Lighttransmissionand

in
greennouses

IKozai,IGoudnaanandM.Kimura

4G8C10
SimulationMonographs

Simulationmonographsisaserieson
computersimulationinagricultureand
itssupportingsciences
 transmissionand
photosynthesisin
greenhouses

TKozai.J.GoudriaanandM.Kimura

Wageningen
CentreforAgriculturalPublishingandDocumentation
1978
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©Centre forAgriculturalPublishingandDocumentation,
Wageningen,theNetherlands,1978.

PrintedintheNetherlands.
Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Descriptionofthemodel 3
2.1 Transmissivity 3
2.1.1 Transmissivityofamultispangreenhouse 3
2.1.2 Totaltransmissivityofagreenhouse 4
2.1.3 Transmissivityofagreenhousefordirectand
diffuselight 6
2.1.4 Transmissivityofthegreenhouseforlightrays
ofparticulardirection 7
2.1.5 Calculationofdailysolarlightintegralsinthe
greenhouse 9
2.2 Photosynthesis 12
2.2.1 Theuseofphotosyntheticproducts 12
2.2.2 Classificationoftheincomingradiation 13
2.2.3 Leafandcanopyphotosynthesis 14

3 Influenceoforientationinmultispangreenhouses 17
3.1 Descriptionofthegreenhouse 17
3.2 Transmissionofdiffuselight 18
3.3 Transmissionofdirectlight 19
3.4 Dailynetassimilationofcarbondioxideinthe
greenhouse 24
3.5 Totalsolarlightintegralandplantgrowth 24
3.6 Theeffectsoforientationintermediatebetween
N-SandE-W 26

4 Influenceofroofslope 30
4.1 Transmissionofdiffuselight 30
4.2 Transmissionofdirectlight 30
4.3 Theeffectofroofslopeonthespatialdistribution
ofdailydirectlight 35

5 Single-spanvsmultispangreenhouses 39
5.1 Transmissionofdiffuselight 39
5.2 Transmissionofdirectlight 39
5.3 Totalsolarlightintegrals 43
5.4 Effectofthenumberofspans 46
5.5 Effectoflengthofspans 48
approachinestimatingthelightenvironmentinagreenhouse
willbecomemoreandmoreimportantasthecommercialgreen-
houseindustryexpands.
Atpresent,mostofthemodels,however,concernonlyasingle-
spangreenhouseandonlyafewmodelsareavailableforcal-
culatingthelightenvironmentinamultispangreenhouse
(Stoffers,1971;Kirsten,1973).Besides,thearrangementof
structuralmembers,thewidthanddepthofthesemembers,and
theresultingunevenlightdistributioninthegreenhousehave
notbeenconsideredinmostofthemodels.Nomodelisavail-
ableforcalculatingthenetphotosynthesisinthegreenhouse
mainlybecauseofthecomplexityofconstructingthemodeland
therequirementofmuchcomputingtimeforthesimulationrun.

Thisbookdescribesacomputersimulationmodelforcalculating
thenetphotosynthesisinsingle-spanandmultispangreenhouses
offinitelengthwithsolid,opaquestrutsandwithnon-diffu-
singcoveringmaterialsbothforthedirectanddiffusesolar
light.Toevaluatethenetphotosynthesis,thevariationsof
thelightenvironmentinspaceandtimewithinthecanopyhave
beenconsideredinsomedetailinthepresentmodel.Internal
reflectionfromtheglasswithinthegreenhouseisnotcon-
sideredinthepresentmodel.Themodelisappliedtoboth
single-spanandmultispangreenhouseswithdifferentroof
slopesinvariousorientationsatdifferentlocalitiesthrough-
outtheyear.Throughoutthechapters,emphasisisputon
winterconditions,sincethesearethemostdifficultforthe
greenhousegrower.

Theinstructionmanualfortheuseofthecomputersimulation
programusedinthepresentstudytogetherwiththecomplete
listoftheprogramisgiveninAppendixA,sothattheprogram
canbeusedbygreenhousedesignersandresearchers.The
instructionsaregiveninsuchawaythatanyonewhohasthe
minimumknowledgeofFORTRANandCSMPlanguagescanusethe
program.Theprogramhasbeenkeptgeneralsothatitcanbe
adaptedtomostconditions.
2 Descriptionofthemodel

2,1 Transmissivity
2.1.1 Transmissivity ofamultispangreenhouse

Inamultispan greenhouse offinite lengthwith solidstruc-

turalmembers alightraymaypassthroughtheglassroofs
more thanoncebeforereaching thefloorortheplants.
After ithaspassed throughoneglassroof,alightraymay
alsobeintercepted by somemember,asshowninFig.1.
Therefore itismoredifficultand timeconsuming todevelop
ananalyticalmodelforpredicting thelight transmission
byamultispan greenhouse thananumericalone.
Inthissectionanumericalmodel forgreenhouse lighttrans-
mission isdescribed. Inthismodeleach lightray istraced
untileitherthelightrayreaches theflooror isintercepted
byoneofthestrutsbefore reaching thefloor.The extinction
oflightintensityduetoreflectionand absorption iscalcu-
latedbyFresnel'sequations foreachtimethelight raypasses
through theglass.Theextinction coefficient, indexofrefrac-
tion,thicknessoftheglassareassumed tobe0.076cm"*1,
1.526,and0.3 cm,respectively.When theangleof incidence
changes from0to90°at 10°intervals,thetransmissivities
oftheglassarethen,respectively, 0.86, 0.86, 0.86, 0.85,
0.85, 0.82,0.77,0.65,0.40,and 0.00 (seeFig.2).Thus,
atanglesgreater than40°,transmission begins tofallmore
andmorerapidly.At80°evenmorelight isreflected than
passesthroughtheglass.
Tocalculate thespatialaverage transmissivity ofthegreen-
house forlightrayswithaparticular direction,many light
rayswiththesamedirectionhave tobetraced inthecomputer.
Eachrayshould fallontheflooratrandom toeliminatethe
possiblebiasof thetransmissivity duetotheregularand
sparsearrangement ofstruts.This stochastic (MonteCarlo)
method requiresmuchcomputing timeforthesimulation,butit
seems thatthere isnosimplealternativedeterministic method
ofpredicting thespatialaverage transmissivity ofamultispan
greenhouse.Detailed computational proceduresusingaMonte
Carlomethod forpredicting thegreenhouse light environment
aregiveninSection2.1.4.
Fig.1JSchematicrepresentationofdirectsolarlighttrans-
missionintoamultispangreenhouse.
upper:Thesun'saltituderelativetotheroofnotfacingthe
sunispositive.
lower:Thesun'saltituderelativetotheroofnotfacingthe
sunisnegative.Hereapartofthelightpassesthroughthe
roofsthreetimesbeforereachingthefloororplantsinthe
greenhouse

2.1.2Totaltransmissivityofagreenhouse

ThesolarlightreachingtheEarth'ssurfacecanbedivided
intotwocomponents:directlightfromthesunanddiffuse
lightfromthesky.Thetransmissivityofagreenhousefor
directlightisgenerallydifferentfromthatfordiffuse*
light.Bothdependontheshapeandstructureofthehouse,
butonlydirectlighttransmissiondependsonthegreenhouse
orientationandthepositionofthesuninthesky.Thetrans-
missivityforthediffuselightmaybeconsideredaconstant
ofthegreenhouseitself.
Totallighttransmissivity,whichisdefinedastheratioof
total (directplusdiffuse)lightintensityortotallight
TRANSMISSIVITY (X)
uu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

30 -

60 —

40 \ —

20

0 1 1 1 | I 1 1 11
20' 40" 60u 80w
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
Fig.2 IRelationshipbetween theangleofincidenceandtrans-
missivityofglasspane fordirect solar light.

integralsperunitareaofthefloorofthehouse tothelight
falling onunitareaofthegroundoutside thehouse,TT,is
givenbytheequation:

TT=FRDIFxTRDIF+ (1-FRDIF)XT (2.1)

whereFRDIF istheratioofdiffuse tototalsolar lightoutside

typical forthetimeofyearand thesiteofthegreenhouse,
T thetransmissivityofthehouse fordirect light,andTRDIF
thetransmissivity fordiffuse light.Therefore,inorderto
establish theinfluencesofthehouseorientation, thelatitude,
andtimeofyearon thetotaltransmissivity ofthehouse,the
determination ofthetransmissivity fordirect lightisof
primary importance.ThequantitiyFRDIF isameteorological
parameterandcanbederived fromappropriate measurements
ofthesolarlightcomponents ataplace inquestion.
Apartofthedirect lightisscattered byadiffusivecove-
ringmaterialoranon-diffusivematerialwithwater droplets
anddirt.Furthermore,apartofthetransmitted lightis
reflectedbytheglasswithin thegreenhouse.Thediffused
lightintheactualgreenhouse,therefore,consistsoftrans-
mitted diffuse light,scattered direct solar light,and
reflecteddirectanddiffuse solar light.Sometimesthediffuse
lightintensity insidethegreenhousemaybelarger thanthat
outside (Uchijimaetal., 1976;Kishida&Sonoyama, 1977).
2.1.3 Transmissivityofagreenhousefordirectanddiffuse
light

Supposethehemisphericalskybeequallydivided intomxn
segmentsandthetransmissivityofagreenhouseforparallel
lightrays fromacentrepartofthe(I,J)thsegmentbe
T(I,J).

Transmissivity for direct light

Thus,T(I,J)canbeinterpretedasthetransmissivityofthe
housefordirectlightwiththesun'saltitudeof(901-45)/n
degreesandsun'sazimuthof(180J-90)/mdegrees,ifthe
numbersofmandnarelargeenough (mandnshouldbeat
least36and18,respectively).Thentherelativedaily total
ofdirectlightisgivenbytheequation:
sunset
I DRP(t)*T(It,Jt)-At
A D =t=sunrise (2>2)
sunset
I DRP(t)«At
t=sunrise

where I t= (n*Ht+90)/90,J t= (m»At+180)/180iftheintegers

ItandJ^areobtained after truncationofthefloatingpoint,
Ht(0°<H<90°)thesun'saltitude,At(-180°<At<:180o)thesun's
azimuth,andDRP(t)thedirectlightintensityoutsideattime
t.Thetimeintervalfortheintegration,AtinEqn(2.2),was
chosenas1.0hourinthepresentsimulation.Ifthecrossand
longitudinal-sectionsofthehousearesymmetricalwith respect
totheircentreaxes,thetransmissivityofthehouseforthe
solarazimuthofAt(0°<Ate<90o)isequaltothatforthesolar
azimuthof (-At), (At+90°),and(At-90°)atanysolaraltitude.
Thenthetransmissivitiesneedonlybecalculatedwithinthe
solarazimuthrangebetween0°and90°,because thoseforthe
restoftheazimuthscanbederived from thisrange.

Transmissivity for diffuse light

The transmissivityofthegreenhousefortheisotropic diffuse

sky lightcanbeobtainedbytheequation:

m n
TRDIF= I I T(I,J) sin2(90 I/n)- sin2(90(I-l)/n /m(2.3)
J=l 1=1
where thesecond termoftheequation isaweighting coefficient
asafunctionofthealtitude fromwhich thelightcomes,the
analytical formbeing f?*2sin(h)-cos(h)dh.

Thetransmissivityofthegreenhouse fornon-isotropic diffuse

skylightcanalsobeobtained inasimilarwaysimplyby
changing theweighting coefficients.Bowman (1970)gavethe
analyticalmethodofcalculating thetransmissivity ofdiffuse
lightundernon-isotropic (standard overcast) conditionsand
showed thatitisworthwhileusing theradiance distribution
forastandardovercast skyincalculations relating togreen-
houses,wheredifferences intransmissivity oftheorderof1%
areofinterest.Healsoshowed theimportance oftheeffect
ofgreenhousegeometryonthetransmission ofdiffuse light
andthatlightreflected from theunderside ofapitched roof
makesasignificant contribution tothetotal illumination.

2.1.4Transmissivity ofthegreenhouse forlightraysof

particular direction

Once thedirection fromwhich thesolar lightrayscomehas

beendetermined, thetransmissivity (theinside solarlight
intensity relative totheoneoutside)ofagreenhouse forthe
lightrayscanbecalculated according tothefollowing com-
putationalsteps:
1.give thegeometry and thearrangement ofstructural members
ofthegreenhouse,
2.specify thenumber oflightrays,I,which isused tocal-
culate thetransmissivity fortheparticulardirectionofthe
lightrays (usuallymore than 10000) r
3.specify therangeofcalculation (Xl<X<X2)along thelength
ofthehouse,XL,withinwhich thetransmissivitiesforthe
lightraysshouldbeaveraged,whereXl>Q, X2<XL, andXl<X2,
4.assignvalues toYSandYEintherange forwhich thedis-
tributionofthetransmissivities iscalculated acrossthe
width,whereYS>p,YE<widthofthehouse,andYS<YE.Divide
therangeintoJparts,andaverage thetransmissivitiesin
eachdivision.Thewidthofeachdivision is (YE-YS)/J.Set
thevaluesofYlandY2toYSandYS+(YE-YS)/J, respectively,
5.initialize thevalueof integervariable i (thesequential
number forpairsofrandomnumbers, l<i<I)at 1and thevalue
ofn (thenumber oflightrays interceptedby the structural
members, 0<n<I)at0,
6.produce apairofuniform randomnumbers (XR,YR)within the
rangesbetweenXIandX2,andbetweenYl andY2,
7.producealightraywith thedirection specified,which
passes through thepoint (XR,YR),
8.initializethetransmissivityatthepoint (XR,YR),T,at
1.00,
9.initializethevalueoftheintegervariableassignedto
eachofthegreenhouseglasspanes,k,at1(^i^£K'K * s t n e
totalnumberofgreenhouseglasspanes),
10.findwhethertheglasspanekintersectsthelightray.If
not,proceedtoStep15,
11.computethepointofintersection,
12.findwhetherthelightrayisinterceptedbyanyofthe
struts,
13.ifso,setthevalueofTtozeroandincreasethevalue
ofnbyone.Then,proceedtoStep17,
14.ifnot,computetheincidenceangleofthelightrayon
thesurfaceandthecorresponding transmissivityofthe
surface.CalculatethenewvalueofTbymultiplying theold
valueofTbythetransmissivityofthesurface
(T •*-T.,xT ).T presentstherelativeintensity J
new old current new *
oflightafterpassingthroughtheglasspanek,
15.increasethevalueofkbyone.Ifthevalueofkisless
thanK,returntoStep10,
16.addthevalueofTtoCT (CT -*-CT,,+T),whereCTis
new oxd
theintermediatevaluetogettheaveragespatialtransmissivi-
tyatthesegment (definedasXIxX2andYlxY2)onthe
floor (seeStep18),
17.ifthevalueofiislessthanI,returntoStep6after
increasingthevalueofibyone,
18.dividethevalueofCTbyItogetthespaceaveraged
transmissivityatthesegmentonthefloor.Dividethevalue
ofnbyItogettheratiooftheareashadedbythestructural
memberstothesegmentarea,
19.increasethevaluesofYlandY2by (YE-YS)/J.Ifthenew
valueofY2islessthanorequaltothevalueofYE,proceed
toStep5.

Thefollowingassumptionsweremade:

-Internalreflectionbytheglasssurfaceinsideagreenhouse
isignored.Theinternalreflectionofdirectlightina
single-spangreenhousewithnon-diffusingcoveringmaterials
wasstudiedbyKozaiandSugi (1972).
-Clearglasswithparallelsurfacesdoesnotdiffuselight.
Basiauxetal. (1973)examinedtheeffectofdiffusionproper-
tiesofgreenhousecoversonthelightbalanceinagreenhouse.
-Thepolarizationoflight,whichwasdiscussedbyBowman
(1970)andStoffers (1971),isnotconsideredinthepresent

8
model,becauseitdoesnotgiverisetoanyappreciable
differenceinthedailyintegralsoflightintheregioncon-
sideredinthepresentanalyses (Morris,1972).
-Thedirectlightrayswereconsideredtobecompletelyparal-
lel, althoughthesolardiscactuallysubtends0,5°.Inother
wordsthepenumbrawasignored.

2.1.5Calculationofdailysolarlightintegralsinthe
greenhouse

Thediurnalcoursesofthetotalsolarlightintensityandits
dailyintegralsinthegreenhousewerecalculatedasfollows:
ThedirectDRPanddiffuseDSHsolarlightintensityoutside
forcleardaysandthediffuselightintensityDIFOVoutside
forovercastdayswerecalculatedbythefollowingequations:

DRP =580.*SIN(H)*(1.0-FRDIF)*TRAM (2.4)

DSH =580.*SIN(H)*FRDIF*TRAM (2.5)
DIFOV=116.*SIN(H)*TRAM (2.6)
TRAM =EXP(-0.1/SIN(H)) (2.7)

whereHisthesun'saltitude,TRAM theatmospherictransmission
coefficient,andFRDIFthefractionofthediffusetothe
totalsolarlight,whichisafunctionofthesun'saltitude.
Thevaluesof1.0,1.0,0.4,0.3,and0.25wereassignedto
FRDIFforthesun'saltitudesof0°,5°,15°,25°and90°,
respectively.TheintermediatevaluesofFRDIFwhicharenot
specifiedabovewerecalculatedbylinearinterpolation.The
fluxesDSH,DRP,andDIFOVonlypresentthevisiblepartof
thespectrumandareexpressedinWm~.
ThevaluesofDRP,DSH,andDIFOVarecalculatedatcertain
intervalsforawholedaytoobtainthedailyintegralsofthe
totallightbothforclear (CLT)andforovercastdays (OVT).
Fractionofovercast,f,foragivenday,whichisdefined
as:

f= (CLT-ADT)/(CLT-OVT), (2.8)

isthenestimated,whereADTistheactualmeteorologicaldata
ofdailyintegraloftotalvisiblesolarlightattheplace
inquestiononthecorrespondingday.
Finally,thedailyintegralofthetotallightATRTinthe
greenhouseisgivenby

sunset
ATRT= (l-f)£ (DSH-TRDIF+DRP-T(t))'At+f-TRDIF*OVT)(2.9)
t=sunrise
whereTRDIF isthetransraissivityofthegreenhouse fordiffuse
light,T(t) thetransmissivityofthehousefordirect light
ateachtimeoftheday.
Toillustrate theinfluenceon light transmissionbyagreen-
houseofthelatitudewhere thegreenhouse isbuilt,twoplaces
werechosen:Tokyo (35°41'N) (orOsaka (34°39'N))inJapanand
Amsterdam (52°20'N)intheNetherlands.Theactualmonthly
meteorological dataofdaily solar light integrals (ADTin
Eqn (2.8))foraverageyearsatthetwoplaces,whichwere
usedastheinputdata inthepresent simulation, aregivenin
Fig.3.Thedropindaily solarlight inJune inTokyo isdue
totheannualrainy seasoninearly summer.Fig.4showsthe
averagemonthly ratiosofdiffuse tototal light (FRDIFinEqn
(2.1))atthetwoplaces,estimated byusingEqns (2.4)to (2.8).
Thediurnalcoursesofthealtitudeandazimuthofthesunon
eachdaywerecalculatedbyusingwell-known formulae (e.g.,
Robinson, 1966).Fig.5illustrates,asexamples, thechanges
inaltitudeandazimuth ofthesunfromnoon tillsunseton
22December (thewinter solstice), 21March (thespring
equinox),and 22June (thesummer solstice) inAmsterdam
(52°20'N)andTokyo (35°41,N).Solaraltitudesatculmination
on22December, 21March,and 22Juneare 14,37,and61°,
respectively, inAmsterdam andare 31,54,and 78 ,respectively,
inTokyo.

SOLAR LIGHT (400-700 nm) MJ m"'day 2 ^ - 1

10

J L J I I I L J L
4 J J N
MONTHS
Fig.3 IMeandailyvaluesoftotalsolar light (400-700nm)
throughout theyearinAmsterdam andTokyo. (AfterManbeck
andAldrich anddatafromKNMI)

10
 DIFFUSE LIGHT/TOTAL LIGHT

0.6

0.4

0.2 TOKYO (35°41'N)

AMSTERDAM (52°20*N)

pit t t I I I 1 I 1 1 1 L
J F M A M J J A S O N O

MONTHS

Fig.4 JMeanmonthly ratioofdiffuse tototalsolarlight

(AfterManbeckandAldrichanddata fromKNMI)

ALTITUDEANDAZIMUTHOFTHESUN(DEC.)
120
22 JUNE
AMSTERDAM (52*20*N)
TOKYO (35'41'N)
90

I » I i L
14 16 14 16 2 14 16 18
TRUE SOLAR TIME (h) TRUE SOLAR TIME (h) TRUE SOLAR TIME (h)

Fig.5 IChangesinaltitudeandazimuthofthesunfromnoon
tillsunseton22December, 21March,and 22Junein
Amsterdam (52°20'N)andTokyo (35°41»N).

11
2.2 Photosynthesis
*
Intheprevious chapterthemodelisdiscussed fortheinter-
ceptionandtransmissionoftheincident radiationbythe
greenhouse.Theremaining transmitted radiative energyis
used forphotosynthesis, transpiration andsensible heat loss.
Thevariationoflight intensityinthehorizontal direction,
duetointerceptionbytheframeofthegreenhouseandto
transmissionbydifferently oriented glasspanes,makesthe
calculations more complicated than thoseforcropsintheopen.

2.2.1Theuseofphotosynthetic products

Before discussing themodelling ofthephotosynthesis itself,

one should decidehowtousethecalculated increaseindry
matter.Itmaybestored somewhereinaharvestable non-
photosynthesizing plant organ,without affecting theleaf
area index.However,itmaybeused fortheformationofnew
leaves,sothat thereisfeedback between photosynthesisand
leaf area index.
The firstmethod essentially assumes linear growthforconstant
environmental conditions.Thegrowth equationis

fr= aLAI (2.10)

dt
where Histheharvestabledrymatter, LAItheleafarea index
and a someproportionality constant, which dependsonthelight
environmentandisthusafunctionoftransmissivity.Thenthe
time required fortheproductionofonecropis
t= (H -H)/(aLAI) (2.11)
m o
where Hmisthedrymatter upon harvestingand HQtheinitial
drymatter.Inthesecond methodtheLAIisproportional toH.
The difference betweenthetwomethodsismaximum, since a
isnotdependenton LAI. Theresulting growthisexponential
H= HQexp(a t/p) (2.12)
•m-

where pisthespecific leaf weight.

