S-3, Paragraph 5), which would be transported to projects in
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both Santa Clara County and surrounding counties. Having an access point to concrete

necessities close to the county and the bay area would significantly decrease the cost of

aggregate since the principal cost of sand and gravel is transportation (Paul Noel, Advantages

and Disadvantages of Sand Mining, Posted 2019). The nearest sand and gravel mine to Santa

Clara County is the Lexington Quarry in Los Gatos, however, this quarry is currently in

reclamation (DMR All Mines, California State Geoportal, California Department of Technology,

May 2, 2020). The next active quarry is Graniterock Quail Hollow Quarry located in Felton,

which serves mainly Santa Cruz County. The other quarries in the area are not sufficient in

keeping up with the extreme demand for aggregate in Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Jose, the Bay

area, and surrounding counties.

There are various benefits to having sand and gravel quarries in local areas, especially where the

alternative is to ship aggregate from Canada and other suppliers, which is growing excessively

more common due to booming development in the Bay area (Brown, K., The Mercury News,

“This is definitely a local Standing Rock”: Sargent Quarry, July 9th, 2019, Updated August 5th,

2019, Paragraph 10). Shipping not only accrues excess costs for projects but releases relatively

high emissions, contributing to greenhouse gases. In fact, having a quarry in Santa Clara County

is estimated to cut greenhouse gas emissions from shipping by two-thirds (Freeman V., Morgan

Hill Life, Sargent Ranch’s Quarry will be developed with environmental sensitivity, July 3, 2018,

Paragraph 5). With continuing trends in development from Santa Cruz to Santa Clara to the Bay

area, the amount of aggregate shipped from Canada and Southern California will continue to

grow exponentially if there is not an increased number of mines to support this demand in the

area. Cargo ships are the most common mode of transportation and are particularly harmful.

Running on fossil fuels, cargo ships make up for around 3% of all greenhouse gas emissions
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(Yale Climate Connections, Maritime shipping causes more greenhouse gases than airlines,

August 2nd, 2021, Paragraph 2) and carry ballast water, which is fresh or salt water contained in

the cargo holds to provide stability. Ballast water that comes from areas far away from their

intended port can transport invasive species and carry harmful algae and pathogens (US

Department of Agriculture, Ballast Water, 2022, Paragraph 1-3).

Ocean conservation is closely tied to quarry building in another way: if the quarries are

constructed on land, it keeps them from being built at sea, which is often the alternative when

supply is in demand. This type of submerged quarry does significant damage to ocean

ecosystems and is rarely researched or monitored to the extent that land-based quarries are.

Additionally, dredging under the ocean causes water pollution that is for the most part

unmitigable, and spreads quickly through ocean currents. Any pollutants released under the sea

become part of complex currents which carry them to a vast range of places having drastic

impacts on surrounding ecosystems. By contrast, with the quarry on land, it is much easier to

monitor its environmental impacts and apply mitigation efforts.

Besides the economic benefits of reduced transportation costs for local buyers, the Sargent

Ranch would require a steady number of workers throughout the 30-year period, most of which

would by necessity be coming from around Santa Clara and surrounding areas. Sargent Ranch

Partners LLC anticipates an estimated 2 dozen union jobs directly within the quarry (Brown, K.,

The Mercury News, “This is definitely a local Standing Rock”: Sargent Quarry, July 9th, 2019,

Updated August 5th, 2019, Paragraph 9), but employment doesn't end there. Quarries are able to

hire people in both the areas of mining and operations and the surrounding jobs outside the

“gates” of the quarry. These jobs can include the building of roadways to reach the mine/quarry,

the construction of new homes for mines/quarries and their families, and the businesses required
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to service the families. The total workforce for a quarry can be visualized as the sum of the direct

workers (those involved in quarry management and operation), the indirect workers (those

contracted by quarry management), and the surrounding economy (those working in ways that

serve the indirect and direct workers)(Euromines, A Quick Guide to Socio-economic analysis of

a mining/quarrying project, 2016, Page 1). Therefore it can be anticipated that the quarry will

provide employment for well beyond 2 dozen, a significant benefit for the county economy and

workforce.

