This document discusses various topics relating to microbiology including viruses, bacteriophages, the lytic cycle, latent viruses, antiviral agents, oncogenic viruses, HIV, animal viruses, viroids, prions, bacterial characteristics, staining procedures, photosynthetic bacteria, archaea, and gram staining. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms and compares different categories of microbes based on features like nucleic acid composition, oxygen requirements, shape, and staining properties.
This document discusses various topics relating to microbiology including viruses, bacteriophages, the lytic cycle, latent viruses, antiviral agents, oncogenic viruses, HIV, animal viruses, viroids, prions, bacterial characteristics, staining procedures, photosynthetic bacteria, archaea, and gram staining. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms and compares different categories of microbes based on features like nucleic acid composition, oxygen requirements, shape, and staining properties.
This document discusses various topics relating to microbiology including viruses, bacteriophages, the lytic cycle, latent viruses, antiviral agents, oncogenic viruses, HIV, animal viruses, viroids, prions, bacterial characteristics, staining procedures, photosynthetic bacteria, archaea, and gram staining. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms and compares different categories of microbes based on features like nucleic acid composition, oxygen requirements, shape, and staining properties.
This document discusses various topics relating to microbiology including viruses, bacteriophages, the lytic cycle, latent viruses, antiviral agents, oncogenic viruses, HIV, animal viruses, viroids, prions, bacterial characteristics, staining procedures, photosynthetic bacteria, archaea, and gram staining. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms and compares different categories of microbes based on features like nucleic acid composition, oxygen requirements, shape, and staining properties.
Burtons microbiology -Assemble= assembling of raw materials to
form complete virus
Prokaryotes -Release=complete virus escapes to find Acellular Microbes another host -Viruses mature form of nucleic acid , toxic Latent Virus acid -Viral infection in which the virus is able to -Consists of a genome either DNA or RNA, hide from a host’s immune system by 4 categories of viruses entering cells and remaining dormant -DS (Double stranded) DNA viruses -EX Herpes Viral, Chicken pox it can be -SS (Single Stranded) RNA viruses detected by stress, exposure to sunlight and -SS Single Stranded) DNA viruses etc -DS (Double Stranded) RNA viruses Antiviral Agents Bacteriophages(viruses) -Antiviral agents are drugs that are used to -virus that can affect bacteria cells treat viral infections -Virulent always cause lyctic cycle that ends -Antibiotics are not effective against viral to destruction of the bacterial cell. infections
Five steps of lyctic cycle Oncogenic viruses
-Attachment= bacteriophage attach to -causes canses receptors -EX-epstein-barr, human papillomaviruses, -Penetration= Injecting its DNA into and (HTLV-1). bacterial cell Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) -Biosynthesis= reproducing of -causes acquired immunodeficiency bacteriophages syndrome (AIDS) -Assembly= formed bacteriophages -Enveloped, single stranded assemble to create full complete -Targets of HIV are CD4+ cells bacteriophages -- David Baltimore and Howard Temin -Release= complete phages escape to find -Reverse Transcriptase enzyme another host present in retro viruses Animal Viruses -72 surface knobs -Steps in the multiplication of animal virus - gp120 -attachment= Attach to a protein or any Stalk - gp41 polyssacharide molecule -Penetration- Virus will inject its DNA -Uncoating= exposing the nucleic acid -Biosynthesis= producing raw materials Viroids Acid fast stain- detection of tuborcolosis Short, naked fragments of single stranded -phlegm/mucus morning mucus_ look for RNA wthat can interfere metabolism of the prescence of red plant cells -Paul -transmitted between plants cells Caebon fuchsin- is the red dye driven through the bacterial cell using heat Prions are small infectous protein that can affect Domain bacteria motility the brain of the animals Colono morphology -Stanlee B Prusiner -Contains millions of organisms The Domain Bacteria Characteristics Bactria with respect to oxygen -three basic categories of bacteria shape Obligate-reuires 20-21% O2(funji) -Cocci Microaerophilic(Require lower than 20) can -Baccili-extremely short (coccobacilli) 1x3 survived(Campilibacter) micrometer Facultative anaerobes(can survive 0-21) -Curved and spiral can survive(streptococci) Three majn categories staining Aerotolerant anaerobes can more procedures reproduce if without O2 Simple staining-only 1 stain Obligate, Don’t take O2 they will die Structural staining- Highlighting specific part Photosynthetic bacteria Differential staining – Identifying gram -Purple bacteria positive and gramnegative( 2 or more types of stain) The Domain Archaea -Discovered in 1977 (prokaryotic organisms) Two most common techniques -closely related to eukaryotes Heat fixation- not a standard technique, - source of error (excess heat ) Methanol Fixation- more standardize technique( more preferred)