Nowthetimerequiredis

H
m
t= In (—) p/a (2.13)
o

Thusinbothmethodsthetime requirement isinversely pro-

12
portional toa,which factorcontainstheinfluenceofthe
greenhousegeometry.Therefore thetwomethodsdiscussedare
equivalent forthepurposeofcomparing greenhouseperformance,
aslongasanaccurateprediction oftheactualgrowthperiod
isnotrequired.Hence thesimpler,linearmethod isusedwith
aconstant leafareaindex.

2.2.2Classification oftheincoming radiation

Thedivisionofthevisible radiation intodirectanddiffuse

follows from theequationsgiven inSection 2.1.5.Thelevel
ofbackground radiation,uniform inthehorizontalplane,is
formedby thediffuseradiation from thesky,clearorovercast,
afterreductionby thegreenhouse.Thetransmission coefficient
fordiffuseradiationisindependentofgreenhouse orientation.
Thedirectradiation canbeaffected inthreedifferentways:
(Fig.1)

a)Itisinterceptedbytheframe (structural elements).

b)Itpassesthrough theroofsidenot facing thesun.

Thuseither theradiation isincident fromabove sothatthe
sineofincidence issmaller thanontheotherroofside,or
itisincident frombelow sothatithasalreadypassed the
otherroof side,andwilldosoanother time,before reaching
thesoilorplants.

c)Inallothersituations itpassestheroofside facingthe

sunonlyonce.Then thetransmissivityislargest.
Foreachsituation the fractionofprojected areaonthesoil
surfaceiscalculated asisthecorresponding transmissivity.
Thesecalculationsaredonebytheprogramdescribed in
Chapter 2foraseriesofsuninclinationsand sunazimuths
withrespect totheazimuthoftheglasshouse.Sincethe
transmissivityofstructuralelements isalwayszero,andthe
fractionsadduptoone,fournumbers characterize thetrans-
missivity foreachpositionofthesun.Intheprogram these
valuesarecalculated andused for 19inclinations and19
relativeazimuths,sothat 1444numbers characterize thetrans-
missivity ofagreenhouse.Atacertainmoment therearethree
classesofirradiationonthefloorofthegreenhouse,corre-
sponding tosituationsa,bandcwhichallhavethetrans-
mitteddiffuseradiation incommon.Inthesimulationprogram
thepenumbral effect isneglected.Thereisadistinctbound-
arybetween irradiationclasses.

13
2.2.3Leafandcanopyphotosynthesis

Foreachclassofirradiationthephotosynthesisandtranspira-
tionforthatpartthecanopyconsideredarecalculated.This
procedureisdescribedextensivelybyGoudriaan (1977),but
theessentialelementsarethefollowing:
Thefractionofsunlitleavesis

s={1-exp(-KbLAI)}/(LAIKb) (2.14)

where K^istheextinctioncoefficientfordirectradiation.
Theintensityofthedirectradiationdoesnotmatterinthis
equation,sothatitcanbeequallyappliedforallirradiation
classes.Theaverageabsorbeddirectlightisnow

R =S, (1- a) s (2.15)

v,a D v
whereS^isthevisibleradiativefluxthroughahorizontal
surfaceandavthescatteringcoefficientoftheleavesinthe
visibleregion.Becausealsoscatteredradiationispartially
absorbeduponasecondaryinterception,theaverageabsorbed
radiationoriginatingfromdirectlightislargerandisgiven
by

R .=S. (1-a) (1-exp(-KLAD/LAI (2.16)

r
v,b b
whereaand Karethereflectionandextinctioncoefficients
underdirectirradiation.Inthesecoefficientsthesecondary
diffusefluxisincluded.Thedifferencebetweenthelast
equationsrepresentstheabsorbeddiffuseradiation,origina-
tingfromdirectradiation.Hence,theabsorbeddiffusevisible
radiation,commontoallleavesis

R = R + R . - R . (2.17)
s v,c v,b v,d \*.A/;
Thisistheabsorbedvisibleradiationforshadedleaves.It
mustbenotedthatthisirradiationishigherfortheshaded
leavesinthesunlitpartsofthegreenhousethaninthe
partsshadedbystructuralelements.Equations (2.15), (2.16)
and (2.17)areappliedforeachofthethreeirradiation
classesofthegreenhousefloor.
Forthesunlitleavesthedirectradiationabsorbedmustbe
addedtotheamountgivenbyEqn (2.17).Sunlitleavesare
classifiedaccordingtothesineofincidenceofthedirect
light.Tenclassesaredistinguished sothatthedirect
radiationabsorbedis

14
R .= (O.lt-0.05) (1-a)S (2.18)
v,a v p
wheretistheindexofthesineofincidence,runningfrom1
to10andS pthedirectfluxthroughasurfaceperpendicular
tothebeam.Thefractionofleavesineachclassofincidence
is0.1.Thissimpledistributionfunctionholdsforaspherical
leafangledistribution,thebestguessforanimaginarycrop
(Goudriaan,1977;Ross,1975).
Theleafareaindexremainsconstantthroughouttheperiod
studiedandisherechosentobe0.5.Thisisanarbitrary
choice,whichwillnotessentiallyaffecttheresults.
Thephotosynthesisfunctionoftheindividualleavesischosen
asthefollowingequation
Fn= (F -FJ (1-exp(-Re/F))+F, (2.19)
n m a v m a
whichisclosetomostmeasuredcurves (vanLaar&Penningde
Vries, 1972).F misthemaximumrateofnetC02-assimilation,
F^thenetCO2assimilationinthedark (negativedarkrespi-
ration), Rv theabsorbedvisibleradiationperleafareaand
etheslopeofthecurveatlowlightintensities.Thelatter
canalsobeconsideredanefficiencyandhasanapproximate
valueof11.4 10"9kgC0 2perJabsorbedvisiblelightenergy.
ThisisthevalueforC^plantstowhichmostplantsbelong
thatarecultivated ingreenhouses (lettuce,tomatoes,cucum-
ber, etc.).ThemaximumrateF mandthedarkrateF^areboth
temperature-dependent.Thereforethetemperatureregimeinthe
greenhouseisofsomeimportance.Itissimulatedbyfirst-
orderkineticswithatimeconstantofonehour.Theequilibrium
valueis10°Cduringthenightperiodand20°Cduringthe
dayperiod,whenthesunisabovethehorizon.Inthistempera-
turerangethemaximumrateFmismadealinearfunctionof
airtemperature.
At10°Citis10kgC0 2ha-1*!""1 (0.28xl0~6kgC0 2m^s" 1 )and
at20°Citis40kgC0 2ha""1*!""1 (l.llxlO"6kgCO2 m~ 2 s- 1 ).
Therespirationrateissimplytakenasonetenthofthemaxi-
mumassimilationrate.Thisisareasonableapproximationfor
manyplants (Tooming, 1967).
Accordingtothesimulationstudyauniformtemperatureduring
dayandnightwouldmeananunreasonably longwinterperiod
intheNetherlandsduringwhichthe24hoursbalanceofC0 2
assimilationisnegative;aboutfourmonths.Loweringthe
nighttemperature to10°Creducestherespirationduringthe
longnightstosuchanextentthattheperiodofnogrowth
islimitedtothetwodarkestmonths.
ThenetC02-assimilationmaybe,andisoften,improvedby
C02-fertilization.Inthisstudy,however,onlyanambient

15
concentration of300vpmhasbeen considered.
The fluxespergroundareaarefoundby thefollowing equations

F.=LAI (1-s)F(R ) (2.20)

sn s
fortheshaded leavesand forthesunlit leaves

10
F =LAIsV 0.1 F(R +R J (2.21)
su £ s v,d

ThevariableF(R)meansFaccording toEqn (2.19)inwhichR

shouldbereplacedbyR.These twofluxesareadded togive
thefluxpergroundarea inoneofthe threemain irradiation
classes.Thiscalculation isrepeated foreachclassandthen
added according tothefractions following from the inclination
andazimuthofthesun.Theresultistheaverage fluxper
ground areaunderaclear sky.Foranovercast skytheproce-
dureissimpler andonlyoneequation isused:

F_,=LAIF(R ) . (2.22)
ov v,o
whereR isfound inthesamewayasinEqn (2.16).The
fluxesareintegrated separately togivethedaily totalsfor
cleardaysandforovercastdays.Finally theaveragedaily
totalforstandard conditions isfoundby theequation

F=f/F + (l-f)/F . (2.23)

J J
ov cl
where fistheaverage fractionovercast forthetimeofthe
yearand thesiteof thegreenhouse.

16
3 Influenceoforientationinmultispan
greenhouses

WhittleandLawrence (1959)measurednaturallightinsingle-
spangreenhousesdifferinginsizeandorientationtostudy
theeffectofgreenhouseorientationonthetransmissionof
winterlight.Theyfoundthatmoredirectlightwastrans-
mittedbyanE-WhousethanbyaN-Sone.Theyalsofound
amoreuniformdistributionoflightinE-Wsingle-spanhouses.
Theirgeneralconclusionsabouttheorientationeffecthave
beenconfirmedbymeasurements (e.g.,Edwards,1964)andby
computersimulations (e.g.,Nisen,1962;SmithandKingham,
1971).
However,itwasuncertainwhichorientationisoptimalina
multispangreenhouse.Morris (1972)suggestedthatinmulti-
spangreenhousesE-Worientationislikelytohavefewer
advantagesbecauseeachspanisshadedbyitsneighbortothe
south.Moreoverheindicatedthatthelackofuniformityof
lightinE-Wgreenhousesduetoshadowsandreflections
remainingstationaryduringtheimportanthoursoftheday,
wasmoremarkedinmultispangreenhouses.Thesesuggestions
provideanargumentinfavourofN-Sorientatedmultispan
greenhouses.
Inthischapterthevariationoflighttransmissionbya
multispangreenhousewithorientation,season,andlatitude
andofcropperformancewithinthegreenhousearediscussed
inrelationtoourresultsofcomputersimulation.Thesimu-
latedresultsdemonstratethedependenceoftheorientation
effectsonlatitudeandseason.

3.1 Description of the greenhouse

Frontandsideviewsofthegreenhouseusedasanexamplein
thepresentsimulationareshowninFig.6.Thecross-section
andlongitudinal-sectionofthehousearesymmetricalandthe
houseisoneofthemostcommonlyusedcommercialgreenhouses
inJapan.Thedimensionsandtechnicaldetailsofthehouse
areasfollows:
numberofspans 11 m
lengthofthespans 98 m
widthofthespans 4 m
heightofsides 2.2 m

17
 ^<24.6 (

\
i

V>
l k
58 -4 &5 ^ .8
T
fimi

H—2.45n-H
Fig.6 |Frontandsideviewsofthemultispangreenhouse
analyzedinthepresentsimulation.

heightofridge 3.16 m
roofslope 24.6°
sizeofglasspanes 0.68x0.48ra
thicknessofglasspanes 0.3 cm
depthofstructuralmembers 3.0 cm
widthofstructuralmembersonroofsandsides 4.0 cm
widthofhorizontalstructuralmembersongableends 4.0 cm
widthofverticalstructuralmembersongableends 5.0 cm
mainstructuralmembersontheroofsandsides
-distanceapart 2.45 m
-width 8.0 cm
-depth 10.0 cm
Theframeratio (theratiooftheareacoveredbystructural
memberstothetotalsurfacearea)ofthehouseis0.16.
Thisframeratioisslightlyhigherthanthatformodern
greenhouseswithframesofsteelandaluminium;Theratiofor
themusuallyrangesfrom0.08to0.12.However,noother
additionalstructuralmemberssuchastrusses,ventilators,
gutters,overheadheatingpipesetc.areattachedtothe
modelgreenhouse,sothattheoverallframeratioincluding
theadditionalstructuralmembersforanactualgreenhouseis
approximatelyequaltothatofthemodelgreenhouse.
SimulationsweremadeforthehouseinN-SandE-Worientations
andinsomecasesat15degreesintervalsbetweenthetwo
extremeorientations.Forthepurposeofthecalculations,the
housewasassumedtobestandingonanopen,levelsite.

3.2 Transmission of diffuse light

Theassumptionofauniformlybrightskyfordiffuselight
impliesthatthetransmissivityofthehouseshouldbeindepen-

18
dentofbothorientationandseason.Thetransraissivitymay
thenbeconsideredaconstantofthegreenhousestructure
itself.Thecalculatedvalueofthetransmissivitywas60%.
Thisisthespaceaveragedvalueatthecentralpartofthe
houseignoringeffectsfromthesidesandends.Harnett (1975)
reportedthatthetransmissivityofdiffuselightrangedfrom
59.7to61.9%inmeasurementsonN-SandE-Wmultispangreen-
housesthroughouttheyear.Hismeasurementswereconfinedto
thecentrenorth-southstripsinthegreenhouses.
Fordiffuselighttheshadowsfromthestructuralmembersof
thehousemerge,sothatthespatialvariationindiffuse
lightissmallandstationary.However,thetransmissivityis
generallyslightlyhigheratthecentreofeachspanthan
underthegutterornearthesidesandends (EdwardsandLake,
1965;KozaiandSugi, 1972).Thespatialvariationindiffuse
lightwasignoredinthepresentstudyandthespaceaveraged
valueof60%wasusedtosimulatethediurnalcourseofthe
netrateofassimilationinthegreenhouse.
Thediffuselightatthefloorofthegreenhousecomesfrom
thewholeskyandiscalculatedasthesumofthecontribu-
tionsfromeachofthe (mxn)subdivisionswithasolidangle
ofl/(mxn)steradian,asisexplainedinEqn (2.3).
Table1givesthetransmissivitiesofthehouseandweighting
coefficientsasafunctionofthesineofthealtitudesfrom
whichthelightcomes;theintervalofthecalculationbeing
0.05.Theproductofthetransmissivityandweightingcoeffi-
cientateachaltitudeissummedforcalculatingtheoverall
transmissivityofdiffuselight.Thetransmissivityforeach
altitudeistheaverageofthoseat76relativeazimuths.
Thetransmissivityisgreaterathigheraltitudeexceptfor
thatatthelowestaltitude (4.3-7.2°).Onanovercastday,
nearly30%ofthediffuselightcomesfromoverheadi.e.
between60°and90°elevationandsome50%frombetween30°
and60°(Lawrence,1963).Thisfact,togetherwiththehigher
transmissivityforhigheraltitude,emphasizestheimportance
ofthediffuselightfromoverheadincontrastwithdirect
lightfromthesouthernpartofthesky,i.e.thegreenhouse
shouldbedesignedtogivemaximumtransmissionofbothdiffuse
anddirectlight.
Bowman (1970)highlightedtheimportanceofhousegeometryfor
thetransmissionofdiffuselight,especiallywhereabouthalf*
ofthetotallightreceivedduringayearisdiffuselightas
inEngland.

3.3 Transmission of direct light

Figs7and8showthechangesintransmissivityofdailyinte-

19
Table 1 Transmissivityofthemultispangreenhouseandthe
weightingcoefficientsneededforthecalculationofdiffuse
lighttransmissionasafunctionofthesun'saltitude (see
Eqn (2.3)).

Altitude
sin(H)sin(HI+1)H I H T* WC**TxWC £T XWC ***
1+1 I
10.075 0.125 4.3 7.2 0.222 0.010 0.002 0.002
20.125 0.175 7.2 10.1 0.178 0.015 0.003 0.005
30.175 0.225 10.1 13.0 0.297 0.020 0.006 0.011
40.225 0.275 13.0 16.0 0.377 0.025 0.009 0.020
50.275 0.325 16.0 19.0 0.446 0.030 0.013 0.030
6 0.325 0.375 19.0 22.0 0.497 0.035 0.017 0.051
70.375 0.425 22.0 25.2 0.529 0.040 0.021 0.072
80.425 0.475 25.2 28.4 0.540 0.045 0.024 0.096
9 0.475 0.525 28.4 31.7 0.551 0.050 0.028 0.124
100.525 0.575 31.7 35.1 0.568 0.055 0.031 0.155
110.575 0.625 35.1 38.7 0.587 0.060 0.035 0.190
120.625 0.675 38.7 42.5 0.607 0.065 0.039 0.230
130.675 0.725 42.5 46.5 0.627 0.070 0.044 0.274
140.725 0.775 46.5 50.8 0.642 0.075 0.048 0.322
150.775 0.825 50.8 55.6 0.661 0.080 0.053 0.375
160.825 0.875 55.6 61.0 0.675 0.085 0.057 0.432
170.875 0.925 61.0 67.7 0.692 0.090 0.062 0.495
180.925 0.975 67.7 77.2 0.706 0.095 0.067 0.562
190.975 1.000 77.2 90.0 0.730 0.050 0.037 0.598

TransmissivityofthehouseforaltitudeI
* * Weightingcoefficient (sin2(H )-sin2(H^.))foraltitudeI
***Cumulativetransmissivity

grateddirectlightinTokyoandAmsterdam,respectively,
duringtheperiodfrom20Decemberto1July.Thetransmissivi-
tiesfortherestoftheyeararesymmetricalwithrespectto
22December (thewintersolstice).Thecalculationoftrans-
missivitywasconfinedtothecentralpartofa11-spanhouse
sothateffectsfromthesidesandendswouldbenegligible
exceptwhenthesun'saltitudeisverylow.Thetransmissivity
wouldthenapproachthatofamultispanhousewithaninfinite
numberofspanswithaninfinitelenght.
InTokyo,aroundtheshortestdaytheE-Wmultispantransmits
59%ofdailydirectlightcomparedwith50%fromtheidentical
structureorientatedN-S.ButthetransmissivityoftheE-W
housecoincideswiththatofN-Shouseon20Februaryandthe
positionisreversedafterwards.TheadvantageofanE-Wover
aN-Sorientation,therefore,existsonlybetween20October

20
 TRANSMISSIVITY OFOIRECT LIGHT(?)

70-
...•<
...»....»-
.•--•••..--• *
..-.x----x-~-x—*"'
60 ...x-—x~ . - X — x
IK— X —
-* *.—y. x~--*»—«$":- •X*

,•-

50 .--••

40_ X * E-W MULTISPAN

• N-SMULTISPAN
30 -

20I 1 1 I 1 I i I • t I . . t j I i L
1Jan. 1Feb. 1Mar. 1Apr. 1May 1June 1July

Fig.7 jSeasonalvariationsoftransmissivityofdailydirect
lightfortheN-SandE-Wmultispangreenhouses inTokyo
(35041'N).

TRANSM1SSIVITY OFDIRECT LIGHT(X)

70

••- <>
-yc X >;
60

X E-W MULTISPAN

• N-S MULTISPAN

20i 1 L J i i L i i_ I • • » I I 1 L
1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr. 1 May 1 June I July

F
ig.8 jSeasonalvariationsoftransmissivityofdailydirect
lightfortheN-SandE-Wmultispangreenhouses inAmsterdam
(52°20'N).

21
and 20February (forfourmonths)andagreater light intensity
isobtainedwithgreenhouses orientated N-Sfortherestof
theyear.
InAmsterdam theN-Smultispan transmitsonly 26%ofdaily
direct lightcompared with 35%fortheE-Wmultispan housein
thewinter solstice,asisshown inFig.8.Thetransmissivity
ofN-Shousesteadily increaseswith timeandapproachesa
maximum of64%atthebeginning ofJune.Thetransmissivity of
E-Whouse,ontheotherhand,hasamaximum of 58.5%atthe
endofFebruary.TheadvantageofanE-W overaN-Sorientation
existsbetween 20September and20March (forsixmonths).
Theduration ofthisadvantage istwomonths longerin
Amsterdam (52°20,N)than inTokyo (35°41'N), that is,thedu-
ration islongerathigher latitudes.Itisalsonoted thatin
Amsterdam themaximum differenceofabout 15%in transmissivity
between thetwoorientations appears inFebruary,not inthe
wintersolstice.
The transmissivity ofdirect light inAmsterdam inthewinter
issurprisingly lowforbothE-WandN-Sorientations.These
lowvaluesoftransmissivity aremainly duetothe lowincidence
angleofdirect lighttotheroofsand totheextensive shadows
castby solid structuralmembers.The transmissivity oftotal
lightis,ofcourse,higher than thatofdirect lightbecause
ofthelowproportion ofdirect light tototal light (seeFig.
4)andoftherelativelyhigh transmissivity ofdiffuse light
(60%).
Thetransmissivitiesofdirect light forthegreenhouseare
given inTable 2for 19classesofthesun'saltitudes and 19
azimuths relative tothehouseorientation.These 361 numbers
characterize allaspectsofdirect lighttransmission intothe
greenhouse.Since thecross-section and thelongitudinal-
sectionofthegreenhouse areassumed tobesymmetrical, the
transmissivity fortheazimuthof80©is,forexample, thesame
asthosefortheazimuthsof-80°,100°,and -100°.
Ascanbeseen fromTable 2,thetransmissivity isgenerally
lowwhen thesun islowandismuchdependentupontheazimuth
angleofthesun.Theminimum andmaximum valuesoftrans-
missivity foreachclassofthealtitudesareunderlined in
thetable.Themaximum difference intransmissivity fordiffer-
entazimuths is,forinstance,23%at thesun'saltitudeof
13-16°andis7%atthesun'saltitudesof 38.7-42.5°.Green-
houseorientation, therefore,becomesmoreimportant atlower
altitudesofthesun.The lowtransmissivity isgenerallyob-
tained fortherelativeazimuth around 90°atthesun'salti-
tudesof4.3-42.5° sothatthetransmissivity ofaN-Smulti-
spangreenhouse islowaroundnoon,themost important time
oftheday. (Relativelyhigh transmissivities for thealtitudes

22
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s
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o ^ f-i CM r o r o T r ^ i n i n i n v D v o v o v o v o v o r ^ r ^
oo en
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oo o —t^o^ocMooror^o^rr^c^cMCMinr^cooro
H H CNM r o r o T r T r m i n m i n v D v D v o v o v o r ^ r ^
min
w r* o
«-• CM CM CM r o r o T r T y L n i n i n v o ^ v o v o v o v o r ^ r ^ -
o o o cMr^c^rovo<r»^rcncMinr»ocMroinr^cT>oro
c
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CM in in
cMiDr-r^cncMinoocMinooocMroinr^cooro
•-•cMrorororrrr^Tinminvovo^ovovDkDr^r*
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s o o
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> 'O < io CN n ^r i n i D r ^ v D v D v o v o ^ o v o v o v o r ^ r ^ r ^ r -
P
•P 0)
01 •H
-P
a P

.P
cM«HOOOOCM,d'r>'«-ir^ininoovoor^cMO
r^orovo cncMinoo»-«incocMvooin—ir^r^o
H H r t H C N C N C N n n n ^ ^ i n i n ^ o ^ h t T i
§~ I l I I I I l I l I l l l l I I I I l
W • rocM»-«oooocM^rr>**Hr»inincovoor^cM
cj>
0) 0) ^r^orovoc^cMinco«HincocMvDom*-ir^r-
HHrHrHfvjcNcsnnfn^^LTinvovor^

23
of4.3-7.2 and fortheazimuthsof0-25 areduetotheeffects
oflight fromthe sides.)