Having a quarry in the area would also generate sales tax and federal income tax for the local

government, in fact, Sargent Ranch Partners LLC claims that the project would generate more

than 3 million a year over the 30-year period in sales tax revenue (Brown, K., The Mercury

News, “This is definitely a local Standing Rock”: Sargent Quarry, July 9th, 2019, Updated

August 5th, 2019, Paragraph 9), revenue that contributes to a wide variety of programs, including

K–12 education, higher education, health programs, and criminal justice (Keirsten S., Legislative

Analysts Office, Understanding California’s Sale’s Tax, May 5th, 2015, Section Heading “Where

does the Money go?”). This revenue could provide a significant boost to the Santa Clara

economy and would contribute to development in the area.

Additionally, the project has gone through several reviews and adaptations to make it as

environmentally friendly as possible. The project itself intends to leave the majority of the ranch

untouched for conservation and tribal use, and the section that it would use would be subject to

extensive mitigation to minimize any adverse environmental effects. During the establishment of

the project site, the developer intends to leave a 300-foot buffer space for any occurring wildlife

dens or nests if possible. To avoid any interaction with species young, biological monitors are to

be set up across the site to observe and relay information about any wildlife that could be within
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the construction zone/buffer area. To attempt to mitigate any effects on the migration patterns of

wildlife, the developer intends to leave a 20-inch gap between the bottom of any fencing and the

ground, and a maximum height of 40 inches to allow for the movement of wildlife through the

project site as unhindered as possible. Implemented throughout the project phases are qualified

biologists to monitor environmental impacts, archaeologists to provide information on the

historical significance of the site, and geotechnical engineers to monitor the stability of the land.

(County of Santa Clara With Technical Assistance by: ESA, Draft Sargent Ranch Quarry

Environmental Impact Report, July 2022, Pages s-10 through s-35). The Draft Environmental

Impact Report has covered a comprehensive list of potential adverse effects of the quarry, and

through work with qualified professionals has reduced the impacts of most of these to “less than

significant” after mitigation.

C) Arguments against the Proposal: The project takes place on land that is currently owned by

Sargent Ranch Partners LLC, however, it falls in an area that (before colonization) was owned

and protected by the Amah Mutsun Tribe. Over many years pre Spanish colonization, the Amah

Mutsun people stewarded and cared for the land, which they call Juristac, and it is a crucially

important ground for them. During the Spanish colonization, they were separated from their land

and could no longer care for it or participate in the countless rituals which had previously taken

place there. Although they did return to the land after the Missions were closed, a smallpox

epidemic (brought over with the European ships) quickly wiped out most of the tribes that

reinhabited the area, and European settlers pressured and pushed them out of the land to relocate

to smaller Ranchos around the area (Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Protect Juristac, “About”,

Section 3, Paragraphs 2-4, 2022). Ultimately, the land now legally owned by Sargent Ranch

Partners LLC was stolen from the Amah Mutsun people, and made extremely difficult to reclaim
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due to years of colonization and cultural genocide. Currently, the Amah Mutsun tribe is

attempting to rekindle decades of lost culture and find historical and ceremonial sites particularly

important. However, tribal sites are dwindling in the continuous onslaught of the destruction of

tribal lands in the name of development. Valentin Lopez, head chairperson for the Amah Mutsun

tribe explains “When you look at our other ceremonial sites and our hunting, fishing, and

gathering places, the vast majority of these places have been lost to development, Juristac is one

of the very last remaining undisturbed areas.” (Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Protect Juristac,

“About”, Section 3, Paragraphs 2-4, 2022). Even with the intended rehabilitation efforts, once

used and changed by a quarry, there is no going back to the sacred land that it was before. The

Amah Mutsun people preserve land rather than building churches or mosques, so the destruction

of the land would do significant and irreparable damage to religious grounds. (Brown, K., The

Mercury News, “This is definitely a local Standing Rock”: Sargent Quarry, July 9th, 2019,

Updated August 5th, 2019, Paragraphs 26-29). With this context, it would seem like a

straightforward decision to preserve this historically and religiously significant land, but because

it is not a widespread practice across Eurocentric cultures to preserve the land as a religious and

protected ground, those arguing for the proposition can dismiss the significance of this site by

applying eurocentric standards of “value” to the sacred land, diminishing its perceived

importance.

