THERMODYNAMICS

MANUFACTURING RESOURCE CENTER (MRC)

LAB REPORT 1: MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Submitted by: Hamna Anwaar Registration no: 335763

TITLE: Measurement Techniques

OBJECTIVE:

To learn to use various types of measurement instruments.

APPARATUS:

 Vernier calliper
 Screw gage
 Vernier depth gage
 Height gage
 Inside caliper
 Outside caliper
 Thread pitch gage
 Standard wire gage
 Bevel protractor
 Profile projector
 Objects to be measured

THEORY:

Vernier Caliper:

A vernier scale is a visual aid to take an accurate measurement reading between two graduation
markings on a linear scale by using mechanical interpolation, thereby increasing resolution and reducing
measurement uncertainty by using vernier acuity to reduce human estimation error.

Screw Gage:

A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated

screw widely used for accurate measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining
as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and
digital calipers.

Vernier Depth Gauge:

Vernier depth gauge is used to measure the depth from the surface of reference of an object. It is used
for measuring the depth of holes, recesses and distances from a plane surface to a projection.

Height Gage:

Height gages are normally used on a granite surface plate to measure and/or scribe part features from a
datum plane. Generally a scriber, test indicator, touch probe or CMM-style probe is used to locate the
measured feature. Height gages are an indispensable instrument for quality control.
Inside Caliper:

An inside caliper is a measuring instrument which is used to gauge internal dimensions, such as the
internal diameter of a pipe.

Outside Caliper:

An outside caliper is a device which is used to measure the exterior diameter of an object, or to measure
the thickness of an object.

Thread Pitch Gage:

Metric thread pitch gages are used to measure the pitch or lead of a screw thread. Thread pitch gauges
are used as a reference tool in determining the pitch of a thread that is on a screw or in a tapped hole.

Standard Wire Gage:

A wire gauge is a quick and easy way of identifying the thickness of a wire for artwork and construction.
Using a wire gauge can help you identify the size of an unknown wire you may have.

Bevel Protractor:

A bevel protractor is a graduated circular protractor with one pivoted arm; used for measuring or
marking off angles. The bevel protractor is used to establish and test angles to very close tolerances.

Profile Projector:

A profile projector is an optical measuring instrument used in metrology and quality control. This device
allows the shadow of the part to be measured to be projected on a screen which is then used by the
operator to perform the measurements.

PROCEDURE:

Vernier Caliper:

 Check the vernier caliper for zero error.

 Hold the specimen in the jaws of vernier.
 Check for main scale reading and note it down.
 Now check and note down vernier scale reading.
 Multiply vernier scale reading with the least count (0.02mm).
 Add both main scale and vernier scale reading to get total reading.
 Note down the reading.
 Calculate the error between the readings.

Screw Gage:
  Determine the pitch and least count of the screw gauge using the equations (1) and (2)
respectively..
 Bring the anvil and screw in contact with each other and find the zero error. Do it three times
and record them. If there is no zero error, then record ‘zero error nil’.
 Move the screw away from the anvil and place the lead shot and move the screw towards the
anvil using the ratchet head. Stop when the ratchet slips without moving the screw.
 Note the number of divisions on the pitch scale that is visible and uncovered by the edge of the
cap. The reading N is called the pitch scale reading (PSR).
 Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over the reference line.

Vernier Depth Gage:

 Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured.
 Check the vernier and the main scale must coincide at 0.
 After checking the 0 marks put the sample piece and slowly leaves the measuring jaw over the
piece.
 Tight the screw and measure the main scale also vernier scale reading.
 The line coincides with the main scale that the VSR.
 By adding MSR with VSR*L.

Height Gage:

 Select the height gauge that best fits your requirement. Ensure that the type, measuring range,
graduation and other specifications of the height gauge are appropriate for your application.
 Do not apply excessive force to the sliding and locking mechanisms of the height gauge. Should
you be unfortunate and drop the height gauge, before reusing have the height gauge
recalibration/repaired by an appropriate repair agent.
 When using a scriber in conjunction with a height gauge, ensure that the scriber tip is not
damaged.
 Check the slider movement for smoothness, There should be no free play or intermittent
restriction of movement.
 The height gauge and datum surface should be stabilized before use.
 Adjust the zero line to the datum surface before use.
 Avoid parallax errors by reading the scales directly from the front and square on.
 During fine adjustment to a reference standard, ensure that the base remains stable on the
measuring media, least this causes damage to either the reference standard or the height
gauge.

Inside Caliper:

 To take measurements, the device is inserted into the object being measured and the arms are
adjusted until their tips touch either side of the opening. Then, the inside caliper can be read.

Outside Caliper:
  To check the dimensions of a machined part, the calipers are first adjusted to the required
dimension on a ruler or a standard plug or hole gauge; accuracy in calipering depends in large
part on the sense of touch of the operator.

Thread Pitch Gage:

 Go and no go thread plug gages are very easy to use. The user must first select the correct size
thread plug gages for the corresponding internally threaded product.

Standard Wire Gage:

 To measure the wire, slide it into a slot on the gauge which looks to be the same width.
 Keep moving the wire around the gauge until the wire fits into the slot with a tight fit. The
number next to the slot will state what size it is.

Bevel Protractor:

 Firstly, unscrew the large clamp on the front part of the protractor. It loosens the blade so that
we can swivel it.
 Align the base of the protractor on one side of an angle, and then swivel the blade for making
the other side of the angle.
 Tighten the huge clamp.
 Spot the zero on the vernier scale. The vernier scale is smaller on the inner side of the
protractor.
 Read the number of the degrees present on the main scale, directly above the zero present on
the vernier scale.

Profile Projector:

 Switch on the optical profile projector.

 Place the clean work piece on the glass of the table.
 Focus it properly by moving focusing wheel and moving.
 The work table to obtain correct magnified image of the object.
 Horizontal (x axis) measurement can be taken by right hand side micrometer and the vertical
measurement can be taken from front side micrometer.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

The calculations were submitted during lab.

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION:

Measurement Techniques help us evaluate the dimensions of an object. Nowadays we can readily
measure the dimensions of minute objects with the help of profile projector.