3.4 Daily net assimilation of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse

Fig.9showsdailynetCC^-assimilationintheN-SandE-W
greenhousesunderclearandovercastconditionsandthatin
theN-Sgreenhouses underhazyconditions (f=0.5inEqn (2.23)
inAmsterdam during theperiod from20December to 1May.
ThoseinTokyoarealsoshown inFig. 10.Thecalculation
method andallthevaluesofparameters usedaregivenin
Section 2.2.Thenetassimilation underovercastconditionsis
independentofgreenhouseorientation,asstated inthepre-
ceding chapter.Thedailynetassimilation onovercastdays
hasanegativevalueuntilthemiddleofMarch inAmsterdam
anduntilthebeginningofFebruary inTokyo.
Themaximum difference inthedailynetCC>2-assirailationon
cleardaysbetween thetwogreenhouses is5kgCO2ha *day*
atthemost.However, theultimatedifference inplantgrowth
between thetwohouses isnotnecessarily small,because the
accumulation ofthesedailydifferencesmightbecome large
during thegrowthperiod.
Ifalettuce isplantedatthemiddleorendofFebruaryin
Amsterdam, itwillgrow faster intheE-Wgreenhouse thanin
theN-SgreenhouseuntiltheendofMarch.Thereafterthe
growthwillbecome fasterintheN-Sgreenhouse than inthe
E-Whouseand thedifference inplantgrowthbetweenthe
twohouseswillbecomegraduallyless.
InourmodelofnetC02-assimilationaconstantvalueofLAI
(leafarea index) isassumed, sothat theplantgrowth (the
accumulation andtranslocation ofphotosynthate intheplant
body)cannotbesimulated.Wemust, therefore,estimate the
plantgrowthbysomeothermeans.However,comparison ofgreen-
houseperformances inN-SandE-W orientations canbebased
onthecalculationofnetCC^-assimilationratesofthecrops
withaconstantLAIwithin thegreenhouses.
Letusassumenowthatalettuceplantneeds 100MJm 2 of
solar lightbetween transplantation andharvest.Then,for
Amsterdam, alettuce transplanted on 10December canbeharvested
on 14March inanE-Wgreenhouse,buton 19March inaN-S
greenhouse,adifferenceof fivedays.

3.5 Total solar light integral and plant growth

Asfarastheamountoflightisalimiting factortotheplant
growth, theplantgrowth issaid tobenearlyproportionalto
thetotalsolarlightintegralduring thegrowthperiod

24
 NET C02-ASSIMILATI0N KgCO^ha^day*1

140

-x E-W MULTISPAN
120 -
., N-S MULTISPAN

100

80

60

40

20

-20
1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr. 1 May

Fig.9|DailynetCC>2-assimilationintheN-SandE-Wmulti-
spangreenhousesinAmsterdamunderclear,hazyandovercast
conditions.

(Lawrence, 1963).Thetotalsolarlightintegralsinsideand
outsidethehousesinAmsterdamaregiveninFig.11.Theinte-
grationofsolarlightwasassumedtostarton10December.
ThecalculationswerebasedonEqn(2.9)andonthemeteorolo-
gicaldatapresentedinFigs3and4.
Thefive-daygainintheE-Wgreenhouseisvalidonlyforthe
lettucetransplantedon10December.Ifitistransplantedone
monthearlier,thegainindayswillbecomelarger.While,if
itistransplantedonemonthlater,thegainindaysbecomes
smaller.SimilarresultsareobtainedforthehousesinTokyo
inFig.12,exceptthattheabsolutevaluesofthelightinte-
gralsaremuchgreaterinTokyothaninAmsterdam.
Harnett (1975)foundexperimentallythatthecroppingperfor-
manceoflettuceinmultispanhousesfollowscloselythesolar
lightmeasurementsandthatalettuceweighing170gwas

25
 NET C02-ASSIMILATI0N KgC02h a - M a y " 1
1 MA

120

• • N-S MULTISPAN
.<
.••''.>'
• 100

*• ~
• . .. '' ' > '
80 .-;•>'
-->•'
' . ' * * •

60
CLEAR *---*'''
i
>.--••-* .»•
40 j » -

HAZY ....••'
**
» •••'

20'
^
^
**
OVERCAST ^
,---""
0 ^*

-20 » » • < ' • 1 1 1 1 1 1

1Jan. 1Feb. 1Mar. 1Apr. 1May

Fig. 10IDailynetCC^-assimilationintheN-SandE-Wmulti-
spangreenhousesinTokyounderclear,hazyandovercastcon-
ditions.

attainedsevendaysearlierintheE-Wmultispanthaninthe
N-SmultispanwhenharvestedduringlateDecemberandJanuary.
Healsofoundthattherewasnosignificantdifferencein
maturityofcropsbetweenthetwogreenhouseswhenharvested
duringApril.Hisexperimentswerecarriedoutonthesouth
coastofEngland (Efford,Hants,50°50,N)wherethetotallight
integralduringthewintermonthswasonlyalittlehigherthan
thatinAmsterdam.Oursimulatedresultsareinagreement:with
hisexperimentalresults.
Thedifferenceindaysofplantgrowthbetweengreenhousesis
discussedinsomedetailinChapter6.

3.6 The effects of orientation intermediate between N-S and E-W

Fig. 13presentstheeffectsofhouseorientationbetweenE-W
andN-Son20March,28July,and20December.Verticalaxis

26
 TOTAL SOLAR LIGHT INTEGRAL (rJ-m - 2 )

300

-O 0UTSI0E
- * E-W MULTISPAN
250 -• N-S MULTISPAN

200

150

100

50

1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr.

Fig. 11 |Totalsolar lightintegralsoutsideand insidethe

N-SandE-Wmultispangreenhouses inAmsterdam (52°20,N)
(Theintegrationwasstartedon 10December).

indicates thetransmissivityofmeantotal light (seeEqn (2.1)),

notofdirect light.AnexactE-Worientationdoesnotgive
themaximumwinter lighttransmission inAmsterdam, although
thetransmission lossesatE-Worientationarequite smallcom-
paredwith thoseatorientations from 30to45°from E-W.
Infact,thereislittledifference intransmissivity between
thehousesorientated intherangefrom0to45°from E-W.
Thereafter,however,thelighttransmission dropsmore steeply.
Thedifference intransmissivity between thehouseorientated
45°fromE-WandtheN-Shouseisabout 5%inAmsterdam.
InTokyo,ontheotherhand,anexactE-Worientation isideal
forwinter lighttransmission and thelighttransmissiondrops
morerapidlyupto60 fromE-W,while thelowestwinter light
transmission isseenat 15 fromN-S,notatanexactN-Sori-
entation.Thedifference intransmissivitybetweentheE-Whouse
andthehousewithorientationof 15 fromN-S isabout7%.

27
 TOTALSOLARLIGHT INTEGRAL (MJ-nT*)

300
i *

4 / • •

250
i»

* :
t •
t
200
*/
*<
##
»
r*

OUTSIOE
K E-WHULTISPAN
« N-S HULTISPAN

i i_ i L
1Jan. 1Feb. 1Mar. 1Apr.

Fig.12|Totalsolarlightintegralsoutsideandinsidethe
N-SandE-WmultispangreenhousesinTokyo (35°41*N)
(Theintegrationwasstartedon10December).

Theorientationeffectondirectlighttransmissionaloneis
strongerathigheraltitudeasstatedinSection3.3,However,
theratioofdiffusetototallightinwinterishigherin
Amsterdam thaninTokyoandthereforetheorientationeffect
onthetotallighttransmissionisactuallymorepronounced
inTokyothaninAmsterdam.Itisalsonotedthatthetrans-
missivityoftheE-Whouseon20DecemberinAmsterdam is49.5%
whichisabout10%lowerthanthatinTokyo.Thusthetrans-
missivityinwinterislowerathigheraltitudes.
AsissuggestedbyKinghamandSmith (1971),amultispanhouse
islesssensitivetoorientationinwinterthanasingle-span
house,becausethetransmissionofwallsisgenerallymore
sensitivethanthatofroofs.Nevertheless,thereisstilla
significantorientationeffectinmultispangreenhouses.

28
 TRANSMISSIVITYOFTOTALSOLARLIGHT(S)

70
AMSTERDAM (52 # 20'N)
June28
60V- Mar. 20

SO Dec.20

40
0 30 60 90
E-W N-S
70
TOKYO (34*41'N) June28

60
|- - r"-~------** c ~-^--i
Oec.20
50

40
0 30 60 90
E-W N-S
HOUSE ORIENTATION (DE6.)

Pig.13|Transmissivityofdaily totalsolarlightforthe
multispangreenhouseasafunctionofhouseorientation,for
twosidesandthreedates.

29
4 Influenceofroofslope

Toillustratetheinfluenceofroofslopeonthelighttrans-
mission,bothdirectanddiffuselighttransmissionintomulti-
spangreenhouseswithroofpitchesof15,20,30,35°were
calculatedaswellasthegreenhousewitharoofpitchof24.6°,
whichhadbeenanalysedinthepreviouschapter.Widthsof
spansforthesehouseswere4.25,4.14,3.81,3.60,and4.00m,
respectively.Otherdimensionsofthehousessuchaslengthof
spans,heightofsides,widthanddepthofstructuralmembers,
numberofspansetcremainedunchanged.Thetransmissivities
ofdailyintegrateddirectlightforthesehousesinE-Wand
N-Sorientationswerecalculatedattwolatitudes (inAmsterdam
andTokyo)throughouttheyear.

4.2 Transmission of diffuse light

Transmissivitiesofdiffuselightforthehouseswithroof
pitchesof15,20,24.6,30,and35°were60.3,60.0,59.8,
59.1,58.1%,respectively.Thus,thegentlertheroofslope
thehigherthetransmissivityofdiffuselightobtainedinthe
greenhouse.Intheregionconsidered,thesteepestroofslope
shouldbeavoidedwhendesigninggreenhousesbutfortherest
thedifferencesarenegligible.

4.2 Transmission of direct light

E-W greenhouse

Fig.14presentsthechangesintransmissivityofdailyintegratec
directlightfortheE-Wgreenhouseswithdifferentroofslopes
inAmsterdamduringtheperiodfrom20Decemberto1July.
Thecalculationoftransmissivitywasconfinedtothecentral
sectionof11-spanhousessothattheeffectfromthesides
andendscouldbeneglectedexceptwhenthesun'saltitude
wasverylow.
InAmsterdam, thetransmissivitiesofanE-Wgreenhouse
duringwintermonthsarelargelydependentonroofslope.
Thetransmissivitiesofthehouseswithroofpitchesof15,
24.6,and35°inthewintersolsticeare49,34,and26%,
respectively,i.e.thegentlertheroofslopethehigherthe

30
 TRANSMISSIVITYOFDIRECTLIGHT(S)

70

RS-15*
,»r -»
60 - -»• • • —

35°

RS-15*
50

40

30

1Jan. 1Feb. 1Mar. 1Apr. 1May 1June 1July

Fig.14 |Seasonalvariationsoftransmissivityofdaily
directsolarlightfortheE-Wgreenhouseswithdifferentroof
slopesinAmsterdam (52°20'N)

transmissivityaroundthewintersolstice.Thecurveoftrans-
missivitiesforeachhousehasamaximumpointintherangeof
fromJanuarytoApril.Thepeakishigherandclearerandis
observedlaterinspringinthegreenhousewithasteeperroof
slope.Thedatewhenthelocalpeakappearsisapproximately
equaltothedatewhensolaraltitudeatculmination (themaxi-
mumsolaraltitudeintheday)coincideswiththeroofangle
ofthecorrespondingE-Wgreenhouse (seeFig.15).Thisphenom-
enoncanbeexplainedasfollows:(a)Whenthesun'saltitude
relativetotheroofsidenotfacingthesunisgreaterthan
zero,somepartoftheincidentlightpassesthroughthatside
withlowtransmissivity. (b)Whentherelativesun'saltitude
hasanegativevalue,somepartofthelightpassesthrough
theroofsthreeormoretimesbeforereachingthesoilorplants.
Consequently,thetransmissivityisverylow. (c)Whenthere-
lativesun'saltitudeisjustornearlyequaltozero,allor
mostofthelightpassesthroughtherooffacingthesunonly
once.Thenthetransmissivityislargest.Thepeakisnotclear
forgreenhouseswithagentlerroofslopebecausethesunis
neversolowaroundnoon.
Thisphenomenonisillustrated inTables3and4forroof
Pitchesof15and35°wheretransmissivitiesaregivenasa
functionofaltitudeandrelativeazimuthofthesun.The
transmissivitiesforthehousewitharoofpitchof24.6°have
beenlistedinTable2inChapter3.

31
 SOLARALTITUDEATCULMINATION(DEC)

TOKYO
80 - AMSTE ROAM .-—"
» 0'
0

60- 0
0

t
*•
0
•
• *
*•
0
40 .*

t."

Fig.15 Seasonalvari-
20
ationsofsolaraltitude
atculminationin
Amsterdam (52°20'N)and
1Jan.1Feb.1Mar.1Apr.1May 1June
Tokyo (35°41'N).

Thetransmissivitiesatrelativeazimuthof0°hasalocal
maximumvalueatthesun'saltitudesof13-16°inthehouse
witharoofpitchof 15°,atthesun'saltitudesof22-25.2°
inthehousewith24.6°roofangle,andatthesun'saltitudes
of31.7-35.1°inthehousewith35°roofangle.Thepeakis
veryweakforthehousewitharoofpitchof15°andthe
transmissivityofthishousesteadilyincreaseswithincreasing
thesun'saltitude. (Thehightransmissivityatthesun's
altitudesof4.3-7.2°isduetothetransmissionbytheside
walls.)Thelowtransmissivitiesfordailydirectlightfor
thehousewitharoofpitchof35°inwinterareduetothe
lowtransmissivitiesofthehouseatthesun'saltitudeof
7.2-25.2°andattherelativeazimuthanglesof0-30°,ascan
beseenfromTable4.
TransmissivitiesofalltheE-Whousesgiveapproximatelythe
samevalue (about57%)on10April.Laterthetransmissivity
isslightlyhigherinthegreenhousewithgentlerroofslope.
ThevariationsintransmissivitybyseasonfortheE-Whouses
withdifferentroofslopesinTokyoarepresented inFig.16.
Theroofslopehaslessinfluenceonthetransmissivityof
dailydirectlightinTokyothaninAmsterdam.Thehousewith
aroofpitchof15°givesthelowesttransmissivity inwinter
monthsandthehousewitharoofpitchof20°givesthehighest
transmissivityaroundthewintersolstice.Thehousewitha
roofpitchof35°givesthehighesttransmissivityfrom
20JanuarytotheendofFebruary.Thetransmissivityreaches
amaximumof63%inthehousewitharoofpitchof35°on
10Februarywhenthesun'saltitudeatnoonis40°.

32
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34
 TRANSMISSIVITYOFDIRECT LIGHT(*)

70

R5«zo „...•» *•••. « •$::...? » * 35* ,

u--*?.*-' 20* , * ...*•*

it..Jj4.)r-« — • *

50

40

30

1 i i i 1 l I l l 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1Jan. 1Feb. 1Mar. 1Apr. 1May 1June 1July
Fig. 16|Seasonalvariationsoftransmissivityofdailydirect
lightfortheE-Wmultispangreenhouseswithdifferentroof
slopesinTokyo.

N-S greenhouse

Fig. 17showsthevariationsintransmissivitybyseasonfor
theN-SgreenhouseinAmsterdamandTokyo.Thetransmissivity
ofthegreenhousewitharoofpitchof15°isalwaysabout
0.5-3.0%higherthanthatofthegreenhousewitharoofpitch
of35°atbothplaces.ThustheN-Sgreenhouseismuchless
sensitivetotheroofslopethantheE-Wgreenhouseatboth
places.Thetransmissivitiesofthegreenhouseswithroof
pitchesof15,24.6,and35°atculminationon20December,
20March,and20JulyarelistedinTable5.Foreachdatethe
differencesintransmissivityaroundnoonbetweenthethree
greenhousesatthetwoplacesarenegligiblemainlybecause
theincidenceanglesoflighttodifferentlypitchedroofs
facingthewestandeastareaboutthesame.
4
»3 The effect of roof slope on the spatial distribution of
daily direct light

Thecross-sectionaldistributionsofthetransmissivityacross
thefloorsofE-Wgreenhouseswithroofpitchesof20and30°
aregiveninFig.18forOsaka (34°39'N)inJapanandAmsterdam.
(KozaiandKimuara,1977).Theratioofheightofsidewalls
towidthofonespanwasassumedtobe0.66.Thecalculations
weremadeonlyforthenortherlyspanssothattheeffectfrom

35
 TRAHSMISSIVITY OFOIRECTLIGHT (X)

70
,.•••• •••• % % • • '

-• TOKYO (34*41*11)
. AMSTERDAM (32*20*11)

1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr. 1 May 1 June 1 July

Fig.17|Seasonalvariationsoftransmissivityofdailydirect
lightfortheN-SmultispangreenhousesinAmsterdamandTokyo.

Table 5 Seasonalvariationsintransmissivityofdailydirect
lightfortheE-WhouseswithdifferentroofslopesinTokyo
andAmsterdam

Tokyo (35°41,N) Amsterdam (52°20'N)

date roof angle thesun's trans- thesun's trans-

(deg.) altitude missiv- altitude missiv-
atnoon ityat atnoon ityat
(deg.) noon (%) (deg.) noon (%)

20Dec. 15.0 31 55 14 27
24.6 52 24
35.0 51 20

20Mar. 15.0 54 68 37 60
24.6 65 57.
35.0 64 54

20June 15.0 77 74 61 70
24.6 73 69
35.0 71 67

36
thesouthsidewallcouldbeneglected.Thedistribution in
theN-Sgreenhousewitharoofpitchof20°on22December is
alsoshownforreference.
Thishousewasassumed tobecomposed of^lasspanesalone
(i.e.withoutanyopaquestructuralmember).Therefore,the
absolutevalueofthetransmissivityismuchhigherthanthat
ofanactualgreenhousewith structuralmembers andtheuneven
lightdistributionwassimplyduetothereflectionand
absorptionoftheglasspane.
Theevendistribution isobserved intheN-Sgreenhouse atboth
ofthetwoplaces (andthedistribution isnotaffectedbythe
roof slope).InOsaka,thelightdistribution intheE-Wgreen-
house ismoreuniformwitharoofpitchof 30°thanwithone
of20°.InAmsterdam, theopposite istrue.Thehorizontal
arrows inFig. 18indicatehow farthecentreofthelow

TRANSWISSIVITT (I)
100

100

C€HT*£ SPA* ->«

HS/N-O.t* l©0F S10JE 20* (E-W). 30» (E-W), 20' (*•$)

Fig. 18 ICross-sectionaldistributionsoftransmissivity for

dailydirect lightonthefloorofE-Wmultispangreenhouses
withroofpitchesof20and 30°inOsaka (34°39'N)andAmster-
dam (52°20,N)on22December and4February (Thegreenhouse
wasassumed tobeconstructedwithglasspanesonly,i.e.with-
outstructural members)•

37
transmissivityregionhasmovedinthegreenhousewitharoof
pitchof20°overaperiodof46days (from20Decemberto
4February).Duringthewinterthelowtransmissivityregion
remainsalmoststationaryinOsakawhereasitmovesoverone
spaninAmsterdam.HenceinOsakagrowersshouldusethelow
transmissivityregionasapathifonlyshortheightcrops
suchaslettucearegrownintheE-Whousewitharoofpitch
of20°.
ThislackofuniformityoflightintheE-Wmultispanhouse
providesanargumentinfavourofaN-Smultispanhouse,
althoughanE-Wmultispanhousegenerallygivesahighermean
transmissivityinthewinter (Morris,1972).

38
5 Single-spanvsmultispangreenhouses

Inthepreviouschaptersthelighttransmissionbymultispan
greenhousesandtheplantgrowthwithin themwere discussed.
Under theseconditionsthelightthatentersthroughtheside
wallsorgableendsispractically negligible.Inthesingle-
spanortwin-spangreenhouses,however,thelight transmitted
throughthesidesandendsoftenplaysanimportant rolein
totallighttransmission.Inthischaptertheeffectofthe
numberandthelengthofspansonthelighttransmission,its
variationwith timeandspace,andtheplantgrowthwillbe
discussed.
Thedimensionsandstructureofthegreenhouses analysedin
thischapterarebasicallythesameasthosegiveninSection
3.1 unlessotherwise stated.

5.1 Transmissionof diffuse light

The transmissivitywas64%forthesingle-spangreenhousewith
thesamedimensionsandstructureasthosedescribedin
Section3.1(exceptforthenumberofspansbeing unity).
Thetransmissivityofthecorrespondingmultispan greenhouse
was60%,asstatedpreviouslyinSection 3.2:thatis, the
transmissivityofthesingle-span houseis4%higher thanthat
ofthemultispanhouse.
ForalargeE-Wsingle-spangreenhouseontheHampshire coast
(51°N)inEngland,EdwardsandLake (1964)giveameasured
valueof64.5%fordiffuse lightthroughout theyear.This
figurewasobtainedoncloudydays.Edwards (1963)reporteda
percentagetransmissionof57%inwooden-framed greenhousefor
vinesorientatedN-Sunderovercast conditionsatEfford
(50°45'N),Hants.