Destructive is an understatement for the effects this project would have on the land it sits on.

Juristac, along with Coyote Valley which lies 25 miles to the North, is the only viable path for

animals to migrate in and out of the Santa Cruz Mountains, as it acts as a critical wildlife

corridor (Green Foothills Foundation, Juristac (Sargent Ranch), 2022, Paragraph 3). Many

animals, including striped skunks, gray foxes, bobcats, cougars, wild pigs, and black-tailed deer
 10

all use Juristac as a movement corridor on large and small-scale migrations (Hopkins R.,

Peterson P., Jennings M., Cline G., Live Oak Associates LLC., Biotic Evaluation Sargent Ranch

Quarry, March 12, 2015 (Revised August 15, 2017), Page 33, Paragraph 1). The primary concern

is that when animals can’t migrate from place to place, they can be deprived of necessary feeding

grounds, and safe places to breed, and can become isolated from necessary larger groups of the

same species. Migratory routes “[maximize] survival and reproductive success through the

utilization of key habitats, food sources and breeding grounds and/or the avoidance of adverse

environmental conditions” (Lennox, R. J., Chapman, J. M., Souliere, C. M., Tudorache, C.,

Wikelski, M., Metcalfe, J. D., & Cooke, S. J. (2016). Conservation physiology of animal

migration, Paragraph 2). Mountain lions in particular could be affected by the loss of this

migratory path. With their numbers already dwindling, it is necessary for mountain lions to move

through the area, if they cannot, the risk of genetic invariability (inbreeding) becomes extremely

high (Kaufman, A., Green Foothills, August 24, 2022, Bay Area Amah Mutsun tribe says quarry

proposal threatens sacred site in Santa Clara County, Paragraph 8). Genetic invariability can lead

to fatal embryonic mutations, but also makes species much more susceptible to disease and

reduces the species' adaptability to adverse conditions.

As Commoner states in The Closing Circle “Each living species is also linked to many others”

(Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle, Page 32, Paragraph 2). This describes a phenomenon

known as trophic cascade or the complex trickle-down effect that one change in an ecosystem

can have on a vast array of other species of plant and animal. These links are usually extremely

fragile and complex, and disruptions often cause permanent and extensive damage. So any effect

that the quarry could have on one species would not only affect the species in question but likely

have a significant effect on a broad range of connected species. Additionally, as previously

 11

mentioned, migratory links are “shown to increase ecosystem resilience by providing sources for

reorganization after disturbance” (S. Bauer and B. J. Hoye, April 4th, 2014, Migratory Animals

Couple Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Worldwide, Main Body, Paragraph 29),

meaning that the quarry would not only cause issues for this animals but also decrease their

ability to recover after the 30-year plan was over. The Draft Environmental Impact Report for the

project lists its effects on animal movement as ‘Significant and Unimitigatable’, meaning that

even mitigation efforts would not be able to prevent or resolve the issue.

There are a few listed species of particular concern in the area of the quarry. These species have

either low populations, limited distributions, or both. These species may be considered “rare”

and are vulnerable to deracination (complete uproot geographically as a result of human activity)

as the habitats these species occupy are converted to agricultural and urban uses, and are listed as

“special status species” by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). These

include the California red-legged frog, the California tiger salamander, and the California

burrowing owl among others (Hopkins R., Peterson P., Jennings M., Cline G., Live Oak

Associates LLC., Biotic Evaluation Sargent Ranch Quarry, March 12, 2015 (Revised August 15,

2017), Page 37, Section 2.3). The complete list as indicated by the Draft Environmental Impact

Report is as follows:

Impacts on the following special-status species and/or their habitat: special-status plant
species, special-status fish, California red-legged frogs (CRLF), California tiger
salamanders (CTS), western pond turtles, burrowing owls, tricolored blackbirds, raptors
and other protected birds, special-status bats, mountain lions, San Francisco dusky-footed
woodrats, American badgers; adverse effects on jurisdictional wetlands and other waters;
and conflicts with County ordinances and policies intended to protect biological
resources, including oak woodlands.
(County of Santa Clara With Technical Assistance by: ESA, Draft Sargent Ranch Quarry

Environmental Impact Report, July 2022, page s-6/14, Section S.2.3). The quarry would have
 12

significant effects on the habitats of these species, which could subject them to endangerment

and/or extinction. Despite any mitigation measures, it is unlikely that the quarry will not have a

significant and long-lasting impact on the sustainable ecology of the site and surrounding areas

and species.

