ISSN 10628738, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics, 2015, Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 723–728.

© Allerton Press, Inc., 2015.

Original Russian Text © I.Zh. Bunin, V.A. Chanturiya, M.V. Ryazantseva, E.V. Koporulina, I.A. Khabarova, 2015, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya
Fizicheskaya, 2015, Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 800–805.

Changes in the Surface Phase Composition of Sulfide Minerals

upon Irradiation by HighPower Nanosecond Pulses
I. Zh. Bunin, V. A. Chanturiya, M. V. Ryazantseva, E. V. Koporulina, and I. A. Khabarova
Institute for the Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources (ICEMR), Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, 111020 Russia
email: bunin_i@mail.ru

Abstract—The effect of highpower (highvoltage) nanosecond pulses on the phase composition and chem
ical state of atoms of surface layers of sulfide minerals with different semiconductor properties (galenite,
molybdenite, and sphalerite) is investigated by means of XPES. Common patterns and characteristic features
of the structural phase transformations of sulfide surfaces under the pulsed energetic effect are the formation
and growth of a surface layer by the nonstoichiometric sulfurenriched sulfide phase and Zn and Mo oxides
and hydroxides; the staged character of the transformation of sulfur atoms in the composition of galenite and
sphalerite surface layers; and the stability of the chemical state of sulfur in the molybdenite composition and
lead atoms in the galenite composition.
DOI: 10.3103/S1062873815060052

INTRODUCTION tively analyze the mechanisms of formation of

In recent years, an important new field of scientific
inquiry aimed at acquiring new knowledge on the
physical and physicochemical properties of minerals,
developing efficient highenergy means of improving
the contrast between the properties of separated min
eral components [1–3], and the selective disintegra
tion and breaking of refractory ores [3–8] has been
under development at ICEMR. The authors of [9, 10]
investigated the effect highpower (highvoltage) nano
second electromagnetic pulses (HEMP [4, 5, 11]) have
on the surface phase composition of sulfide minerals
(chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galenite).
In this work, we present new experimental data on
changes in the composition and chemical state of sur
face atoms of molybdenite (from the Sorsk copper–
molybdenum deposit in Khakassia) after treatment
with highvoltage nanosecond pulses. We compara
microphases and nanophases on the surfaces of sulfide
minerals with different semiconductor properties
(Table 1, [2, 12, 13]) under the effects of high energy,
notably the influence of HEMP on the phase compo
sition and chemical state of the atoms of surface layers
of galenite PbS (Eg ~ 0.37–0.4 eV, narrowgap (direct
gap) binary IV–VI semiconductor), molybdenite
MoS2 (Eg = ~2.0 eV), and sphalerite ZnS (Eg =
3.68 eV, widegap binary II–VI semiconductor).
To determine the gross contents of elements in
mineral samples (Table 2; the content of minor impu
rities is not given), we used atomic emission spectros
copy with inductively coupled plasma on a Varian
Vista CCD simultaneous ICPAES device. According
to optical microscopy data, the molybdenite (MoS2)
crystals were agglomerations of irregularly shaped
grains up to 2 mm in size, incorporated into quartz–
carbonate rock. Powdered mineral samples (mineral

Table 1. Crystalline structure and electrical properties of semiconductor ore (sulfide) minerals [2, 12, 13]

Types Lattice Type

Compound Crystalline structure Band gap (Eg), eV
of semiconductors constant, nm of conduction

IV–VI PbS Cubic 0.5935 0.37 (0.29) n, p

Molybdenum(IV) sul MoS2 Hexagonal a = 0.316, ~2.0(1.9; 1.29) n, p

fide P 63/mmc (layered) c = 1.2295
S–Mo–S(2H–MoS2)

II–VI ZnS Cubic 0.5409 3.6–3.9 (3.83) n

(hexagonal–wurtzite)