5.2 Transmissionof direct light

F
ig.19showstheseasonalvariationsintransmissivityof
daily integrateddirect lightforsingle-spanandmultispan
greenhousesinAmsterdam from20Decemberto1July.Thosein
TokyoareshowninFig.20.Themultispanhousewasassumedto
haveaninfinite.lengthandaninfinitenumberofspans.The
differencesintransmissivity between single-spanandmulti-

39
 TRAMSMISSIVITYOFOIRECTLIGHT(S)

70 -
•—t
" *"P""».»,

60 •>—*fr— • — > ^ — -—-ar

50

X E-W MULTISPAN

40 * N-S MULTISPAN

»- x E-W SINGLE-SPAN

.„ • N.S SINGLE-SPAN
30

1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr. 1 May 1 June 1 July

Fig. 19 |Seasonalvariationsoftransmissivityofdailydirect
light forthesingle-span andmultispangreenhouses inN-S
andE-Worientations inAmsterdam (52 20'N).

TRANSMISSIVITYOFDIRECT LIGHT (t)

70

,. ) C - - • «)fr - • *&• - • - ) * - • • - i I
• 4 * " * * •J#IB*—' .-*.--«X-'
60 j , . . . * —
*•-•-*•

50 < •*• '» ~* "^

* ---K E-W MULTISPAN

40 - ---• N-S MULTISPAN

*c E-W SINGLE-SPAN

• N-S SINGLE-SPAN
30 -

I I l I 1 1 1 JL ± 1 1 x
1 Jan. 1 Ftb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr. IMay 1 June 1 July

Fig.20 ISeasonalvariationsoftransmissivity ofdailydirect

lightforthesingle-spanandmultispan greenhouses inN-Sand
E-Worientations inTokyo (35°41,N).

40
spangreenhousesorientatedN-Sare2-7%inAmsterdamandare
1-4%inTokyo.Thereductioninlighttransmissionduetothe
shadingbyneighbouring spansisrelativelysmallintheN-S
greenhousethroughouttheyear.
InthewintersolsticeforagreenhouseorientatedE-Wthe
transmissivityofasingle-spanhouseis36%higherthanthat
ofamultispanhouseinAmsterdamand9%higherinTokyo.
Thereductioninlighttransmissionduetotheshadingbythe
neighbouringspanstothesouthisverylargeintheE-Wmulti-
spanhousearoundthewintersolsticeespeciallyathigher
latitudes.TheflooroftheE-Wsingle-spanhouse,ontheother
hand,receivesthelighttransmittedthroughthesouthside
wallwithhightransmissivitymostofthedayduringthewinter.
ThebenefitsofE-Worientationinthewinter*are,therefore,
muchlargerinsingle-spanthaninmultispangreenhouses.
SmithandKingham (1971)calculatedthetransmissivityof
directlightforawidesingle-spanalloyhouseattwoorien-
tations,N-SandE-W,atlatitude51 N.Theirresultsare
listedinTable6.Thevariationsbyseasonandorientation
aresimilartoourcalculations,showninFig.19.Forthe
summer,theresultsofbothcalculationsareveryclose.In
winter,thetransmissivityofanE-Whouseascalculatedby
SmithandKinghamis5-6%lowerthanourvalue.ForaN-S
house,onthecontrary,ourresultsare10%lower.Partof
thesediscrepanciesforthewintermonthscanprobablybe
attributedto,SmithandKingham1sassumptionofaconstant
valuefortheratioofthefreelytransmittingareatoits
overallareaofthesurfaceofthehouse (intheirsimulation
theratiowas0.82forawallsurfaceand0.8foraroof
surface).Inotherwords,theyassumednodepthforthestruc-
turalmembers.AsonecanseefromFig.1,suchanassumption
erroneouslyincreasesthetransmissivityatlowsolarangles.
Hencewhenthesunisinthesouth,thetransmissivityisover-
estimatedinaN-Sgreenhouseandunderestimated inanE-W
house.
Thediurnalcoursesofthespaceaveragedtransmissivityof
thesingle-spanandmultispanhousesforthedirectlight
inOsaka (34°39,N),Japan,inthewintersolsticearegiven
inFig.21.Thelengthofthehouseswasassumedtobeinfinite.
Inbothorientationsthetransmissivityofthemultispanhouse
increasesat9h00anddropsagainat15h00becauseofthe
shadingbytheneighbouringspans.InE-Worientationthe
transmissivityofthesingle-spanhouseishigherthanthatof
themultispanhouseallday.InN-Sorientationtheadvantage
ofthesingle-spanhouseisless.Atnoonthereisnodifference
becausethelightpassesthroughtheroofsonly.Justbefore
andafternoonthetransmissivityofthesingle-spanhouseis

41
I
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C 0 u
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•H Oi P
«J M O r* r*
C 1 iH • •
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W #H h) VO *3»
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42
 Transmissivity (%)

10 12 14 16
True solar time(hour)
E-W N-S
O "— O SINGLE-SPAN
• MULTISPAN

Fig. 21 IDiurnalcoursesofspaceaveraged transmissivity in

thesingle-span andmultispangreenhouses inN-SandE-W
orientationsinOsaka (34°39*N)on22December.

evenlowerthanthatofthemultispanhousebecause thenthe
transmissionofdirect lightbythesidewalls isvery low.
Therefore,thedailyaverage transmissivity ofaN-Ssingle-
spanhouse isonlyhigher thanthatofaN-Smultispan house
onovercastdays,when thelight levelisrelatively low.
Thetransmissivities of thesingle-spanhouse fordirect light
arelisted inTable 7asafunctionofthealtitudeand relative
azimuthofthesun.Atrelativeazimuthsof 0-30°,thetrans-
missivitiesrangebetween 65and 75%withoutaclearrelation
withthesun'saltitude.Atrelativeazimuthsof60-90° (gra-
zing incidenceonthewalls) thetransmissivities rangebetween
3and 73%and increasegraduallywith thesun'saltitude.

5.3 Total solar light integrals

The totalsolar lightintegrals intheE-WandN-S single-span

greenhouses togetherwith theN-SmultispanhouseinAmsterdam
aregiven inFig.22and those forTokyo inFig.23.Thecurve
fortheE-Wmultispanhouseisomitted from thefigurebecause
itisveryclosetothatforN-Ssingle-spanhouse.Thetotal
solarlightwasintegrated from 10December.The calculations
weremadebasedonEqn (2.9)and themeteorological datapre-
sented inFigs 3and4.
Ifweassumenowthatlettuce seedlings justtransplanted can
beharvested afterreceiving 100MJm~2 ofsolarlight,asal-

43
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44
 TOTAL SOLAR LIGHT INTEGRAL (MJ.nr*)

300 -

OUTSIDE
y * E-W SINGLE-SPAN
^——• N-S SINGLE-SPAN
250 N-S MULTISPAN

200

150 -

100

50

1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr.

Fig.22 ITotalsolarlightintegralsoutsideand insidethe

N-SandE-Wsingle-spangreenhousesinAmsterdam (52°20,N)
(Theintegrationwasstartedon 10December).

readyassumed inSection 3.5,lettuce transplanted on 10Decem-

berinAmsterdam canbeharvested on9March intheE-Wsingle-
spanhouse,on 15March intheN-Ssingle-spanhouse,andon
19March intheN-Smultispanhouse.Thecorresponding dates
inTokyoare 19,23,and 25February.
According toHarnett (1974),alettuceweighting 170gwas
attained sevendaysearlierintheE-W single-spanhousethan
with theE-Wmultispan houseand 14daysearlierthaninthe
N-Smultispanhousewhenharvestedduring lateDecemberand
JanuaryatEfford ( 5 0 ^ 5 ^ ) inEngland. Inourcalculation,if
theintegrationwasstarted earlierthanon 10December, the
gainindaysinAmsterdam (50°20,N)wouldhavebeengreater
thanthosementioned above,and theresultswould thenbecom-
parable tothoseofHarnett.

45
 TOTALSOUR LIGHT INTEGRAL (KJ-m"2)
—J r—-r-,
i I:
300 / -• '
» /f
i ««

/ / /
• */
250 / • •

- /*
> ';
/
//
»
.•«
O / / /
/ /.'
200 * /•*
• •.
/ / J:
/ /
/ :
/
' i •
•/ /t•f
f •.*
'A
* / '

O- o 0UTSI0E
X X E-W SINGLE-SPAN
, . N - S SINGLE-SPAN
• • N-S MULTISPAN

-L J-
1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Apr.

Fig.23 ITotalsolarlightintegralsoutsideandinsidethe
N-SandE-Wsingle-spangreenhousesinTokyo (35°41,H)
(Theintegrationwasstartedon 10December).

5.4 Effect of the number of spans

Fig.24showstheeffectofthenumberofspansonthetrans-
missivityofdailydirectlightinOsaka (34U39,N)inthe
wintersolstice.Thedimensionsofthehousearethesameas
thosedescribedinSection3.1exceptthatthelengthofthe
houseis49.0m.ThetransmissivityofE-Whousesarehigher
thanthoseofN-Shousesregardlessofthenumberofspans.
ThetransmissivityofE-Whousesdecreaseswiththeincrease
ofthenumberofspans,whereasthatofN-Shousesishardly
affectedbythenumberofspans.Thehightransmissivityof
E-Whouseswithasmallnumberofspansisduetothehigh
transmissionoflightthroughthesouthsidewall.Thisdepen-
denceofthetransmissivityofE-Whousesonthenumberof
spansismoreremarkableathigherlatitudes.Thecross-sec-
tionaldistributionsofdailydirectlightonthefloorofthe
E-WandN-SgreenhousewithfourspansinOsakainthewinter

46
 TRANSMISSIVITY (X)

70

E-W HOUSE
60

N-S HOUSE
50 -

± ± ± 10
NUMBER OF SPAN(s)
(width of spans; 4 . 0 m)
( l e n g t h of spans; 4 9 . 0 m)

Fig.24 IEffectofthenumberofspansonthetransmissivity
ofdailydirect lightinOsaka (34°39'N)on22December.

TRANSMISSIVITY(I)

20 1 -
SOUTH NORTH

80- N-SHOUSE
60
«\rn^r^^r^'^.rry^
-.J^w!.!"*
40

20
4 8 12 16
EAST WEST
DISTANCE FROMTHESIHEWALL ( m )
Fig.25 ICross-sectional distributionsofdailydirect light
onthefloorof4-spanN-SandE-Wgreenhouses inOsaka
(34°39,N)on22December.

solsticearegiven inFig.25.Thedistribution intheN-S

house ismoreuniform thanthatintheE-Whouse andthereis
only alittle difference indistributionpattern amongthefour
spans.Apparently theeffectofthesidesisnegligible sothat
thespatial transmissivity isnotaffectedby thenumber ofspans

47
On theotherhand, thetransmissivityatthemost southerly
spansintheE-Whouseishigher thanthatatthemostnortherly
spans,because thelight transmitted through thesouthwall
reachesthesecond span fromthesouth foralmostawholeday
andreaches thefourth spanonlyduring themorning and evening
inOsaka inthewintersolstice.
Itshouldalsobenoted thatapartofthe floorunderthe
northerly spansintheE-Whousereceivesonly 25%of thedaily
direct lightoutside inthewinter solstice.This largereduc-
tionoflightisattributableboth totheshadowbythestruc-
turalmembersoftheneighbouring rooftothesouthandtothe
lowlighttransmissionoftheroofnot facing thesun.

5,5 Effect of length of spans

Theeffectofthelengthofaten-spanhouseonthespace
averaged transmissivity ofdailydirect light inOsaka inthe
winter solstice isillustrated inFig.26.The transmissivity
oftheE-Whousedoesnotvarywiththelengthofthehouse,
whereasthatoftheN-Shousedecreaseswith theincreaseof
thelength.Thetransmissivity ofaN-Shouseisstrongly
affectedby theincident lightthrough thesouthgable endwhen
thelength isrelatively short.AN-Sgreenhouseofvery short
lenghtgivesaboutthesamevalueoftransmissivity asthat
foranE-Whouse.Thiseffectof thelengthonthe transmissivity
is, ofcourse,dependentupontheheightofridgeandsidewalls,
thelatitude,and theseason.Kozai (1977)discussed this
dependence insomedetail.

TOANSMSSIVITY(X)

60
E-W HOUSE

55 Y-

N-S HOUSE
so —
J L
0 20 40 60 80 100
LENGTHOFTHEMULT!-SPAN HOUSE (M.)
(number ofspans;10)
(width ofspans;4.0m)

Fig.26 IEffectof thelengthoftheN-SandE-Wmultispan

greenhousesonthetransmissivity ofdailydirect lightin
Osaka (34039'N).

48
5.6 The spacing between the E-W single-span houses

Sofarthesingle-spanhousewasassumedtobestandingonan
openfield,althoughthisassumption isnotalwaysrealistic.
Fig.27showsthecross-sectionaldistributionsofthetrans-
missivity (relativedailyintegrateddirectlight)intheE-W
single-spangreenhousewithinfinitelengthon22December
whentwoidenticalsingle-spangreenhousesstandparallelat
intervalsof1,2,and3m.ThedistributionintheE-Wsingle-
spanhousebuiltonanopenfieldisalsoshowninthefigure
forreference.Thewidthofspan,heightofsidewalls,and
roofslopewereassumedtobe4.0m,1.48mand24.6°,respec-
tively.TheletterMinFig.27denotestheaveragetransmis-
sivityacrossthefloor.
Thetransmissivityonthesouthernpartofthefloorislargely
reducedbytheshadowsoftheneighbouringhousestothesouth
whenthedistancebetweenthehousesislessthan2.0m.The
reductionintransmissivity isconsiderableifthedistance
islessthan 1.0m.Theeffectofaneighbouringgreenhouse
is,ofcourse,notonlydependentonthedistancebetweenthe
houses,butalsoontheheightofsides,roofslope,andhouse
orientation.Theeffectoftheneighbouringgreenhouseisnot
largerinaN-SorientationthaninanE-Worientation (Kozai,
1974).
Thetransmissivityofdiffuselightwillalsobeaffectedby
neighbouringhousestoacertainextentwhenthedistance
betweenthehousesis,forexample,lessthan2.0m.
Thediurnalcoursesofthespaceaveragedtransmissivityfor
thesehousesinthewintersolsticearepresented inFig.28.
Ifthedistancebetweenthehousesislessthan2.0m,the
northernhouseisshadedbytheneighbouringhousetothesouth
allday.Thetransmissivityofthegreenhouse 1.0mawayfrom
theneighbouringhouseisworsethanthatofthemultispan
housewiththesamestructureforeachspan.

49
 TRANSMISSIVITY(%)

NORTH-

CI C
ft 4.0m-4 D N- 4.0m
1.48m
J—

100 100
D• infinite D • 3.0m

nr*^
75
75

50
rirWI 50
M-67.7X M-64.81
25 25

0 0
TOO loor
2.0m
75-

5C
fifv^
M-58.7%
2«-

CENTRE CENTRE
*#SOUTH WALL NORTH WALL<

Fig.27 IEffectoftheshadowsofneighbouring E-W single-

spangreenhouses runningparallelonthecross-sectionaldis-
tributionofdailydirect light intheE-W single-spangreen-
housesinOsakaon22December.

TRANSMISSIVITY (?)

8 9 10 11 12
TRUE SOUR TIME (HOUR)
O—O D- infinite •—• D 3.0m
*—iX D - 2.0m £r-rfl D 1.0m

Fig.28 IEffectoftheshadowsofneighbouring single-span

greenhouses runningparallelonthediurnalcoursesofspace
averaged transmissivityofdirect lightfortheE-Wsingle-
spangreenhouse inOsaka (3439'N)on22December.

50
6 Concludingremarks

6.1 The light integral inside the greenhouse

InSection 3.5wediscussed thetotalsolar lightintegralin

N-SandE-Wgreenhousesandthedifference indays forplant
growth.Inthissectionthisproblemwillbediscussed inmore
detail.
Fig.29showstheincreaseoftotalsolarlight integralsin-
sidesingle-span andmultispanhouses inN-SandE-Worienta-
tionsinTokyo.Thetotallightwas integrated fromtheend
ofeachmonthduring thewinter.Thecalculationswerebased.
onEqn (2.9)and themeteorological datapresented inFigs3
and 4.Thetotallight integrals forthehousesinAmsterdam
arealsogiveninFig. 30.Ascanbe seen from thefigures,
thedifferences intheintegral foracertainperiodbetween
N-SandE-Whouses,orbetween single-span andmultispan houses
arelargelydependent upon thedateonwhichthe integration
was started.
Tables8and9summarize thenumber ofdaysfrom thestartof
integration toattaining thelight integralof 100MJm" 2 in
thosehouses.InAmsterdam, when theintegration isstartedon
29August, ittakes 35daystoattain thetotallight integral
of 100MJm~ 2 onthefloor intheN-SandE-Wmultispanhouses,
32daysintheN-Ssingle-spanhouse,and 31daysintheE-W
single-spanhouse.Thus,thetotallightintegralof 100MJm~ 2
isattained fourdaysearlier intheE-W single-span thanin
theN-SandE-Wmultispan houses,andonedayearlier compared
withtheN-Ssingle-spanhouse.Thisgainindaysbecomesthe
largestwhen theintegration isstarted attheendofOctober
inAmsterdam andattheendofNovember inTokyo.On theother
hand, iftheintegration isstartedattheendofJanuaryin
Amsterdam, orattheendofFebruary inTokyo,there isonly
a littleornodifferencebetween thehouses.
Table 10showstheexperimentalresultsofthenumberofdays
fromplanting toattaining 170gheadofalettuceplantin
N-SandE-WmultispanhousesandanE-W single-span (wide-span)
houseatHants (51°N),England (Harnett, 1974).Theexperimental
resultsoflettucegrowthbyHarnett correspond approximately
tooursimulated resultsofthetotallightintegral,therefore,
thetotallightintegral isamajor factorinfluencing the

51
Table 8 Numberofdaysfromthestartofintegrationto
attainingthetotallightintegralof100MJirf2 inAmsterdam
(52°20'N).

Planted Daysfromplantingto (a)-(b) (c)-(d) (b)-(d) (a)-(d)

receivingthelight
quantityof100MJm"2

multispan single- -span

N-S E-W N-S E-W
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Aug 29 35 35 32 31 0 1 4 4
Sept 28 73 59 63 47 14 6 12 26
Oct 29 120 111 112 94 9 18 17 26
Nov 28 90 83 82 64 7 18 19 26
Dec 29 78 72 72 63 6 9 9 15
Jan 29 61 58 58 55 3 3 3 6

TOTALSOLAR LIGHT INTEGRAL (MJ.«T*)

30f>
AMSTERDAM ( 5 2 # 2 0 ' N ) y y/ / ///
* x E-W SINGLE-SPAN .-*' • yy / /t
•-...• N-SSINGLE-SPAN
I- X x E-W MULTISPAN
' N-S MULTISPAN

20C

"*&y -- yy?/•
IOC

•>y

1 S«ot. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. * Oec. I Jan. 1 Ftb. 1 K*r. 1 Apr.

Fig,29 |Totalsolarlightintegralsinthesingle-spanand
multispanhousesinN-SandE-WorientationsinTokyo
(Theintegrationwasstartedattheendofeachmonth)•

52
Table 9 Numberofdaysfromthestartofintegrationto
attainingthetotallightintegralof100MJm~2 inTokyo.
(35°41'N)

Planted Daysfromplantingto (a)-(b) (c)-(d) (b)-(d)(a)-(d)

receivingthelight
quantityof100MJm~2

Multispan Single--span
N-S E-W N-S E-W
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Aug 29 25 26 24 25 -1 -1 1 0
Sept 28 30 30 28 27 0 1 3 3
Oct 29 37 35 36 31 2 5 4 6
Nov 28 42 37 39 33 5 6 4 9
Dec 29 37 34 34 31 3 3 3 6
Jan 29 30 30 28 27 0 1 3 3
Feb 27 27 27 25 25 0 0 2 2

TOTALSOLAR LIGHT INTEGRAL (MJ.»-*)

300
TOKYO ( 3 5 ' 4 r N )
?7 ^77—/ / ' HI ik
X - — X E-W SINGLE-SPAN
. . K - S SINGLE-SPA
» * E-W MULTISPAN
. . N-S KJLTISPAN •'/ / // •/ / «' / * / '•V

200

100

1 Stpt. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. 1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 M»r. 1 Apr.

Fig.30 |Totalsolarlightintegralsinthesingle-spanand
fflultispanhousesinN-SandE-WorientationsinAmsterdam
(TheintegrationwasstartedattheendofAugust,September,
October,andDecember).

53
Table 10 Numberofdaysfromplantingtoattaining 170ghead
ofLettucecultivarDeciminor (Harnett,1975).

Planted Daysfromplantingto (a)-(b) (b)-(d) (a)-(d)

attaining 170ghead

Multispan Single-span
N-S E-W E-W
(a) (b) (d)

Sept25 42 40 37 2 3 5
Sept29 44 41 38 3 3 6
Oct4 51 47 45 4 2 6
Oct9 63 60 60 3 0 3
Oct13 66 56 56 0 0 10
Oct22 66 54 52 8 2 10
Oct27 73 66 61 7 5 12
Oct31 91 82 78 9 4 13
Nov6 90 85 85 5 0 5
Nov11 90 85 80 5 5 10
Nov23 81 78 70 3 8 11
Dec15 71 68 61 3 7 10
Dec31 62 61 56 1 5 6
Jan8 60 58 54 2 4 6
Jan24 52 50 45 2 5 7
Feb8 41 39 38 2 1 3

growthoflettuce.Thelightintegralchangesconsiderably
withthedesignandorientationofthegreenhouse,although
growthcannotbeconsideredtobeproportionaltothetotal
lightintegral.