D) Bibliography: Amah Mutsun Tribal Band. (2022), Retrieved 10/12/2022 from

http://amahmutsun.org/governance/tribal-council
Evaluative Annotation (1): The primary thesis of this page is to educate and spread
information about the Amah Mutsun tribe, their history, and their goals. The source is
respected in all academic senses and respected as the authority on their own culture. This
source does not cite any outside sources, however considering that the information that is
being shared is largely misrepresented, the information likely comes from sources that do
not require citation. In the definition of bias being described adjacent to prejudice, this
source does not show any. All of the information that they share is information they have
academic and intellectual authority on, and they do not show prejudice, although they do
take a stand on issues involving their tribe.
Brown, K., The Mercury News, (07/09/2019, Updated 09/05/2015) “This is definitely a local
Standing Rock”: Sargent Quarry, Retrieved 11/28/2022 by Neil Schaefer from:
https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/07/09/this-is-definitely-a-local-standing-rock-sarge
nt-ranch/
Evaluative Annotation (2): The main purpose of this text is to create a story and promote
engagement while informing consumers of the basic information about Sargent Ranch.
The publisher and writer have few credentials regarding whether they are reliable or not.
This source cites several others and has cited information from professionals on the topic.
The source doesn’t show particular bias as it presents information from both sides of the
controversial topic without taking a particular stand. The text is reliable to extent of its
sources, some may be more biased than others, so certain sections of information are
more reliable than others and have to be analyzed separately from the general text.
California Department of Technology (05/02/2020) California State Geoportal, DRM All Mines,
Retrieved 11/14/2022 from:
https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/cadoc::dmr-all-mines/explore?location=37.476686%2C-1
22.080105%2C17.64
Commoner, B. (October 1971) The Closing Circle
County of Santa Clara Department of Planning and Development Ecological Society of America.
(2022) Sargent Ranch Quarry Environmental Impact Report, SCH # 2016072058,
Retrieved 10/12/2022 from:
https://stgenpln.blob.core.windows.net/document/10747_Sargent_Ranch_Quarry_DEIR_
July_2022.pdf
Evaluative Annotation (3): The main purpose of this text is to “objectively inform public
decision-makers, responsible agencies, and the general public of the environmental
 13

