Slides Set# 05

ME-204
THERMODYNAMICS Dr. Musharib Khan
musharib@iese.nust.edu.pk
OUTLINE

First Law of Thermodynamics

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 First Law of Thermodynamics
also known as
The Conservation of Energy Principle

“Energy can be neither

created nor destroyed
during a process; it can
only change forms.”
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 The Conservation of Energy Principle
• A rock at some elevation
possesses some potential energy,
and part of this potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy as the
rock falls.
• Experimental data show that the
decrease in potential
energy (𝑚𝑔𝑧) exactly equals
the increase in kinetic energy
𝑚(𝑉22 −𝑉12 )
[ ]when the air resistance
2
is negligible.
• thus confirming the
conservation of energy
principle for mechanical
energy.

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 Energy Balance

“The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process.”

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 Energy Balance

“The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process.”

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 Energy Change of a System, Esystem

For simple compressible systems, the change in the total energy

of a system during a process is the sum of the changes in its
internal, kinetic, and potential energies:
When the initial and final
states are specified, the
values of the specific
internal energies u1 and u2
can be determined directly
from the property tables or
thermodynamic property
relations.
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Energy Change of a System, Esystem

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 Recap
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
• Energy can be transferred to or from a system in three forms: heat, work, and
mass flow.
• In closed systems, energy interactions are only in two forms: heat transfer and
work.
• In control volumes, energy interactions could be in three forms: heat transfer, work,
and mass flow.
1. Heat Transfer, Q
• Heat transfer to a system (heat gain) increases the internal energy of the system.
• Heat transfer from a system (heat loss) decreases it.
2. Work, W
• Work transfer to a system (i.e., work done on a system) increases the energy of
the system.
• Work transfer from a system (i.e., work done by the system) decreases it.
3. Mass Flow, m
• When mass enters a system, the energy of the system increases because mass
carries energy with it (in fact, mass is energy).
• When some mass leaves the system, the energy contained within the system
decreases because the leaving mass takes out some energy with it.
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Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout

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 Energy Balance (contd.)
Because energy can be transferred in the forms of heat,
work, and mass
• and that the net transfer of a quantity is equal to the
difference between the amounts transferred in and out
• therefore, the energy balance can be written more
explicitly as:

where the subscripts “in” and “out” denote quantities

that enter and leave the system, respectively.
Some special cases:
• The heat transfer Q is zero for adiabatic systems.
• The work transfer W is zero for systems that involve no work interactions.
• The energy transport with mass Emass is zero for systems that involve no
mass flow across their boundaries (i.e., closed systems).
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 Energy Balance (contd.)
Energy balance for any system undergoing any kind of process can be
expressed more compactly as:

or, in the rate form, as

For constant rates, the total quantities during a time interval ∆t are related to
the quantities per unit time as:

The energy balance can be expressed on a per unit mass basis as:

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 Energy Balance (contd.)
For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the
initial and final states are identical, and thus:

Then the energy balance for a cycle simplifies

to:

Noting that a closed system does not involve any

mass flow across its boundaries, the energy
balance for a cycle can be expressed in terms of
heat and work interactions as:

That is, the net work output during a cycle is equal

to net heat input.
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 Problem

0 0

(because it’s a closed system)

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 0 0

∆𝑈 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑈2 − 800 kJ = 100 kJ − 500 kJ

𝑈2 = 400 kJ Answer

Therefore, the final internal

energy of the system is 400 kJ.
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 The Conservation of Energy Principle

(assuming Qout = 0)

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The Conservation of Energy Principle

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The Conservation of Energy Principle

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 The Conservation of Energy Principle

The energy change of a system during a process is equal to the net work and heat
transfer between the system and its surroundings.
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 Homework (for self-study)
Q1.

Q2.

Q3.

Q4.

Q5.

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Thanks

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