6.2 Summary of some factors influencing transmissivity

Theresultsofthepresentsimulationstudyindicatequantita-
tivelytheinfluenceofvariousclimaticanddesignfactors
onthetransmissivityofdirectanddiffuselightand,toa
certainextent,onthenetC02-assimilationofacropwithin
thegreenhouse.
Fortheefficientuseofgreenhousesduringthewinter,itis
essentialtoobtainmaximumtransmissivityanduniformityof
solarlight.Siting,orientation,anddesignofgreenhouses
shouldbebasedonthesecriteria.Thefollowingresults
showtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofN-SandE-Whouses,
andaresummerizedinTable11.

54
Thedailyaverageofdirect solarlighttransmissivity inan
E-Whouse is,ingeneral,higher thanthatinaN-Shouse.
Thisphenomenon ismorepronounced
-when theratiooftheheightofsidewallstothewidthof
the spanisgreater thanabout0,5.Thetransmissivity ofan
E-Whousedecreaseswith thenumber of spans,whereasthatof
aN-Shouse isalmost independentofthenumber ofspans
(Fig.24).
-when theratioofthelengthofhouse tothewidthofthe
span isgreater thanabout 5.The transmissivity ofaN-S
housedecreaseswith theincreaseoftheratio,whereasthe
transmissivity ofanE-Whouseislessdependentontheratio
(Fig.26).
- athigher latitudes (Figs 19,20,29,and30).
Thecross-sectional distributionofdaily integrated direct
lightonthefloorinaE-Wmultispanhouseislessuniform
than inaN-Smultispan house.However,foraE-W single-span
houseorforthesoutherly spansofanE-Wmultispanhouse,
thecross-sectionaldistribution onthefloor isasuniform
asinaN-Shouse (Figs25and27).
Thelongitudinalgradientofthedaily integrated direct light
on thefloor isconsiderable inaN-Shousewitharelatively
highpitch,especially athigher latitudes (Kozai, 1977).
Diffusive coveringmaterials increase theuniformity ofthe
lightonthefloor.
Asstatedabove,thereismuchvariation intheaveragetrans-
missivity ofdirect lightwith latitude,although itisnot
showninTable 11.Figures 31and 32illustrate thevariation
intheaverage transmissivity ofboth single-span andmultispan
houseswith latitudeandorientation.The transmissivity ofa
single-spanhouseismoresensitive toorientation thanthat
ofamultispanhouse,especiallyathigher latitudes.These
effectsare,ofcourse,confined tosunnyperiods.Themore
direct light,thegreater theeffects.

6.3 Design factors not discussed in the present study

Sofarwediscussedmainly theinfluencesoforientation,
latitude,timeoftheyear,greenhouse shape (roofslope,length,
width,and thenumberofspansofthehouse)onthelight
environment andthenetC02~assimilationrateofacropwithin
thegreenhouse.However, therearemanyotherdesign factors
influencing thelightenvironment andplantgrowth inthe
greenhouse:
1.Theinfluencesofdiffusivecoveringmaterials (including
transparentmaterialwithcondensedwaterdroplets), corrugated
niaterials,ormaterialsofunusualoptical characteristics

55
 TRANSMISSIVITY OF DIRECT LIGHT (X)

SINGLE-•SPAN HOUSE, 22 DEC.

70
Jojf5^^ • N
15 # N

60
_ 30*N
-

50

^.45;N
-

40 V50*N

30 i„ i 1 I

0° 30* 60* 90*

E-W N-S
HOUSE ORIENTATION HOUSE ORIENTATION

Fig.31IThetransmissivityofthesingle-spanhousefordaily
direct lighton4Februaryand22Decemberasafunctionof
latitudeandorientation.

TRANSMISSIVITY OF DIRECT LIGHT ( t )

70

60

50 -

40 -

30
0* 30° 60 # 90* 0° 30* 60* 90*
N-S E-W N-S
HOUSE ORIENTATION HOUSE ORIENTATION
Fig.32IThetransmissivityofthemultispanhousefordaily
direct lighton4Februaryand22Decemberasafunctionof
latitudeandorientation.

(selectivetransmissionorselective reflectionforradiation)
onthelightenvironmentinthegreenhouse,
2.Thelossoflightduetotheweatheringofcoveringmaterials
(includingthedepositofdirtonthem),

56
Table 11 TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofN-SandE-W
houses.

Number length/ orien- unifor-transmis-notationofthe

ofspanswidth tation mity sivity housegivenbelow

1 20 E-W good veryhighA

3 20 E-W bad veryhighB
5 20 E-W worse high C
20 5 E-W worse hight D

1 20 N-S good low A'

3 20 N-S good low B*
20 5 N-S good medium C•
5 20 N-S good low D'

E-W orientation N-S orientation

A' B' N

B
w

c1

D D'
^•m

57
3.The lossof lightduetotheshadowsofelectric fansand
polytheneducts formechanicalventilation,
4.The influenceofspacinganddimensionsofroofbarsonthe
lightenvironment inthegreenhouse,
5.The lighttransmission intodome-shaped, semi-circular,
mansard-typeandcylindricalgreenhouses.
Theeffectofdiffusive coveringmaterialsonthe lightenviron-
ment inthegreenhousehasbeen studiedbyNisen (1971),Nisen
andDeltour (1971)andBasiauxetal. (1973).The lossoflight
duetotheshadowsofelectric fans forventilationwas studied
byKozai (1977).Healsostudied theeffectofthe spacing
anddimensionsofroofandwallbarsonthe light environment
(Kozai, 1974).Theuseofreflectivemirrortoincreasethe
lightinthegreenhousewasstudiedbyKozaiandSugi (1972).
Thelighttransmission intosemi-circularorotherunconven-
tionalgreenhouseshasbeen studiedbyManbeckandAldrich
(1967)andKirsten (1973).

58
References

Basiaux,P.,J.DeltourandA.Nisen, 1973.Effectofdiffusion
propertiesofgreenhousecoversonlightbalanceinthe
shelters.Agr.Meteorol. 11:357-372.
Bowman,G.E., 1970.Thetransmission ofdiffuse lightbya
slopingroof.J.Agric.Engng.Res.15:100-105.
Deltour,D.andA.Nisen, 1970.Lesverresdiffusantsen
couverturedesserres.Bull.Rech.Agron.,Gembloux,
p. 232-255,NS,V.l.
Edwards,R.I.,1963.Transmissionofsolarradiationbyglass-
houses.Expl.Hort.9: 1-8.
Edwards,R.I.,1964.Transmission ofsolarradiation ina
large-span east-westglasshouse.J.Agric.Engng.Res.
9(3):245-249.
Edwards,R.I.andJ.V. Lake, 1965.Transmissionofsolar
radiation inalarge-span east-westglasshouseII.
J.Agric.Engng.Res.10(2):125-131.
Goudriaan,J., 1977.Cropmicrometeorology:asimulation study.
Pudoc,Wageningen,249pp.
Harnett,R.F., 1974.Theadvantageofeast-westmultispans.
TheGrower,July 13:64-66.
Harnett,R.F., 1975.Studyofglasshouse typeandorientation.
(ActaHorticulture 46-symposium ongreenhousedesignand
environment).Technical communications ofISHS46:
207-215.
Kingham,H.G.andC.V. Smith, 1971.Calculated glasshouse
lighttransmission:theeffectsoforientationofsingle
glasshouse.Experi.Horticulture 22:1-8.
Kirsten,W., 1973.DieNaturlicheEinstrahlung inGewachshauser
inAbhangigkeitvonderenFormund Aufstellungsrichtung
sowiederBeschaffenheitdesHullstoffes.Dissertation,
DerFakultStfurMaschinenwesenderTechnischenUniversitSt
Hannover, 132pp.
Kishida,Y.andY.Sonoyama, 1977.Analysisofsolarradiation
incylindricalvaultedplasticgreenhouses.J.Agric.
Meteor.,Tokyo 32(4): 177-184 (inJapanese).
KNMI, 1972.KlimaatatlasvanNederland.Staatsuitgeverij DenHaag,
Kozai,T.andJ. Sugi, 1972.Studiesonthesolar irradiation
inglasshouses (2).J.Agric.Meteor.,Tokyo 27(3): 105-115
(inJapanese).

59
Kozai,T.,1974.Numericalexperimentsonlighttransmission
intogreenhouses (2). J.Agric.Meteor.,Tokyo29(4):
239-247 (inJapanese).
Kozai,T.,1974.Theoreticalanalysesfortherelationship
betweengreenhousestructuresandlighttransmission.
J.Agric.Meteor.,Tokyo30(2):71-80 (inJapanese).
Kozai,T.,1977.Directsolarlighttransmissionintosingle-
spangreenhouses.Agric.Meteorol. (inpress).
Kozai,T.andM.Kimura,1977.Directsolarlighttransmission
intomultispangreenhouses.Agric.Meteorol.(inpress).
Laar,H.H.vanandF.W.T.PenningdeVries,1972.C02-assimi-
lationlightresponsecurvesofleaves,someexperimental
data.Vers.Inst.biol.scheik.Onderz.LandbGewassen,
62,Wageningen.
Lawrence,W.J.C., 1963.ScienceandtheGlasshouse (3rded.).
OliverandBoyd,London,139pp.
Manbeck,H.B.andR.A.Aldrich, 1967.Analyticaldetermination
ofdirectvisiblesolarenergytransmittedbyrigidplastic
greenhouses.TransactionsoftheASAE,564-567and572.
Mihara,Y.,1973.ClimateControlingreenhouses (inJapanese).
SeibundoShinkoshaCo.,Tokyo,137pp.
Morris,L.G.,1972.Solarradiationingreenhouses:Abrief
review.Isr.J.Agric.Res.22(2):85-97.
NihonKenchikuGattukai (ed.), 1960.KenchikushiryoShyusei2.
(inJapanese).MaruzenCo.,Tokyo,354pp.
Nisen,A.,1962.Calculationofnaturallightforhorticulture
structure (Fr.).ProceedingsofInternationalHorticultural
Congress 16(4):283-289.
Nisen,A., 1971.Lesverresdiffusantsencouverturedes
serres (2).Bull.Rech.Agron.,Gembloux,p.151-181,NS
VI,1.
Nisen,A.andJ.Deltour, 1971.Lesverresdiffusantsen
couverturedesserres (3).Ibid., 182-202,NS,VI,1.
Robinson,N.,1966.Solarradiation.Elsevier,Amsterdam,
347pp.
Ross,J., 1975.Radiativetransferinplantcommunities.
J.L.Monteith (ed.).Vegetationandtheatmosphere,
1:13-52.AcademicPress,London.
S.A.M.J. (TheSocietyoftheAgriculturalMeteorologyofJapan,
ed.), 1975.Aguidetothegreenhousedesign (areport
ofaworkinggroupongreenhousedesign)(inJapanese),99pp.
Smith,C.V.andH.G.Kingham,1971.Acontributiontoglass-
housedesign.Agr.Meteorol.8:447-468.
Stoffers,J.A.,1971.LichtdurchlSssigkeitvonGew&chshSusern
inBlockbauweise.Publ.39,Inst.Tuinbtech.,Wageningen,52
Stone,G.E.,1913.Therelationoflighttogreenhouseculture.
Bull.Mass.Agric.Expl.Station 114:3-40.

60
Takakura,T.,K.A.JordanandL.L.Boyd, 1971.Dynamic simula-
tionofplantgrowthandenvironment inthegreenhouse.
Transactions oftheASAE 15:964-971.
Tooming,H., 1967.Mathematicalmodelofplantphotosynthesis.
Photosynthetica 1:233-240.
Uchijima,Z.,K.InoueandS.Kimura, 1976.Theclimatein
growthchamber (6) t J.Agric.Meteor.,Tokyo 32(3):
117-126 (inJapanese).
Whittle,R.N.andW.J.C.Lawrence, 1959.Theclimatologyof
glasshouse:I.Natural Illumination.J.Agric.Engng.Res.
4:326-340.

61
 AppendixAl-Aprogramforcalculating
thetransmissivityofagreenhouseasa
functionofsolaraltitudeandrelative
solarazimuth

1 0!HENSION YP(99)iZP(99)tBK(5O)tCK(50),DK(5O)iFRQ(lOl)
2 DIMENSION TRAM(50)»DOMYK50)»DOMY2(50)»BKK(50)tDKM50)
3 01MENSION SOOMYl(S0)i5OOMY2(50)iSDQMXi(50)iSOOMX2(50)»SHAD5(50)
4 DIMENSION SMQDY(50)iBCKK(50)iSHADY(50)iSHADX(50)
5 DIMENSION STYP(25)»STZP(25)iSSD0Ml(25)tSSD0M2(25)iSSYP(25)
DIMENSION YPERTR(300)tSPERTR(300)»PERY(300)»STPERT(300)iSTPY(300)
7 DIMENSION Nl(300)tN2(300)i D 0 M X K 3 0 )
8 DIMENSION DSTR(50il01)ilTBL(20»20)
9 IRANDY«584287
10 RI*0 194/2 54
11 READ(5i5000)HLENGT•HLXl»HLX2
12 READ(5»5000)HUY1,HLY2
13 CALL H0USE(KENDiYYW»YPiZP|BKiCKiDKtKBNKTiH5IDEiKSPAN)
14 C
15 C iti(ii»««««fi**«llM«i(ii«i««««««»ff«»ifiiif*iffi««iiif««iiifff«fiii««it«iii«
16 c
17 c GL THICKNESS OF GLASS-PANE
18 c RI EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT FORGLASS
19 c IRANDY INITIAL VALUE OFRANDOM NUMBER
20 c IRAST NUMBER OFRANDOM NUMBERS USED ATEACH TIME STEP
21 c MORE THAN 1000ANDLESS THAN 10000 RANDOM NUMBERS SHOULD
22 c BE USED FORONESPAN OFA MULTISPAN GREENHOUSE
23 c HLENGT LENGTH OFTHEHOUSE (METER)
24 c HLX1 DISTANCE FROM GABLE END (METER)
25 c NLX2 DISTANCE FROM GABLE END (METER)
26 c THE LENGTH OFTHEHOUSE ISHLENGT. CALCULATION
27 c IS PERFORMED FORTHERANGE HLXlTO HLX2.
28 c MLYl DISTANCE FROM A SIDE HALL
29 c MLY2 DISTANCE FROM THESI0E WALL
30 c CALCULATION ISPERFORMED FORTHERANGE HLYl TOHLY2,
31 c
32 c ftftfttttf** ANEXAMPLE OF INPUTDATA
33 c
34 c 10000 (NUMBER OFRANDOM NUMBERSUSED)
35 c 100,0 50.0 75,0 (THELENGTHOFTHEHOUSE IS 100METRES*
36 c BUTTHELIGHT DISTRIBUTION ISCALCUl*T
37 c ONLY INARANGE FROM 50TO 75METRES,
38 c TOCALCULATE FOR THEWHOLE LENGTH,
39 c HLXlANDHLX2SHOULDBE0, AND100,I
40 c RESPECTIVELY),
41 c 16. 24. HLYlANDHLY2 (THESAMEAS INHLXlAif
42 c BUTt INTERMS OFTHEWIDTH OFTHEHOU'
43 WHA8A*YYW#FLOAT(KBNKT)
44 YYY*HHA8A/FL0AT(KSPAN)
45 KDIV»KBNKT/iCSPAN
46 WRJTE(6t6307)HLENGTiHHABAfYYYfKSPANiYYWiKBNXTfHSIDE• KOIV
47 WRJTE(6»6308)HLXlfWLX2iHLYliHLY2
READ(5»5000)AHH,AHW,BHH»BHWtGHH»GHW
49 READ(5f5000)AHHX»AHWX»BHHX»BHWXtGMHXiGHWX
50 READ(5t5000)SAHHiSBHWtSGHM

64
51 READ(5»5000) GL
52 R£AD(5i6305)IRLA5T
53 WRlTE(6»6502)AHHtAHWiBHH»BHWtGHHi6HW
54 WRITE(6.6503)AHHX t AHWX»bHHX,BHWX»GHHXiGHWX
55 WRITE<6i6506)SAHHiSBHW»SGHW
56 WRITE(6t9908)GL
57 WR1TE(6I6306)IRLAST
58 Gl*GL»100,
59 WRITE(6iV904)
60 C
61 C ************************************
62 C
63 C AHH DEPTH OFHORIZONTAL STRUTS FOR ROOF ORSIDEWALL
64 c BHH WIDTH OFHORIZONTAL STRUTS FORROOF ORSIDEWALL
65 c BHW WIDTH OFVERTICAL STRUTSFOR ROOF ANDSIDEWALL
66 c AHW DEPTHOFVERTICAL STRUTSFOR ROOF ORSIDEWALL
67 c GHH LENGTH OFEACHGLASS-PANE FOR ROOF SIDEWALL
63 c GHW WIOTH OFEACHGLASS-PANE FOR ROOF SIDEWALL
69 c AMHX DEPTH OFHORIZONTAL STRUTSFOR GABLE END
70 c AHWX DEPTH OFVERTICAL STRUTS FORGABLEEND
71 c BHHX WIOTH OF HORIZONTAL STRUTS FORGABLE END
72 c BHWX WIDTHOFVERTICAL STRUTS FORGABLEEND
73 c GHHX LENGTH OFEACHGLASS-PANE FOR GABLEEND
74 c GHWX WIOTHOFEACHGLASS-PANE FOR GABLEEND
75 c SAHH DEPTHOF DEEPER ELEHENTSLOCATED ALONG THELENGTHOF
76 c ROOF AND SIDEWALL
77 c SBHW' WIDTHOF OEEPER ELEMENTS LOCATED ALONG THELENGTHOF
78 c ROOF AND SIDE WALL
79 c 5GHW DISTANCE BETWEEN THEDEEPER ELEMENTS
80 c STRYP DISTANCE OFMAIN VERTICAL STRUCTURAL ELMENTS MEASURED
81 c FROM ASIDEWALL
82 c STRZP HEIGHT OFMAIN VERTICAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
83 c FOR AN-SPAN WOUSEi (N-l)CARDSAREREQUIRED.
84 c
85 c KEND NUMBER OFWALLS EXCLUDING GABLEENDS
86 c YYW WIOTH OFONESPAN
87 c KBNKT NUMBER OFSPANS
08 c HHABA WIOTH OF THEHOUSE
89 c B<(K) -SINUA(K))
90 c D<(<) -(BK(K>»Y<K>*CK(K)*Z(K>>
91 c OC(K) COS(RO)
92 c
93 c ***** NORMALIZATION OF HOUSEDIMENSIONS *»**#*#*##»
94 c
95 AH*AMH/YYW
96 AW«AHW/YYW
97 BH«BHH/YYW
98 BW*BHW/YYW
99 GH*GHH/YYW
00 GW»GHW/YYW
01 SMODX=GW*BV
02 SMOOH*GH*BH
03 AHX*AHHX/YYW
04 AWX«AHWX/YYW
,05 BHXsBHHX/YYW
06 BWXsSHWX/YYW
07 GHX*GHHX/YYW
08 GWX«GHWX/YYW
09 SMOOTY«GWX*BWX
10 SMOOTZ«GHX*BHX
11
SAH«SAHH/YYW