effects, alternatives, and mitigation measures for projects proposed for approval” (City
Clerks Office 2022) specifically to evaluate and analyze the environmental impacts of the
Sargent Ranch Quarry, The source is reliable and particularly the Ecological Society of
America is well respected. This source does not cite any other sources, however, it is
largely a scientific research paper and therefore most of the information is the intellectual
property of the writers. This report is unbiased and reliable because it is not sponsored by
any interested parties and is obliged to be objective.
County of Santa Clara Department of Planning and Development. (09/29/2022) Sargent Ranch
Quarry, Retrieved 10/12/2022 from
https://plandev.sccgov.org/policies-programs/smara/sargent
Donato-Weinstein N. (January 27th, 2016) After Foreclosure, new plan for 6,400 acre Sargent
Ranch south of Gilroy, Silicon Valley Business Journal, Retrieved 10/12/2022 from:
https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2016/01/27/after-foreclosure-new-plan-for-6-
400-acre-sargent.html
European Association of Mining Industries, Metal Ores & Industrial Minerals, 2016, A Quick
Guide to Socio-economic analysis of a mining/ quarrying project, Retrieved 11/27/2022
from: https://www.euromines.org/files/quick_guide_socio.pdf
Green Foothills Foundation, 2022, Juristac (Sargent Ranch), Retrieved 11/16/2022 from:
https://www.greenfoothills.org/campaigns/juristac/
Hopkins R., Peterson P., Jennings M., Cline G., Live Oak Associates LLC., March 12, 2015
(Revised August 15, 2017), Biotic Evaluation Sargent Ranch Quarry, Retrieved
11/17/2022 from:
https://stgenpln.blob.core.windows.net/document/10747_SargentRanch_Report_Biotic_U
pdated.pdf
Evaluative Annotation (4): The primary purpose of the text is to evaluate the impacts the
project would have on surrounding species and ecological systems. The source is
considerably respected and reliable. The text does not require outside citations as it was
the product of independent research. It does not show bias, however, it is important to
consider the context that the research was contracted and Live Oak Associates is a
business. Even so, the source is relatively reliable and the publishers are all well-qualified
in their respective fields.
Keirsten S., Legislative Analysts Office, 05/05/2015, Understanding California’s Sale’s Tax,
Retrieved 11/28/2022 from:
https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2015/finance/sales-tax/understanding-sales-tax-050615.aspx#:~
:text=State%20Rates%20for%20State%20Programs&text=This%20revenue%20pays%2
0for%20a,health%20programs%2C%20and%20criminal%20justice
Kaufman A., Green Foothills, ABC News, (09/24/2022), Bay Area Amah Mutsun tribe says
quarry proposal threatens sacred site in Santa Clara Co., Retrieved 11/29/2022 from:
https://abc7news.com/amah-mutsun-tribe-juristac-santa-clara-county-sargent-ranch-quarr
y-project-indigenous-land/12162668/
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Lennox, R. J., Chapman, J. M., Souliere, C. M., Tudorache, C., Wikelski, M., Metcalfe, J. D., &
Cooke, S. J. (2016). Conservation physiology of animal migration. Conservation
Physiology, 4(1), cov072. Retrieved 11/18/2022 from:
https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov072
Evaluative Annotation (5): The primary thesis for this source is to “help to provide better
understanding, management, and conservation of migratory populations” by answering a
broad series of questions about the physiology and ecology of migratory animals. The
source, Oxford Academic, is reliable, as the works it displays have been under many
rounds of peer review. The source cites other sources extensively when necessary, pulling
on a large variety of other academic papers. It does not show bias, and is a reliable source
since it is a scientific analysis without any subjective material included.
Moore M. (07/22/2022) Report Identifies “significant” impacts from proposed Sargent Mine,
Santa Clara County Planners released Draft EIR for 403-Acre Project, Gilroy Dispatch.
Retrieved 10/10/2022 from:
https://gilroydispatch.com/report-identifies-significant-impacts-from-proposed-sargent-m
ine/
Paul Noel (Posted 2019) Advantages and Disadvantages of Sand Mining, Retrieved by Neil
Schaefer 10/29/2022 from:
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-sand-mining
Sargent Quarry (2016-2022) Project. Retrieved from Web Archive “Wayback Machine” 2022:
https://web.archive.org/web/20220831044753/https://www.sargentquarry.net/project/
Evaluative Annotation (6): The general purpose of this webpage is to present and market
the Sargent Ranch Quarry in a way that would warrant approval. The publisher does not
have any credentials as to whether they are reliable or not. The source does not cite
outside sources however the material they are presenting is essentially their own. This
source does show bias, as it has a motive and a stance it wants the consumer to take.
S. Bauer and B. J. Hoye (4/4/2014) Migratory Animals Couple Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Functioning Worldwide, Retrieved 11/21/2022 from:
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1242552
US Department of Agriculture, 2022, Invasive Species by Resource, Subject or Type, Ballast
Water, Retrieved 11/28/2022 from:
https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/subject/ballast-water#:~:text=Ballast%20water%20i
s%20fresh%20or,required%20due%20to%20rough%20seas.
Weinstock C., 12/05/2022, Ownership of Sargent Ranch 2010-2022, Retrieved 12/05/2022 from:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vS4BXfWEVgxfO2VTWP0uulVxP06v
TstbM4YfoZu8VHWNrVUcssD8UgZo6sNvHt012SWHu9B4ks8cY2W/pub

Yale Climate Connections, (09/02/2021), Maritime shipping causes more greenhouse gases than
airlines, Retrieved 11/29/2022 from:
https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/08/maritime-shipping-causes-more-greenhouse-g
ases-than-airlines/