65
112 SBHrSBHtf/YYW
113 5GH*SGHW/YYW
114 SHOOS«SGH*SBH
115 SMAH*SAH/2.
116 XLAST=HLENGT/YYW
117 XL1*HLX1/YYW
118 XLAM*HLX2/YYW-XL1
119 YLI*MLY1/YYW
120 YL2sHLY2/YYW
121 1Y2«YL2*0,5
122 YLAM*YL2-YL1
123 IY1*YL1*1.0000001
124 IIsKSPAN-1
125 STRZPsHSIDE
126 DO 1234NSS*1»II
127 STRYP*YYY*FLOAT(NSS>
128 STYP(NSS)*STRYP/YYW
129 STZP(NSS)»STRZP/YYtf
130 1234 CONTINUE
131 00 1080 IQsli20
132 00 1080 11=1.20
133 1TBL(IQ»II)*0
134 1080 CONTINUE
135C
136C
137C SA SIN(AA)
138C CA COS(AA)
139C SH SIN(HH) ;
140 C CH COS(HH) j
141 C AA ANO HH ARE SOLAR AZIMUTH AND SOLAR ALTITUDE RELATIV',
142 C TO THE GLASS WALL
143C ANX ANGLE OF INCIDENCE OF LIGHT TO GLASS
144 C RI EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT FOR GLASS
145 C TRAX TRANSHISSIVITY OF GLASS SHEET
146C
147C DAPE RELATIVE DAILY TOTALS OF LIGHT AT IYY
148C T SPACE AVERAGE OF RELATIVE LIGHT INTENSITY AT TIME T
149C
150 KHH*20
151 KAA*19
152 KK«KHH#KAA
153 LLL*0
154 WRITE(6i5410)
155 DO 300 K*20tKK
156 DO 555 IQsltlOl
157 555 FRO<I9)*0.
158 DO 556 JD=lt50
159 00 556 IQsltlOl
160 556 DSTR(JO,IQ)=0.
161 KKD«(K-1)/KAA
162 IF(KKD.NE.LLL)WRITE(6|9905)
163 LLL*KKD
164 SH«<l,*FLOAT(KKD))/FLOAT(KHH>
165 IF(SH,GE,0.999)SH«0.999
166 CH=SQRT(1,-SH*«2)
167 MMD*MQO(KtKAA)-l
168 IFCMMO.LT.O) MM0*KAA-1
169 PMMOa(90,MFLOATCHMD)/FLOAT(KAA-1)*0.001)»0,0174533
170 SA*SIN(FMWO>
171 CA»COS(FMMD)
172 X5L*CH*SA
66
 Y5L*CH*CA
Z5L*-5H
YOX*YSL/XSL
ZOX«ZSL/XSL
YOZ*YSL/ZSL
ANX*FATAN(X5L>
CALL 6LASS(ANX»RItGLtTRAX)
5TMYL*Y0X*AWX
STMZL*ZOX*AHX
SHADTY«ABS(5TMYL)*BWX
SHADTZ*AB5(STMZL>*BHX
!F(STHYL)45»45i41
455TMY1*0.
STMY2*STMYL
GO TO42
41STMY1*-5TMYL
STMY2*0.
42IF(STHZL)46>46>43
46STHZ1=0.
STMZ2«STMZL
GOTO44
435THZ1*-5TMZL
STMZ2*0.
44NNN*0
DO501 NIIrIYltIY2
501Nl(NII)=10000
0050NOHsltKENO
BKN*BK(NOH>
CKN*CK(NOH>
SAY*AM«CYOZ*CKN-BKN)
SSAYsSAH*SAY/AH
YTL1*-Y0Z*ZP(2*N0M-1>*YP(2*NQH-1>
YTL2=-Y0Z*ZP(2»N0H)*YP(2*N0M)
!F(YTL1.LT.YTL2> GOTO51
IF(SAY.GT,0.)GOTO52
YL!T*YTL2*5AY
YLAG*YTL1
5YLIT*YTL2*5SAY
SYLAG*YTL1
GO TO53
52YLIT*YTL2
YLAGsYTLl^SAY
SYLIT*YTL2
SYLAG*YTL1*5SAY
GO TO53
51 IF(SAY)59t59,54
59 YLITSYTL1*SAY
YLAGsYTL2
SYLITsYTLl^SSAY
SYLAG2YTL2
GO TO53
54YL1T«YTL1
YLAG*YTL2*SAY
SYLIT«YTL1
SYLAG*YTL2*SSAY
53!F(SYL!T-YL2)57t57»50
57 !F(SYLAG-YLl)50»58t58
58NSN*KNN*1
IYI«SYLIT*1,
IYE«SYLAG*1.
IF(IYI.LT.IYI)IYI»1Y1
67
234 !F(IYE.6T,!Y2)JYE*1Y2
235 DO502NlY«IYItIYE
236 N2(NIY)sNNN
237 IF(N2(NIY)-Nl(NIY))503i502t502
238 503N1(NIY)*NNN
239 502CONTINUE
240 C0SANGsYSL*6KN*ZSL*CKN
241 ANG«FATAN(COSANG)
242 CALLGLASS(ANG»RIiGL»TR)
243 DOMYl(NNN)sYL!T
244 TRAH(NNN)sTR
245 00HY2(NNN)«YLAG
246 S00MY1<NNN)*SYLIT
247 SD0MY2(NNN)«SYLAG
248 BKK(NNN)*BKN
249 D<K(NNN)*DK(NOM)
250 SBYaBH#(Y0Z*8KN*CKN)
251 SHQDY(NNN)sAB5(SH00H)#3BY/BH
252 SHA0Y(NNN)*ABS(SAY)*AB5(SBY)
253 8CKK(NNN)«BKN*Y0X*CKN*Z0X
254 SAX«AW/BCKK(NNN)
255 SSAXsSAH/BCKKtNNN)
256 SHADX(NNN)=ABS(5AX)*BW
257 SHADS(NNN)*ABS(SSAX)*SBH
258 IF(SAX>55>55»56
259 55D0MX1(NNN)=SAX
260 SDOMXHNNN)*SSAX
261 SDQHX2(NNN)*XLAST
262 GOTO50
263 56DOHXl(NNN)sQ.
264 SDOMX1(NNN)*0,
265 5DOHX1(NNN>*0,
266 S00HX2(NNN)»XLAST*SSAX
267 50CONTINUE
268 SHADs-SMAH/YOX
269 SSHAD'ABS(SHAO)
270 SSHADS*5SHAD*SBH
271 XRLASTsXLAST*SSHAD
272 NOWiO
273 DO 10NST«liNSS
274 IF(YOZ.LT.O.)GOTO11
275 SYls-Y0Z*STZP<NST)*5TYP(N5T>-SMAH
276 SY2sSTYP<NST)*SMAH
277 60TO12
278 11SY1*STYP(NST)-SMAH
279 SY2*-Y0Z*5TZP<NST)*STYP(NST)*SNAH
280 12IF(SYl-YL2)13il3»10
281 13IF(SY2-YLl)10»14tl4
282 14NOWaNOW^l
283 SSYP(NOW)*STYP(NST)
284 SSDOHl(NOW)sSYl
285 SSDOM2(NOW)*SY2
286 10CONTINUE
287 DO 80 IYY*IY1IIY2
288 SPERTR(IYY)*0.
289 YPERTR(IYY)«0.
290 STPERT(IYY)sO,
291 STPYCIYY)*0.
292 80PERY(IYY)sO.
293
68 1F(XSL>100»100.200
294 200DO60 IRNQH*!,IRLAST
 PERTR*1,
TRWsl,
YI*YLAM«RAND20(IRANDY>*YL1
C
C RAN020 ISTHEFUNCTION SUBPROGRAM WHICH PROOUCES
C UNIFORM RANDUM NUMBER INTHERANGE ZERO TOONE,
C IFTHECOMPUTER SYSTEM YOUAREUSING DOES NOTHAVE
C THEFUNCTION SUBPROGRAM* YOUMUST PREPARE ITYOURSELF,
C
IY«YI*l,0
IDYsYLl
IDY«IY-IDY
IF(IDY,LE.0.OR.IDY.GE.51> WRITEC6»5300> IOY
IFUDY.LE.O) IDY«1
IFCIDY.GE.51) IDY«50
XJ«XLAM#RAND20<IRANDY>*XL1
NCHEK«0
NIi*NHIY)
NI2*N2(IY)
DO 70NN0H=NI1,NI2
IF(YI-SDOMYl(NNOM))70•71•71
71 lF(YI-SDOMY2(NNOM))75t7t>t70
75 XR«XI-<BKK<NNOM)*Yl*DKKCNNOM)>/BCKK<NNOM>
SPOINT«XR-SDOMXl(NNOM)
IF<SP0lNT>72»76»76
76 IF(AMOO(SPOINT»SMOOS)-SHAOS(NNOM)>B6»86i89
09 YPOINT*YI-DOMYl(NNOM>
If(YPOINT)70»78I78
78 IF(YI-OOMY2(NNOM))79t79t70
79 IF(AM0D(YP0INT»SM0DY(NN0M))-SHADY(NN0M))86i86»88
88 XPOINT«XR-DOMXl(NNQM)
IF(AM00(XP0INT,SM00X)-SHADX(NN0M))86t86»85
85 NCHEKaNCHEK^l
PERTR«PERTR»TRAM(NNQM)
. GOTO70
72 IF(TRW-l,)70»21,2l
21 ZR«-ZOX»XI
ZPOiNWR-STMZi
IF(AM00(ZP0INT»SM00TZ)«5HADTZ)82i82»83
83 YR«YI-YOX*XI
YP0INT«YR-STMY1
lF(AM0D(YP0INT,SM00TY)-SHA0TY)82t82fB<»
84 TRWsTRAX
GO TO70
82 TRW*0,
70 CONTINUE
IF(M00(NCHEK»2),EQ,1) TRW*1,
IF(TRW)86t86,23
23 DO20NOS=ltNOW
JF(YI-S5DOMl(NOS))20»24t24
24 IF(YI-SSDOM2(NOS))25»25»20
25 XR«tSSYP<NOS)-YI)/YQX*XI
SPOlNT*XR-SSHAD
IF(SPOINT)20t27»27
27 IF(AM0O(SPOINTiSMODS)-SSHADS)86»86»20
20 CONTINUE
GO TO87
86 PERTR*0,
STPERT(IY)*STPERT(IY)*1.
87 PERTR=PERTR«TRW
IFCPERTR,LT,0,0.OR.PERTH.GT.l.)WRITE(6i999) PERTR
69
356 IQ*PERTR»100.*1.
357 FRQ(IQ)=FRQ(IQ)*1,
358 YPERTR(IY)rYPERTR(IY)*PERTR
359 SPERTR(IY)sSPERTR(lY)*l.
360 05TR(IDYf!Q)»DSTR(lDY.!Q>*l.
361 60 CONTINUE
362 60 TO 201
363 100 00 160 IRNOHsliIRLAST
364 PERTR*1.
365 TRWsl,
366 YI«YLAM#RAND20(JRANDY)*YL1
367 !Y«Y!*1.0
368 IDYsYLl
369 !OY*IY-IDY
370 IFUDY.LE.0.OR.IDY.GE.51)WRITE(6i5300) IDY
371 lF(IDY.LEf0) JDY*1
372 IFUDY.GE.5l) IOY«50
373 XI*XLAM*RAND20(IRANDY)*Xl.l
374 NCHEK*0
375 NI1«N1(IY)
376 NI2*N2(IY>
377 DO 170 NN0H*N!1»NI2
378 IF(YI-SDOMYl(NN(W))l70il7ifl71
379 171 !F(YI-SOOMY2(NNON))l75il75»170
380 175 XR«XI-(BKK(NNGM)*Yl*DKK<NNOM>)/BCKK<NNOM>
381 IF(XR-SD0HX2(NN0M))l77!l77»173
382 177SPOINT»XR-SDOHXl(NNOM>
383 IF<AMOO(5P0INTtSMODS)-SHADS(NNOM>>186i186i189
384 189 YPOINTsYl-DOMYl(NNOM)
385 !F(YPOINT)170»178tl78
386 178 !F<YI-DOHY2(NNQH))179il79tl70
387 179 !F(AH00(YP0INT»SM0DY(NN0M))-SHADY(NN0H))186»186tl88
388 188 XPOINT»XR-DOHXl(NNOH)
389 IF(AM0D(XP0INTtSH0DX)-SHADX(NN0H))186fl86il85
390 185 NCHEK*NCH!K*1
391 PERTR*PERTR*TRAM(NNOM>
392 60 TO J70
393 173 !F(TRW-1,)170»122»122
394 122 2R«Z0X*(XUAST-XI)
395 ZP0INTsZR-STMZ2
396 IF(AH00(ZP0INTfSH00TZ)-5HADTZ)182»182fl83
397 183YR«YI-*YQX*(XLAST-XI)
398 YPOINT*YR"STMY2
399 !F(AH00(YP0INTtSH00TY)-5HADTY)182tl82tl84
400 184 TRW=TRAX
401 60 TO 170
402 182 TRW*0.
403 170 CONTINUE
414 IF(«0D(NCNEK»2).EQ.l) TKW»1.
405 IF(TRW)166»186,123
406 123 00 120 NOS=l,NOW
407 IF(YI-SSDOMKNOS))120ti24fl24
408 124 JF(YI-SSDQM2<N0Sni25tl25il20
409 125 XR«(SSYP(NOS)-YI)/YOX*XI
410 !F(XR-XRLAST)126ti26tl20
411 126 SPOINTaXR-SSNAD
412 IF<AMOO(SPOINTtSMOOS)-SSHADS)186»186tl20
413 120 CONTINUE
414 60 TO 187
415 186 PERTRsO,
416* STPERTC!Y)*STPERT<IY)*1.
70
 187 PERTRsPERTRiTRW
YPERTRdY)*YPERTRdY)*PERTR
IF<PERTR.LT.0.0.OR.PERTR.GT,l.) WRITEC6.999) PERTR
IQ«PERTR*100.*1,
FRQ(IQ)=FRQ(IQ)*1,
SPERTR(IY)«SPERTR(IY)*l.
D5TRdDY»IQ)«DSTRdDY»lQ)*l.
160 CONTINUE
201 TOTYP*0.
00 90 IYY*IYliIY2
TOTYP*TOTYP*YPERTR<IYY)
PERY(IYY)sYPERTR(IYY)/SPERTR(IYY)
STPY(IYY)*5TPERT(IYY)/SPERTR(IYY)
90 CONTINUE
DO 101 IQzltlOl
101 FRQ(IQ)«FRQ(IQ)/FLOAT(IRLAST)
LMD*MMD*1
lTBLd»LMD)*FRQd)«l00,*0,5
Lt«2
DO 1020 IQ=2,101
IF(FRQ(IQ),GE:.0.004) lTBL(LLiLMD)«FRQdQ)*100.*0,5
IF(FRQ(IQ).GE,0.004) jTBKLL+lOilMD)*IQ-1
IF(FRQ(IQ).GE.0,004) LL*LL*1
IF(LL.GE.U) WRITE(6t6600) LL
1020 CONTINUE
IFUMD.NE.KAA) GOTO1060
DO 1030 IQ=1,20
fQQSfQ
IF(IQ.GT.IO) IQQslQQ-10
DO 1040 II«1,KAA
IF(ITBL(IQtII).GT,0)GOTO1050
1040 CONTINUE
GO TO1030
1050 IF(IQ.LT.IO)WRITE(6t6620) SHiJQQ»(ITBLCIQi11>111«1?KAA>
IFdQ.6E.10) WRITE<6»6610> SHiIQQi(ITBL(IQ»11)111*1tKAA)
1030 CONTINUE
00 1161 IQ=1,20
DO 1181 II*liKAA
1181 ITBL(IQ.II)«0
1060 CONTINUE
JIY«IY2-IY1*1
IF(JIY.6E,50) WRITE<6»5500) JIY
300 CONTINUE
999 FORMATdH »6HPEPTR«tF10.4)
5000 FORMAT(BFIO.O)
5300 FORMATdH »4HIDY«II10»5X|15H*****ERROR****»)
5410 FORMATdH ,34X. 52HAZIMUTH OFTHESUN RELATIVE TOTHEHOUSE ORIENT
¥ATI0N/1H ,27X» 91H0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
¥ 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90/)
5500 FORMATdH »4HJIYiI9,5Xi15H»****ERROR****«)
6305 FORMATdlOtFlO.OiUO)
6306 FORMAT(1HO>48HNUMBER OF RANDOM NUMBERS USED AT EACH TIME STEP ?
¥ 110)
6307 FORMATdH »/lH tlSHUNGTH OF HOUSE»F10.3i5X.14HWIDTH OF HOUSEi
¥F10.3/1H dSHWIDTH OF EACH SPANtF10.3i5Xil5HNUMBER OF SPANSiI4/lH
¥ 4HYYW«.F8.2»3Xt6HKBNICT»iI5t3Xt6HHSlDE«iF8,2i3X»5HK0IV»»I5)
6308 FORMATdH0i5HHLXi«tF8,2t3Xt5HHl.X2«tF8,2»3Xi5HHLYl*iF8 l 2f3Xi
¥ 5 H H L Y 2 « I F 8 , 2 I 3 X I 3 9 H S E E COMMENTS IN THE PROGRAM FOR DETAILS)
6502 FORMATdH0»4HAHH*»F7,2i3Xi4HAHW*iF7,2i3Xi4HBHH*iF7,2»3X»4HBHW*i
¥ F7,2i3X»4HGHH«»F7,2i3X»4HGHW»tF7,2)
6503 FORMATdH0.5HAHHX«tF6,2»3Xt5HAHWX«»F6,2t3Xi5HBHHXaiF6,2>3Xi5HBHWX«
71
478 ¥ f F6.2»3X»5HGHHX«»F6,2»3X»5HGHWXsiF6,2/>
479 6506 FORMATdH t5HSAHH*iF6,2t3Xi5HSBHWs.F6,2>3Xi5HSGHWx,F6,2>
480 6600 FORHATdH »3HLL»tI5»15N»**»»ERROR*»»»*>
481 6610 FORHATdH t 7 H S I N ( H ) » » F 7 . 3 f 3 X I 2 H T R I I I »3X> 19J5)
482 6620 FORMATdH t7HSIN(H)» I F 7 . 3 I 3 X . 2 H F R I I I t 3Xt 1915)
483 9904 FORMATdHl)
484 9905 FORMATdH )
485 9908 FORMATdH0»33H THICKNESS OF THE GLASS-PANE s i F 8 , 4 )
486 1STOP
487 END

1C
2 SUBROUTINEGLASS(RtRC»GLtU>
3 REFN«1.526
4 GLP1*SIN<R)K*2
5 GUPsQL/SORTC1,0-6tPl/REFN#*2)
6 A«EXP(-RC*GLP>
7 IFCR.EQ.0.0)GOTO1
8 AB«5IN(R)/REFN
9 AANG*ATAN(AB/SORT<1,0-AB**2>)
10 DOANsR-AANG
11 ADAN=R*AANG
12 Q«C<SiN(DDAN)/SlN(ADAN))**2*(TANCDDAN>/TAN<ADAN>>**2)/2.0
13 GOTO2
14 1Q»d.-REFN)**2/d,*REFN>*#2
15 2TU*d.-Q)**2*A
16 TL»d,0-Q#*2»A»«2>
17 U«TU/TL
18 RETURN
19 END

1C
2 FUNCTION FATAN(X)
3 S|NAzSQRTd«-Xtf«2)
4 FATAN«ATAN(SINA/X)
5 RETURN
6 ENO

1C
2 FUNCTION TAN(X)
3 TAN*SIN(X)/C0S(X)
4 RETURN
5 ENO
6
7 SUBROUTINE HOUSE(K»YYW|YPiZPtiiCtDtKBNKTiHSIDEiKSPAN>
8 DIMENSION B(50)>C(50)>0(50>»Y(99)»Z(99>»YP(99)iZP(99)
9C
10C *§««#tftf#*ft#tt*ftM«#«tfift«tftf*»««tf«*tf*««§#«««*
11C
12C R WIDTHOFEACHMALL
13C AA SLOPEOFEACHWALL (OEGREES) (ASSUME E-W MULTISPAN)
14C THEANGLE ISMEASUREO COUNTERCLOCKWISE.
15C FOR SOUTHSIDEWALLt AA-90.
16C FOR NORTHSIDEWALL.AA«-90.
17C FORSOUTHFACING ROOFi AA»20t FOR EXAMPLE,
72
C FDR NORTH FACING RQOFi AA*-20,i FOR EXAMPLE.
C FOR A N-SPAN HOUSE* 2*N*2 INPUT CARDS ARE NEEDED,
C THE VALUES OF R AND AA FOR EACH ROOF OR SIDE WALL
C SHOULD BE PUNCHED ON A SEPARATE CARD,
C DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENTS BCK)tC(K)t AND D(K> FOR EACH WAL
C
C PLANE EQUATION A*X*B(K)«Y*C(K)*Z«D(K)sO.
C
C WHEREi A=Q. FOR ALC SIDE WALLS AND ROOFS.
C K NUMBER OF WALLS WITH A«0.
C KBNKT NUMBER OF DIVISIONS
C KSPAN NUMBER OF SPANS
C YYY WIDTH OF ONE SPAN
C YYW WIDTH OF ONE DIVISION
C
C ftfttfft*tftf*ttttKftttttfftttftttt««tftt**tf**fttt**tt»ttttftft
C
C
Y1«0.
Z1*0.
READ(5t5102> KSPANtKD!V»HS!DE
KBNKTsKDlV*KSPAN
KK«2*KSPAN*2
REAO(5t5101) RR»AAA
WRITE(6»5104) RRiAAA
DO 30 K=1»KK
AA«AAA
RxRR
IFU.EQ.l.OR.K.EQ.KK) R'HSIDE
IF(K.EQ.l) AA«90.
IF(K.EQ.KK) AAs-90.
IF(K.NE,l,AN0,M0D(Kt2)iE0.l) AA«-AAA
AN«AA»0.0174533
C(K)sCOS(AN)
M«2#K-1
B(K)s-SINCAN)
N*2*K
Y(M)«Yl
Y(N)«Y(M)*C(K)»R
Z<M)*Z1
Z(N)*Z<M>-B(K)*R
D<K>*-B(K)*Y(N>-C(K)*Z(N>
Y1«Y(N)
21«Z(N)
30 CONTINUE
YYW«Y1/FL0AT(KBNKT)
K«KK
00 10 I*ltKK
M*2*I-1
N»2«I
YP(M)«Y(M)/YYW
YP(N)«Y(N)/YYW
ZP(M)«Z(M)/YYW
ZP(N)*Z(N)/YYW
D(I)=D(I)/YYW
5101 FORMAT(2F10,0)
10 CONTINUE
5102 FORMAT(2I5iF10.0)
5104 F 0 R M A T ( 1 H 1 I 1 4 H W I D T H OF ROOF*iF9,2i3X*11HROOF SL0PE«»F9,2)
RETURN
END
73
AppendixA2-Aprogramforcalculating
diurnal'coursesofdirectanddiffuse
lightinagreenhouseandtheirdaily
integrals

1 DIMEN5I0N LA(13)tTSL(l3)tX(2527)
2 DATA LA/0,31,59,90.120.151,181i212*243,273,304,334i365/
3 !l«2527
4 11=1805
5 REAO(5i5000)RFSLP»TRD!F
6 REAO(5ill00)(X(I),I«l,!I)
7 REAO(5i5000)G
8 RH«l./G
9 WRITE(6il250> RFSLPfTRDlF
10 WRITE<6»1300> (X(I),I«1»11)
11 WRJTE(6.9902)G
12 555 READ<5»5005) (TSL<I)»I»l»12)
13 WRITE(6,1000)
14 WRITE(6,5007)
15 WRITE<6»5006> (IfTSL(I)tl«ltl2)
16 TSL1*(TSL(1)•TSl(12))/2.
17 TSLU3)«TSL1
18 00 5100 1=2,12
19 5100 T5LU>*<TSL<I-l>*TSL(I)>/2.
20 TSl(l)*T5ll
21 5 REAO(5»5200)PHA1.0RITtMltM2»M3»M4,HINT
22 FMJ*MINT
23 IFtPHAl.LE.O.)60 TO 555
24 !F(PHA1.6E.100,)STOP
25 WRJTE(6,1000)
26 YTT*0.
27 YTD«0.
28 AT!*0.
29 ATT»0,
30 TATRTsO,
31 LD12sLA(Ml)*H2
32 LD34«LA(M3)*M4
33 IF(LD12.GT.LD34> L034»L034«-365
34 98 CONTINUE
35 IQ!*0
36 !F(YTT,LE,0.) IQI'l
37 1F<(LD12*NINT).GE,LD34) 1QI*1
38 |F(L012,GT.LD34)GO TO b
39 LD«L012
40 !F(LD.GTt365> LD»LD-36S
41 WR!TE(6,6200)PHA1
42 PHAI»PHA1*0,0174533
43 CALL F0RDAY(L0»0E|.TA»E0TiW)
44 CALL FORTIM(PHAI,DELTA|KK,RH,TAU>
45 CALL R A D I U S ( W I R S )
46 TTAU«12.-TAU
47 MM«L0
48 WRITE(6,6302)ORIT
49 WR!TE(6,6202) TTAg
50 MXM*12,*FL0AT(HH)/366,*lt

74
51 FXM*HM-LA(MXM)
52 FYM«LA(MXM*1)-LA(MXM)
53 ADT*TSLCMXM)*<TSL<MXM*i)-TSL<MXM))*FXM/FYM
54 AT!«RECT(ATliADTfFMIi!OI>
55 DO94HO«ltl2
56 MD«LD-LA(MO*l)
57 IF(MD)96,96,94
58 94CONTINUE
59 96MO«LD-LA(MO)
60
61 WRITE(6i6201)MOtMDiMM
62 LD12*LD12*MINT
63 LO»LD*MINT
64 IFUD.GT.365)LD«LD-363
65 DRO«0,
66 DAVTYP«0,
67 TTOTAL«0,
DFOsO,
69 TDIFsO,
70 C RH«1./G
71 C PHAI LATITUDE OFTHEPLACE (DEGREES)
72 C HO HONTH
73 C MD DAY
74 C ORIT HOUSEORIENTATION
75 C DELTA DECLINATION OFTHESUN
76 C EOT EQUATION OFTlHEDIFFERENCE
77 C TAU SUNRISE TINE (HOUR)
78 C KK NUMBER OFTIMESTEPSFOR AWHOLEDAY
79 C RH INVERSE OFTIME INTERVAL
80 C KK *TAU »2»RH
81 C TA TIMEANGLE
82 c OAVTYP SPACEAVERAGE OFRELATIVE DAJLYTOTALSOFLIGHT INSIDE
83 c DRO DAILYTOTALSOFLIGHTOUTSIDE
84 c DRP LIGHT INTENSITY OUTSIDE ATTIMET
85 c
.86 DO300K=1,KK
87 JQJs0
68 IFCK.EQ.l.OR.K.EO.KK)JOJ«l
89 PK*K-KK/2-l
90 TA«FK*G
91 TJME*TA*12,
92 TA»TA*15,*0.0174533
93 IFUA.EQ.O.)TA»0,0000001
94 CALL ALTITH(PHAItDELTAiTA|SA,CA»SH,CHtORITtHHfAA)
95 AB'AA
96 IF(AA.LT,0.)AA«-AA
97 IF(AAtGT,180)AA«360.-AA
98 IF(AAVGT,90.) AA«180.-AA
99 FRDIF«AFGENI(HH)
100 TRATM«EXP(-0.1/AMAX1(0,05iSH))
101 DIF0V*116,*SH#TRATM
102 DSH«580,#SH#FRDIFtlTRATM
103 DRP*580.*SH#(1.-FRDIF)*TRATM
104 WRITE(6,5103) KITJMEIDRP»DSH,DIFOV»HH|AAIAB
105 IF(SH,LT.0.075)GOTO1200
106 I«20.*(SH-0.025)*0,0001
107 J»0,2M(AA*7,5)
108 IF(11,EQ,2527)GOTO800
109 TsAV(JtliX)
110 800 GO TO 1200
111 T*AT(J,I,X)

75
 1200 CONTINUE
TRDsTRDIF#D5H
CAD»T*DRP
CAT*CAD*TRD
TRT«CAT/(DSH*DRP)
WRJTE(6i6303) T»CADtCATiTRT
GG«3600.*G
DFO=RECT(DFO,DSH,GG,JQJ)
ORO»RECT(DRO»DRP»GG»JQJ)
TDIF*RECT(TDIFtDIF0V»6GiJQJ)
DAVTYPaRECT(DAVTYPiCAOiGGiJQJ)
TTOTAL«RECT(TTOTAL»CATiGGtJQJ>
300 CONTINUE
WRITE(6»6500)
DDO«DRO*DFO
FOV*(ODO-ADT)/(DDD-TDIF)
BTRT=DAVTYP*(l.-FOV>
ABC*TDIF*FOV*DFO*d,-FOV)
RDL«ABC/ADT
YTO»RECT(YTDiDRO.FMIiIQI)
YTT«RECT(YTT»DOOtFMI,IQI)
ATT»RECT(ATTtTOIFtFMIflQI)
DAVTYP»OAVTYP/DRQ
ATRTrTTOTAL*(l.-FQV)*FOV*TRDIF»TDIF
TATRT"RECT(TATRT»ATRT»FMI»IQI)
TBTRT*RECT(TBTRTiBTRT»FMi•IQI>
DAB*ATRT/ADT
TTOTAL=TTOTAL/DDD
C
C OAVTYP RELATIVE DAILY INTEGRAL OF DIRECT LIGHT (SPACE AVERAGE
C OVER A WHOLE FLOOR
C
WRITE(6t9906)DAVTYPtTTOTALiATRTtFQVfRDL !
WRITE(6»9909)DROtDFO»DDDiTDIF»ADT
WRJTE(6»9910)YTDtYTTtATTiATItTATRT
WRITE(6»9911) DAB
GO TO 98 !
1000 FORMATdHl) !
1100 FORMAT(6X»19F3.0>
1250 FORHAT(12H0ROOF S L 0 P E « I F 9 , 2 I 5 X I 6 H T R D I F S i F 9 , 2 / / )
1300 FORMATdH t l 9 F 6 . 2 )
5000 FORMAT(8F10,0)
5005 F0RMAT(8F10,2)
5006 FORMATdH t J 1 0 t E 1 5 , 6 )
5007 FORMATdH t 5Xi5HM0NTH»3X t UHTOTAL LIGHT)
5103 FORMATdH »2HK«, I 3 t 2 X i 3 H T I M E s » F 6 , 2 , 2 X | 4 H D R P s i F 7 , 0 I 2 X I 4 H D S H S I
*F7,0t3Xt6H0IF0VstF8,0t3Xi3HHH«iF5,lt3X»3HAAs,F6,li3Xf3HAB«iF6,l)
5200 F O R M A T ( 2 F 1 0 , 0 I 5 I 5 > ?
6200 FORHAT(1HO»46HLATITUDE OF THE PLACE WHERE THE HOUSE IS B U I L T t F 1 5 , '
¥) '
6201 FORHATdH tSHDATE t5X>6HMQNTH«>I4,3Xt4HDAY*»I4t3Xi3HL0a>14)
6302 FORMATdH il7HH0USE O R I E N T A T I O N i F l O , 1 I 3 X I 9 H ( D E G R E E 5 ) )
6202 FORMATdH t 46HTHE TIME THE SUN RISES ABOVE THE HORIZON ( H R , ) , j
¥F10,5)
6303 FORMATdH t14HSPACE AVERAGEs»F8 l 3i3X.4HCAD*,E13.5t3Xt4HCATsiE13 f §<
¥3X|4HTRT«,E12,4)
6500 FORMATdH tl4HDAILY AVERAGES)
9902 FORMAT(lH0t20HTIME INTERVAL ( H O U R ) f F 1 0 . 2 / )
9906 FORMATdH ,7HDAVTYP*tE12,4»3X»7HTT0TAL s iE12.4|3Xi5HATRT= iE12.4»3X»
¥4HF0VstEl2.4,3Xi4HR0L*iE12,4)
9909 FORMATdH i4HDRO* » E l 2 , 4 » 3 X t 4 H 0 F 0 * • E l 2 , 4 t 3 X | 4 H D D D « i E l 2 , 4 t 3 X i
 ¥5HTDIFs»El2.4i3X»4HADT«»E12.4)
9910 PORMATUH I 4 H Y T D « | E 1 2 , 4 . 3 X I 4 H Y T T « t E i 2 , 4 i 3 X | 4 H A T T « » E l 2 . 4 » 3 X | 4 H A T I s f
¥E12,4I3XI6NTATRT*IE12,4)
9 9 U F0RMATC1H »4H0AB»|E12,4/)
END

1C
2 SUBROUTINEFORDAY(LDiOELTA,EOT|W>
3 W»2,*3,141592*FL0AT(L0)/366.
4 DELTA*0.3622133-23.24763*C0S{W*0,153231)-0,3368908*COS(2,*W*
5 10,2070988)-0.1852646*C0SC3,*W*0.6201293)
6 OELTA*DELTA#0,0174533
7 EOT«-0,0002786409*0,1227715*C0S(W*1,49831l)-0,1654575#C0S<2.*W«
8 11,261546)-0,00535383»CQS(3.»W-1,1571)
9 RETURN
10 ENO

1C
2 SUBROUTINE FORTIMCPHAJ|DELTAiKK»RH»TAU)
3 TAU*-TAN(PHAI)*TAN(DELTA)
4 TUAsSQRT(l,-TAU«»2)
5 TAU«ATAN2(TUA»TAU)
6 TAU»TAU*180./3.141592/15,
7 KK«TAU*2,*RH
8 IF(M00(KKi2),NE,l)KK«KK-1
9 RETURN
10 ENO

.1C
2 SUBROUTINE RAOIUS(W»RS)
3 DIMENSION A(ll)
4 DATAA/-105.06i2.958t-0.194»0.983i-0.333i-l,131i0,972il.207»-0,08|
5 ¥-0,53ii-0,6l3/
6 RS«6.2776/2,
7 DO 10I*ltll
8 RS«RS/3,141592
9 10RS«RS*0,0001*AC1)#COS(FLOAT(I)*W)
10 RETURN
11 END

1C
2 SUBROUTINE ALTITHtPHAJ|DELTAtT,SlNAAiCOSAA|SlNHHiCOSHH»0,HHH»AAA)
3 SINHH«SIN(PHAI)USJN<DELTA)*CQS(PHAI)*COS(DELTA)*COS(T)
4 WH«ATAN(SINHH/SiRT<l.-SlNWH*#2))
5 COSHH«COS(HH)
6 SJNAA«COS(DELTA)*51N<T)/COSHH
7 C0SAA«(SINNN#SIN(PMAI)-SIN(DELTA))/(COSHN#COS(PHAI))
8 AA«ATAN2(SINAAiCOSAA)*0#0,0174533
9 SINAAsSIN(AA)
10 CQSAA«C05(AA)
11 HNH«MH*180./3,141592
12 AAA«AA*180./3,141592
13 RETURN
14 END
77
1c
2 FUNCTION APGENKHH)
3 IFCHH.tE.S.)APGENI*1.0
4 IP(HH,GT,5.,AND.HH.LE,1!>.) AFGENi»l,-0,Q6*{HM-5,)
5 IP<HH,GT,15..AND.HH,LE,25,> AFGENJ«0.4-0,01*<HH-15,)
6 IF(HH,GT,25,> AFGENI«0i3-0.05*(HH*25.)/65,
7 RETURN
8 ENO

XC
2 FUNCTION TAN(X)
3 TAN*SIN(X)/COS(X)
4 RETURN
5 ENO

1C
2 FUNCTION AV(JtliX)
3 DIMENSION X(2527)
4 K*J*95H(I"1)
5 AV«X<K*19>*X<K*57)*X<K*38)*X<K*76)
6 SUMF«X<K)*X(K*19)*X(K*38>
7 IPCSUMP.LT.,985,OR.SUMP,GT,1.15) WRITE<6|880> JtliSUMP
g 880 FORMAK30H SUM OF FRACTIONS NE 1 IN Jt1*|2I4|F10,2)
9 RETURN
10 ENO
1C
2 FUNCTION AT(JtltX)
3 OJHENSION X(2527)
4 K*J+133*(I"l)
3 AT*X(K*19>*X<K*76>*X<K*38>*X<K*95)*X<K*57>*X(K*il4)
6 SUMF=X(K)*X(K*19)*X(K*38)^X(K*57>
7 IF<SUMP,LT..985.0R.5UMP.GT,1.15> WRITE(i|880> J I I I S U M F
8 880 FORMAK30H SUM OF FRACTIONS NE 1 IN JtJ*t2l4tP10,2)
9 RETURN
10 ENO
1C
2 FUNCTION RECT(Y»X|H t K)
3 Z«X
4 IF(K.EQ.l) Z»0.5*X
3 R|CT«Y*2*M
6 RETURN
7 INO

78
AppendixA3-Aprogramforcalculating
thetransmissivityofagreenhousefor
thediffuselight

1 DIMENSION X(2527)
2 11«1805
3 11*2527
4 1READ(5t700>RFSLP
5 1F(RFSLP,LE.0,> STOP
6 READ(5i800> (X(K)»K«1111)
7 WRITE(6t850> (X(K)»<«1111)
8 TRDIF*Ot
9 DO2M*2»20
10 !»M-1
11 $UM«0,5#AV(1»IIXIII)
12 DO4L«2»18
13 J«U
14 4 SUM«SUMoAV(JtliX»II)
15 SUM*SUM*0f5*AV<19i1»X111)
16 5UM*SUM*0,0025*FLOAT<2*M>/18.
17 IF(M.EQ.20> SUM«0,5*SUM
18 TROIF*TRDIF*SUM
19 WRITE(6»950) M,SUM>TRDIF
20 2 CONTINUE
21 WRITE(6fl000> RFSl,PiTR0lF
22 SO TO1
23 700 FQRMAT(FIO.O)
24 800 FORMAT(6Xil9F3.0)
25 850FORMATUH tl9F6,2)
26 950FORMATUH ,2HM*iI3.3X)4HSUMs,F8l3i5X»6HTR0IF»tF8,3>
27 1000FORMATClHOtllHROOF SL0PE»»F6.1?5X f 6HTRDIFi f F9.3/1H1)
28 END

1C
2 FUNCTION AVCJfliXiU)
3 DIMENSION X(2527)
* IFUI.EQ.2527)60TO 10
5 K«J*95*(I-1)
J AV«X(K*19>*X<K*57)*X(K*38)*X<K*76>
7 SUMFsX<K)*X(K*19)*X<K*38)
8 IF(SUMF,LT.,985,0R.5UMF,GT.1.15> WRIT£(6i880> JtliSUMF
9 RETURN
10 10K«J*133*<1-1)
11 AV«X<K*19)«XU*76>*X<K*38)*XCK*95)*XOC*57>»X<K*114>
12 SUMF8X(K)*X(K*19)*X(K*38)*X(K*57)
13 iF(SUMF.LT..985.QR,SUMF.GT.1.15> WRITE<6|880> Jtl.SUMF
14 880FORMATION SUMOF FRACTIONS NE1INJFI:|2I4.F10,2)
15 RETURN
16 END

79
AppendixA4-Aprogramforthecalcula-
tionofnetassimilationofcarbon
dioxideinagreenhouse

TITLE PHOTOSYNTHESIS INGLRSSHOUSE

/ DIMENSION XU805>
FIXED IfJ>k>NUMLL
METHODPECT
TIMER FINTIM=86400.,PRDEL=21600.*DELT*300.
PRRRM STRRT=0.
PRINT LTCfLT0»fiSC>HS0»RS4?CPC>CP0>LHC»LH0»SHC>SHa«.DCPC>DCP0> ...
DRSC>DRSO»DRS4>FR19FR2>FR3*TR 9TP2»TR3*SNHSS.RRZ>HOUR
MRCRO EHLfSHL9TL»NPHOT=TRPH0/1S«NIR»TR.RR>SLOPE*DRYP)
PROCEDUPRL
RBSPRD=VIS+NIR
RMRX=RMRX1<0.001>RFGEN<RMTB>TR>)
DPLO=0.1*RMRX
NPHOTa<RMRX+DPLO)•C1.-EXP<-VIS*EFF/RMRX>>-DPLO
C02DPP=*EC02C-RR*1.3*NPHOT•<£.&.4
SRESL*<C020PP-RC02I>*68.4/<RMRX1<!.0019NPHOT)•1.66)
IFCSRESL.GT.SRW> GO TO700
SRESL=SRW
NPHOT=RMINl(NPHOT?6 8 . 4 ^ <ECD2C-RC02I>•<l.66*SPW+1.3*RR>>
700 CONTINUE
SRES=RESCW^SRESL/<SRESL+RESCW>
ENP=0.3*NPHOT
EHL=(SLDPE*<RBSRRD-ENP>•DRYP)•<<PR*0.93+SRES)/RR*PSCH+SLQPE>
SHL=RBSRRD-EHL-ENP
TL^TR+SHL^RR/RHOCP
ENBMRC
PRRRM SRM*=130.
PRRRM EC02C=330.
PRRRM LRI*0.5
PRRRM DLONG*0.
FUNCTION RMTB=0.90.001910. 910.>20.>40.930.>40.
PRRRM RC02I=210.
PRRRM EFF*0.48»RESCW=2000.
PRRRM SCV=0.2»SCN=0.85
PRRRM MIDTH =0.05
INITIRL
NOSORT
NUMLL=LRI+1.
DL*LRI/NUMLL
ZISSN*0.1
QNI=SG»RT<1.-SCN>
SGSC«SG»RT<1.-SCV>
REFNI = a . - S O N I > / < l . + S Q N I >
PEFLOV=<1 . - S Q S O • < 1 . • S Q S O
RDRV*PEFLOV
RDFV«REFLQV
RDRN«REFNI
RDFN^REFNI
PRRRM P I = 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 2*SIGMR=5.668E-8 9RRD=1.745^2QE-2
KBL=0.7

80
 K.DFV=0.95*KBL*SGSC+0.035
KDFN=0.95*KBL*SQNI+0.035
XNDF=EXP<-KDFN •DL)
XVDF=EXP<-KDFV*DL)
XL=EXP<-KBL*DL)
PARAM LAT=52.
SNLT=SIN<2.•PI*LAT/360.>
CSLT=COS<2.•PI*LRT/360.)
I-CON ISW=0.
IFUSW.GT.0.5)GDTD60
ISM=1.
READ<5«800)<X<K)»K=1>1805)
800 FORMAT<6X«19F3.2)
60CONTINUE
DYNAMIC
HOUR=AMOD<TIME/3600.+START>24.)
• CALCULATION DF SUN ALTITUDE
SNHSS=SNLT*SIN<RAD*DEC)+CSLT*CDS<RAD*DEC)*COS<RAD*15.•(HOUR+12....
-DLDNG))
SNHS=AMAX1<0.» SNHSS)
FLIS=180.*ATANCSNHS/SQRT<1.-SNHS*SNHS>>^PI
KDR=0.5/AMAX1<0.1>SNHSS>
KDRV=0.95*KDR*SOSC+0.035
KDRN=0.95«*DR*SQNl+0 . 0 3 5
DEC=-23.4*CQS(2.•PI/365.•<DAY+10.))
PARAM VPA=10.
TA*INTGRL <10.» <TAE-TA>/3600.>
TAE=INSWcSNHSS»10.>20.)
VPD=SVPA-VPA
SVPA=6.11#EXP<17.4*TA/(TA+239.))
SL0PE=17.4*SVPA/<TA+239.)•<1.-TA/(TA+239.)>
PARAM RHOCP=1240.>PSCH=0.67
PARAM MIND=.2
RA=185.•SORT(WIDTH/WIND)•O.S
DRYP=VPD*RHOCP/'PA
PARAM TR1=0.>TRDIF=0.6
••• 1MEANS SHADED BYSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
••2MEANS LOWER TRASNMISSIVITY
••3MEANS HIGHER TRANSMISSIVITY
••4 MEANS THAT TRANSMISSIVITIES ARE AVERAGED
SA2=C0S(RAD*DEC>•SIN<RAD*15.•<H0UR*12.-DLDNG))/SORT<l.-SNHSS^SNHSS)
AZ=(180./PI)•ATAMCSAZ/SORT<1.-SAZ^SAZ))
PARAM AZGH=0.
• THEAZIMUTG AZGH ISMEASURED ALONG THEGUTTERSWITHRESPECT TOTHESOU
TH
•• TURNING TOTHW WEST ISPOSITIVE
RAZ=ABS<AMOD<ABS<AZ-AZGH)»180.)-90.)
PROCEDURE FR1»FR2>FR3?TR2»TR3=GLASH<SNHS»RAZ)
I=20.*(AMAX1 (.075?SNHS)-0.025)
J=0.2^CABSCRAZ)+7.5)
K=J+95^<I-1)
FR1»X<K)
FR2*=XO<+19)
FR3=X<K+38)
TR2=X0057)
TR3=XCK+76)
ENDPRO
*
TR4=SUMX<FR'1•3'»TR'13')
FRDIF=AFGEN<FRDIFT>FLIS>
81
FUNCTIONFRDIFT«0.»1.»5.*1.»15.*0.4*25.*0.3*90.*0.25
TRRTn^EXPOO.l/RHRXl<0.05*SNHSS>>
DIF0V»116.^SNHS«TRRTM
DIFCL-580.•SNHS^FRDIF^TRRTM
SUNDCL-580.•SNHS^<1.-FRDIF>•TRRTM
FVDR'1*4'*<1.-RDRV>•SUNDCL^TR'1*4'•d .-XVI»R>/DL
FNDR'1*4'*<l.-RPRN)•SUNDCL^TR^194'*<1.-XNDR)/PL
VDIR'l*4'*<l.-SCV>^SUNDCL*TR'l»4'*a.-XD>/'BL
NDIR'l*4'»a.-SCN>*SUNDCL*TR'l»4'*<l.-XD>/'DL
VISDF*<1.-RDFV>^DIFCL^<1.-XVDF>/DL^TRDIF
NIRDF«<1.-RDFN>*DIFCL*<l.-XNI»F>/DL^TRDIF
VISDFO-VISDF^DIFOV/<DIFCL+NOT<DIFCL>>
NIRDFO*NIRDF^DIFOV/<DIFCL+NOT<DIFCL>> •0.7
VISF'1*4'«VISDF*FVDR'1»4'-VDIR'1*4'
NIRF'1*4'=NIRBF+FNDR'1*4'-NDIR'1*4'
VPER'194'*<1.-SCV)•SUNDCL^TR'1*4''SNHSS
NPER'194'*<1.-SCN)•SUNDCL^TR'1*4'/SNHSS
FSR«<1.-XD>s<DL*KDR>
PHOT'1*4'=0.
SHLL'1»4'«0.
LHLL'1*4'«0.
LT'1*4'«0.
LTO-0.
RSO»0.
SHO-0.
LHO*0.

XD-EXP<-kDR*PL>
XNDR«EXP<-KPRN*DL>
XVDR»£XP<-KI»RV*DL>
NOSORT
IFCSNHSS.LT.O.J 6 0 TO 100
DO 154I*1*NUHLL
DO260SN»1>10
SNINC—0.05+0.1*SN
VIS'1*4'«VISF'1»4'+VPER'1*4'*SNINC
NIR'1*4'*NIRF'1*4'*NPER'1*4'*SNINC
LH'1*4'*SH'1*4'»LTS'1»4'*PH'1»4'»TRPH<VIS'1*4'*NIR'1*4'*TR*RR.
9SLOPE*DRYP>
SHLL'194'«SHLL'1>4'+ZISSN*SH'1*4'*FSR
LHLL'lf4'«LHLL'l*4'+ZISSN#LH'l*4'*FSR
PHOT'1»4'«PH0T'194'+ZISSN*PH'194'#FSR
LT'1»4'*LT'1*4'*LTS'1*4'#FSR*ZISSN
260CONTINUE
LH5*SH5*LT5*PH5-TRPH(VISBFO*NIRDFO*TR*RR*SLOPE*I»RYP>
LH0-LH0+LH5
SH0-SH0+SH5
RS0*RS0+PH5
LT0«LT0*LT5
LH'l*4'*SH'l*4'*LTS'l*4'*PH'l»4/sTRPH<VISF'l»4'»NIRF'l*4'*TR*.
RR*SLOPE*PRYP)
SHLL'194'*SHLL'1*4' +<1.-FSR>*SH'1>4'
LHLL'194'»LHLL'1*4'+(1.-FSR)*LH'1*4'
PHQT'1»4'»PH0T'1»4'+<1.-FSR>*PH'1*4'
LT'1»4'«LT'1*4'-K1.-FSR>*LTS'1*4'
FSRSFSR*XD
VISBF*VISDF*XVDF
NIRDF«NIRDF*XNBF
VISDFO-VISDFO^XVDF
NIRDFO«NIRDFO^XNDF
FVW19 4'«FVDR'1»4'*XVDR
32
 FNDR'1> 4'*FNDR'1»4'-*XNDR
VDIR'1»4'*VDIR'1»4'<*XD
NDIR'1>4'=NDIR'1>4'*XD
VISF'1»4'*VISDF+FVDR'1>4'-VDIR'1<.4'
NIRF'1>4'*NIRDF*FNDR'1>4'-NDIR'1»4'
154 CONTINUE
SHLL'1>4 ' * S H L L ' 1 > 4'<*DL
LHLL'1>4'=LHLL'1»4'*DL
PH0T'1>4'*PH0T'1>4'*DL
LT'1>4'=LT'1»4'/NUMLL
LHO*LHO*DL
SHO=SHO*DL
RSD»RSO*DL
LTO^LTO'NUMLL
LTOSUMX<FR'1> 3 " • L T ' 1 > 3 ' >
RSC » S U M X < F R ' 1 9 3 ' > P H D T ' 1 • 3 ' )
SHC =SUMX<FR' 1 >3 ' > SIILL' 1 » 3 ' )
LHC «SUMX<FR'1>3 ' » L H L L ' 1>3 ' )
RS4»PH0T4
CRC*2.*<SUNDCL*DIFCL>
CR0«1.7*DIF0V
GD TO 101
100 RSC=-0.1*RFGEN<RMTB>TR>*LRI
RS4«RSC
RSD»RSC
SHC-0.
LHC=0.
CRC«0.
CRO»0.
101 CONTINUE
DCRC*INTGRL<0. »CRC)
DCRO*INT6RL<0.<»CRO>
DRSC=INTGRL<0.>RSC/3600.)
DRSO=INTGRL<0.»RSO/3600.>
DRS4=INTGRLCO.*RS4/3600.)
PRRRM DRY«<-10.»20*10.)
END

ROOFSLOPEIS15DEGREES
DRTR
30.45.46.46.54.65.70.77.70.78.77.74.69.68.70.74.79.84.86
65.53.54.54.02.04.06.06.07.02.01.26.31.32.30.26.21.01.14
05.02.00.00.43.31.25.17.23.20.23.00.00.00.00.00.00.15.00
69.69.68.68.16.15.13.11.09.07.05.54.51.48.44.39.35.18.24
89.89.00.00.67.66.65.63.62.59.57.00.00.00.00.00.00.30.00
44.57.56.60.61.61.57.61.58.58.57.54.55.62.66.70.70.68.65
17.10.09.05.06.03.02.01.41.42.43.46.45.38.34.02.04.09.35
39.34.35.34.33.36.41.38.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.28.26.23.00
15.15.14.13.12.11.09.07.67.66.64.61.59.56.52.20.25.30.35
73.73.73.72.72.71.70.69.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.49.45.40.00
35.43.455.45.45.45.44.45.45.48.52.54.56.58.59.59.60.61.57
01.01.55.55.55.55.56.55.55.52.48.46.01.02.05.08.11.15.43
63.56.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.43.40.36.33.29.25.00
09.09.77.76.76.75.74.73.72.71.69.67.16.22.27.32.36.41.45
77.77.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.65.62.60.57.53.49.00
22.31.36.37.38.40.40.43.46.47.49.51.50.51.52.52.52.53.50
78.69.64.63.62.60.60.57.54.01.02.04.06.08.11.13.15.18.50
00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.52.49.45.44.40.37.34.33.29.00
80.80.79.79.79.78.78.77.76.16.20.24.29.33.38.42.46.50.54
00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.75.73.72.70.68.66.63.60.57.00

83
 .28.34. 34.37.37. 40.39. 42.42.43.44. 47.47. 46.47. 47.46. 47.44
.72.66. 65.01.01. 02.02. 03.04.05.06. 09.11. 12.14. 16.19. 22.56
..00.00. 00.63.62. 58.58. 55.54.52.49. 45.43. 42:39. 36.35. 30.00
.82.82. 82.12.14. 16.19. 22.25.29.32. 36.40. 44.48. 51.55. 58.61
.00.00. 00.82.81. 81.80. 80.79.78.77. 76.74. 73.71. 69.66. 64.00
.27.32. 33.34.36. w6.38. 39.40.41.42. 43.42. 44.43. 43.42. 42.40
.07.06. 05.05.06. 06.07. 07.08.09.11. 13.14. 15.18. 19.22. 24.60
.67.63. 62.60.58. 58.55. 54.52.50.47. 45.44. 41.39. 39.36. 34.00
.24.24. 25.26.27. 29.32. 34.37.40.43. 46.50. 53.56. 59.62. 65.67
.84.84. 84.83.83. 83.82. 82.81.81.80. 79.78. 76.75. 73.71. 69.00
.25.29. 30.32.32. 35.35. 36.37.37.39. 39.39. 39.39. 38.39. 39.36
.11.10. 10.10.10. 11.12. 12.12.14.15. 16.18. 19.21. 23.25. 28.64
.64.61. 60.58.57. 55.53. 53.51.49.47. 45.44. 42.41. 39.37. 33.00
.36.37. 37.38.39. 41.43. 45.47.50.53. 55.58. 61.63. 66.68. 70.72
.85.85. 85.85.85. 84.84. 84.83.83.82. 81.80. 79.78. 77.75. 74.00
.24.27. 30.30.32. 32.34. 34.35.36.36. 35.36. 36.36. 37.36. 36.34
.15.14. 13.14.14. 14.14. 15.16.17.18. 19.21. 22.24. 25.26. 29.66
•61•58. 57.56.54. 53.51.52, 49.47.46. 46.43. 42.40. 38.37. 35.00
.47.47. 48.49.50. 51.53. 54.56.58.61. 63.65. 67.69. 71.73. 74.76
.86.86. 86.86.86. 86.85. 85.85.84.84. 83.83. 82.81. 80.79. 77.00
.23.27. 27.28.29. 30.32. 32.32.33.33. 34.34. 34.34. 34.33. 34.31
.18.17. 17.18.18. 17.18. 18.19.19.21. 21.23. 24.25. 27.29. 31.69
.59.56. 56.54.53. 52.51. 50.49.48.46. 45.44. 42.41. 39.38. 36.00
.57.57. 57.58.59. 60.61. 62.64.65.67. 69.70. 72.74. 75.77. 78.79
.87.87. 87.87.87. 87.86. 86.86.86.85. 85.84. 84.83. 82.81. 80.00
.22.25. 25.27.28. 29.29. 30.30.31.31. 32.31. 32.32. 32.32. 31.31
.21.20. 20.21.20. 20.21. 21.22.22.22. 23.24. 25.28. 28.30. 32.69
.57.55. 54.52.52. 51.49. 49.48.47.47. 44.44. 43.40. 40.38. 37.00
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84
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STOP
ENDJQB

85
AppendixBl-Aninputexamplefor
ProgramAl

FORMAT specifications of the input data

An example oftheinput data make-up forProgram Alisgiven

in Table Bl f andthecorresponding greenhouse geometryand
the arrangement ofthestructural members areshown in Figs
Bl andB2,respectively. Inthefollowing explanations, item
number n inparenthesis corresponds tothe nth input data card
in Table Bl.Allinput variables having thedimension of length
are expressed inmetres andtheangle indegrees.

(1)Thelength ofthegreenhouse, HLENGT, andtherangeof

calculation along thelength, HLXl andHLX2 inthis order,
within which thelight transmissivities should beaveraged to
get a space avereaged transmissivity, where 0<HLXl<HLX2<HLENGT;
FORMAT(3F10.0). Thus thecalcutation need notbedone forthe
whole length ofthehouse.
(2)Therange ofcalculation asforthewidth ofthegreenhouse,
HLY1 andHLY2 inthis order; FORMAT(2F10.0). The calculation
need notbedone inthewhole range ofthewidth, instead, it
can bedone intherange from HLYl toHLY2, where
0<HLYKHLY2<width ofthehouse.
(3)Thenumber ofspans, KSPAN, thenumber ofdivisions, KDIV,
for onespan ateach ofwhich thelight transmissivities should
be averaged, andtheheight oftheside walls HSIDE; FORMAT
(215,F10.0). Each span ofthehouse isdivided into KDIV
segments across thewidth andthelight transmissivities on
the floor areaveraged ateach ofthedivisions intherange
•*
Table Bl
(1) 98.0 46.55 51.45
(2) 0.01 3.99
(3) 1 1 2.2
(4) 2.2 24.62
(5) 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.68 0.45
(6) 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.68 0.45
(7) 0.10 0.08 2.37
(8) 0.003
(9) 8000

86
 FRONT VIEW
Fig. Bl

from HLY1 to HLY2.The product of KSPAN and KDIV must be less

than 300 to meet the DIMENSION limitation of the corresponding
ARRAY variables in the program.
(4)The width of the roof, RR, and the slope of the roofs, AAA;
FORMAT(2F10.0). All the spans are assumed to have the same cross-
section and to have even roofs. The side walls and gable ends are
assumed to be vertically constructed to the ground. Thus, the
whole width of the house should be equal to 2*KSPAN*RR*COS(AAA).
(5)The thickness of horizontal AHH and non-horizontal AHW
structural members, the width of horizontal BHH and non-horizon-
tal BHW structural members, and the width GHH and length GHW
of each glass pane for the roofs and side walls (see Fig.B 2 ) ;
FORMAT(6F10.0). The following relationships should hold between
the input data:
HSIDE = k*(BHH + GHH).+BHH
RR = m*(BHH + GHH) + BHH
HLENGT = n*(BHH + GHW) + BHW
where k, m, and n are arbitrary integer numbers.
(6)The thickness of horizontal AHHX and vertical AHWX
structural members, and the width GHHX and length GHWX of each
glass pane at the gable ends; FORMAT(6F10.0). The following
relationship should hold between the input data:
the width of one span (= 2*RR*COS(AAA)) *m*(BHHX + GHHX) + BHHX
where m is an arbitrary integer number.
(7) The thickness SAHH and width SBHW of the main structural

87
GABLE ENDS

AHHX i I
1
I lAHWX | 1 n
T
T
GHHX
BHUX
_J_ 1
BHHX

T
*- GHWX — >

SIDES ANDROOFS
1
AHH ]
1
1 I AHW II
T
T
GHH

± BHM
BHW

£ — 6MW - >

F i g . B2

members (whicharesupposed tobethickerandwider thanthose

specifiedonthefifthand sixthinputdatacards)adistanceof
SGHWapartalongthesidewallsandroofs.Thesamemainstruc-
turalmembers areassumed tobeplacedvertically alongthe
jointsofthespansattheintervalofSGHW.Thecrossesin
Fig.Bl indicate theplaceswhere theverticalmain structural
members arepositioned.
(8)ThethicknessoftheglasspaneGL;FORMATIF1U.U), which
isused tocalculate thetransmissivityoftheglasspaneas
a functionofincidenceangle.
(9)The totalnumberofrandomnumbers used inthecalculation
oftheaverage transmissivity ofthegreenhouse ateachtime
stepIRLAST;FORMAT(15).Foreachdivision (withthewidthof
2*RR*C0S(AAA)/KDIV)onthefloor,more thanabout2000and
lessthan 10000randomnumbers areusually required toget

88
thereasonableaccurarcy.Thus,thenumberwhich shouldbe
specifiedhere isbetween 2000*KDIV*(HLY2-HLYl)/(2*RR*C0S
(AAA)), and 10000*KDIV*(HLY2- HLYl)/(2*RR*COS(AAA)).

89
AppendixB2-Aninputexamplefor
ProgramA2

Anexampleoftheinputdatamake-upforProgramA2isgiven
inTableB2.Inthefollowingexplanations,itemnumber n
correspondstothenthinputdatacardgiveninthetable.
(1)Theslopeofroofsindegrees,RFSLP,andthetransmissivity
ofthehousefordiffuselight,TRDIF;FORMAT(2F10.0).
(2-/3+1)Transmissivitiesofthehouseasafunctionof
solaraltitudeandrelativesolarazimuthX(I);FORMAT(6X,
19F3.0).ThevalueofIIgivenonthefourthlineinthepro-
gramshouldbechangedintoanappropriatenumberaccording
tothenumberofthecorrespondingdata.Thevalueisusually
1805 (=19x19x5)foramultispanhouseandis2527
(=19x19x7)forasingle-spanhouse.InProgramAl,the
transmissivitiesarecalculatedfor19solaraltitudesand
19relativeazimuths,andfiveorsevenvaluesaregivenfor
eachcombinationofsolaraltitudeandrelativeazimuth,
showingthespatiallightdistributioninthehouseasfollows:
FRl thefractionofthefloorareashadedbythestructural
members,
TR2 thesecondlowesttransmissivity forthedirectlight
(Thelowestisalwayszerowherenodirectlightis
receivedbythatfractionofthefloorarea.),
FR2 thefractionofthefloorareawiththetransmissivity
ofTR2,
TR3 thethirdlowesttransmissivityforthedirectlight,
FR3 thefractionofthefloorareawiththetransmissivityof
TR3,
TR4
FR4
(n+2)Thetimeintervalforintegrationinhourstogetthe
dailylightintegralG;FORMAT(F10.0).Avaluebetween0.4
and 1.0isadequate.
(n+3, n+4)Themonthlyaverageofdailytotallight
(300-400 nm)outside,TSL,fromJanuarytoDecemberinthis
order (Jm""2day~1);FORMAT (8F10.0).
(n+5)Thelatitudeoftheplacewherethegreenhouseisbuilt,
PHAl,thehouseorientation,ORIT,themonth,Ml,andtheday,M2,
fromwhichthesimulationstarts,themonth,M3,andtheday,
M4,atwhichthesimulationends,andtheincrementoftheday,
MIOT;FORMAT(2F10.0, 515).ThevalueofORITshouldbezero
90
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q C c: q

91
forE-Worientationandbe90.0forN-Sorientation,andinter-
mediatevaluesforintermediateorientations.
ThesamekindofdatacardsshouldfollowinthesameFORMAT
specificationifyouwanttogettheoutputfordifferent
ORITsordifferentdatesinsuccession.Ifthevalueofzero
isgiventoPHAl,thesimulationwillstop.

92
AppendixB3-Anoutputexamplefor
ProgramAl

Apartoftheoutputexample forProgramAlisshowninTable
B3.Thetransmissivitiesarecalculatedeveryfivedegreesof
relativesolarazimuthfrom0°to90°,andevery0.05ofsine
ofsolaraltitude (SIN(H))from0.075to0.975andaregiven
intabularform.

93
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in O A I A N H 0 | f l H « N I I \ H
co •* w m ^ N N N 4
40

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HUMUM NNMMHMN
xxxxx x x x x x x x
Z 2 2 Z Z Z Z 2 Z Z Z 2
(AVXOMV) V)V)V)tf)V)lAV)

94
AppendixB4-Anoutputexamplefor
ProgramA2

ApartoftheoutputexampleisshowninTableB4.Theoutput
variablescanbeclassifiedintothreegroups.Themeanings
oftheoutputvariablenamesineachgrouparelistedbelow:
(1)CurrentvaluesattheKthtimestep
K thesequentialnumberofthetimestepcountingfrom
thesunrisetimeonthedayinquestion
TIME truesolartimeoftheday
DRP directvisiblesolarlight (400-700 nm)outsidefor
cleardays(W»m~?)
DIFOV diffusevisiblesolarlightoutsideforovercastdays
HH solaraltitude
AA solarazimuth

(2)CurrentvaluesateachdivisiononthefloorattheKth
timestep (Someofthemarenotprintedoutintheexample)
IYY sequentialnumberofthedivisioninquestiononthe
floorcountingfromoneofthesidewalls
SPERTR totalnumberofdirectlightraysactuallyusedatthe
IYYthdivision
STPERT numberofthedirectlightraysinterceptedbythe
structuralmembers fromtransmittingattheIYYth
division
STPY averagetransmissivityforthedirectlightatthe
IYYthdivision
PERY ratioofshadedareaduetothestructuralmembersto
theareaoftheIYYthdivision (=STPERT/SPERTR)
SPACE spaceaveragedtransmissivityofthehouseforthe
directlight
CAD spaceaverageddirectlightintensityinthegreenhouse
forcleardays (=SPACE*DRP)
CAT spaceaveragedtotallightintensityinthegreenhouse
forcleardays (=CAD+TRDIF*DSH)

(3)Dailyintegralsandcumulativevaluesofthedailyintegrals
DRO dailyintegralofDRP
DFO dailyintegralofDSH
TDIP dailyintegralofDIFOV
DDD dailyintegralof (DRO+DFO)
DAPE dailyaveragedtransmissivityattheIYYthdivision
95
 ofthedirectlightforcleardays
DPE dailyaveragedtransmissivityattheIYYthdivisionof
thetotallightforcleardays
DAVTYP spaceaverageddailytransmissivityofthedirectlight
forcleardays
TTOTAL spaceaverageddailytransmissivityofthetotallight
forcleardavs
YTD cumulativevalueofDROduringthespecifiedperiod
YTT cumulativevalueofDDDduringthespecifiedperiod
ATT cumulativevalueofTDIF
ADT dailyintegralofthetotallightonthedayinquestion
outside,calculatedfromtheinputdata,TSL
ATI cumulativevalueofADT
ATRT dailyintegralofthetotallightinthegreenhouse
TATRT cumulativevalueofATRT
FOV fractionofovercast (=(DDD-ADT)/(DDD-TDIF))

96
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97
AppendixC-Listofsymbols

a Growth rateper leaf area index kg m" 2 d"

A Azimuth of the sun
AD Average daily transmissivity for direct light
ADT Actual daily light integral J nT 2 d-
ATRT Actual daily light integral inside the
greenhouse J nf2d"
CLT Daily light integral for a clear day J m-2d"
DIFOV Diffuse light intensity outside on a standard
overcast day J m"-2c-:
z
s
DRP Direct light intensity outside on a standard
clear day m""2s'
DSH Diffuse light intensity outside on a standard
clear day J z -
m -2
s
F Daily total of net C02-assimilation kg m" 2 d"
F n in the dark kg m~ 2 s"
F
m F n under light saturation kg m~ 2 s*
Fn NetCC^-assimilationper leafarea. kg m~ 2 s'
Net C02-assimilation per ground area under
a clear sky kg m~ 2 s"
Net C02~assimilationper ground area under an
ov
overcast sky kg m~*s"
F. Net C02-assimilation of shaded leaves per
sh
ground area kg m" 2 s"
F
su NetCO2-assimilationof sunlit leaves per
ground area kg m~*^s"
f Fraction overcast
FRDIF Fraction of diffuse light outside
h Inclination or altitude
H Altitude of the sun
H Harvestable dry matter kg m -2
I Index of the sun's altitude
I Number of light rays tobe traced in the program
J Index of the sun's relative azimuth
J Number of divisions in the width of a span
K Total number of glass panes
K Extinction coefficient for total light under
direct irradiation, in aplant canopy
*b Extinction coefficient for direct radiation
in aplant canopy

98
LAI Leafareaindex m 2 leafm~ 2 ground
m Number ofazimuth zones
n Number ofaltitude zones
n Numberofrays,interceptedbyastrut
OVT Daily lightintegral foranovercast
day J m" 2 d - 1
p Specific leafweight kgm~ 2
R Absorbed visibleradiationper leafarea Jm~ 2 s"^
Rs Ryforshaded leaves Jm~2s""1
Ry£ R originating fromdirect light,averaged
overallleaves Jm""2s""1
Ryc Absorbed diffusevisible radiation J m~ 2 s~ 1
R , Absorbed directvisibleradiation (sunlit
_' leaves) J m" 2 s~ 1
R R ,averaged overallleaves
s' Fractionofsunlit leaves
S Visibleradiative fluxonahorizontal
surface J m~ 2 s~*
S, Directvisibleradiative flux J m~ 2 s~ 1
S Directvisibleradiative flux,througha
surfaceperpendicular tothesolarbeam J m~ 2 s~^
t Indexofsineofincidence
t Time,alsotimerequired forharvesting
T Transmissivityofthegreenhouse fordirect
light
TRAM Atmospheric transmission coefficient
TRDIF Transmissivity ofthegreenhouse fordiffuse
light
TT Transmissivity ofthegreenhouse fortotal
light
X Distancealong thelengthofthehouse
Y Distanceoverthewidthofthehouse
e Maximum efficiencyoflight utilization
forC02-assimilation kg J"1
p Reflection coefficientoftheplantcanopy
av Scattering coefficient oftheleavesfor
visible radiation

99