723
724 BUNIN et al.
Table 2. Chemical composition of the galenite, molybdenite, and sphalerite samples (wt %)
Sample Pb Mo Zn S Fe
PbS 56.71 – 8.75 15.60
MoS2 0.05 52.3 – 26.00
ZnS 6.61 – >50.00 29.30
particle size, –100 to 63 μm) and polished metallo
graphic sections (~10 × 10 × 5 mm) were subjected to
highvoltage nanosecond pulses with pulse front
τ ~ 1–5 ns; pulse duration τ ~ 50 ns; pulse amplitude
U ~ 20 kV; E ~ 107 V/m; pulse repetition frequency,
100 Hz; pulse energy, ~0.1 J; and range of variation in
treatment time ttreat = 5–50 s. In other words, the
number of HEMP, Npul ~ (0.5–5) × 103, were treated
under conditions that excluded (or minimized) the
influence of interelectrode spark breakdown in
the mineral samples [5, 11].
To analyze the phase compositions of the surfaces
of mineral particles, we used Xray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPES) on a Kratos Axis Ultra DLD
spectrometer equipped with a monochromatic AlKα
Xray source and IR Fourier diffuse reflection spec
troscopy (IRFS) on a Shimadzu IRAffinity1 spec
trometer. A detailed description of the procedures for
XPES investigations of the surface of sulfide minerals
was presented in [9, 10].
We investigated the surface morphology and sur
face potential distribution (contact potential differ
ence CPD [15], Δϕ, V) of molybdenite before and
after HEMP treatment using the Kelvin probe tech
nique [14]. The AFM measurements were made using
an Ntegra Prima module scanning probe microscope
(NTMDT, Zelenograd) in air under standard condi
tions; the scanning step was 256 × 256. Application of
the twopass Kelvin probe approach to measure the
CPD [14, 15] allowed us to reduce considerably the
influence the topographic component had on the form
of the surface potential’s distribution pattern. The sur
face relief was determined during the first pass, and the
CPD was measured during the second pass of the can
tilever, during which the tip was lifted by Δz over the
sample so that Δz ~ 20 nm. We used DPE14 sensors
with a <40 nm spherical radius of the probe tip and
conducting Pt probe coating. The width of the cantile
ver bar was 35 μ; its resonant frequency was ~160 kHz,
and its rigidity was 6 N/m.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analyzing the XPES Data
To analyze in detail the chemical (valent) state of
atoms of lead, sulfur, oxygen, and carbon in the com
BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS
As Si Ca Cu
1.41 0.45 – 0.24 0.09
1.42 – 3.77 3.27 –
4.08 – – – 0.28
position of galenite surface layers, we investigated the
spectra of electron levels Pb4f, S2p, O1s, and C1s [10]
for the atoms of oxygen and carbon on the sphalerite
surface (Zn2p3/2, S2p, O1s, and C1s) and the atoms of
molybdenum, sulfur, and oxygen in the composition
of the molybdenite surface layers (Mo3d, S2p,
and O1s).
Galenite
The authors of [10] showed via XPES method the
structuralphase transformations of galenite surface
layers after HEMP treatment were due mainly to vari
ations in the chemical state of sulfur atoms. A metasta
ble phase of lead thiosulfate (PbS2O3) formed in the
surface of mineral particles as a result of pulsed treat
ment of the samples in first 5–10 s (ttreat ≤ 10 s) and was
reduced to the initial sulfide state as the duration of the
pulsed effect increased to 30 s. The mineral surface then
(at ttreat ≥ 30 s) oxidized. The variation in the chemical
composition of sulfur atoms was accompanied by dehy
dration of the galenite surface at ttreat ≤ 10 s.
According to the XPES data, the position and
shape of the considered spectral bands of the Pb4f level
of lead did not differ appreciably after pulsed treat
ment, testifying to the stability of the chemical state of
lead atoms in the composition of the galenite surface
layers relative to the effect of nanosecond highvoltage
pulses.
Sphalerite
The results from investigating variation in the
chemical composition of sphalerite surface layers
before and after HEMP treatment via XPES are given
in Table 3.
The results of expanding the 2p spectrum of lead
show that there were two components with a chemical
(energetic) shift on the order Δ E ≈ 1.3 eV in the
Zn2p3/2 spectra: the first component with a binding
energy of ~1021 eV was attributed to ZnS [16–18], while
the second with Ebind = 1022.5 eV was likely due to oxi
dized zinc compounds in the composition of the surface
sphalerite layer (Σ ZnSO4 + ZnO + Zn(OH)2) [18].
Given the satisfactory coincidence between the
experimental photoelectron S2p spectrum and its full
Vol. 79 No. 6 2015
 CHANGES IN THE SURFACE PHASE COMPOSITION OF SULFIDE MINERALS 725

Table 3. Effect of HEMP on the phase composition of the sphalerite surface, according to the XPES data (at %)

Zn 2p3/2 S 2p O 1s C 1s
HEMP
number, Zn–O[(ZnO +
103 (Zn–S) ZnS Zn(OH) + ZnS S2x
(2x −n)
−
SO x
− Σ ZnO +
H2Osurf Csurf.cont Zn(CO3)
Zn(SO4)] ZnOH

0 69.8 30.2 30.2 69.8 – 100 0 93.8 6.2

0.5 53.7 46.3 16.5 38.3 54.8 100 0 87.4 12.6
1 7.5 75.1 28.4 71.6 – 51.5 48.5 86.9 13.1
3 24.9 100 48.8 51.2 – 22.6 77.4 88.6 11.4
5 45.4 54.6 100.0 0.0 – 67.7 32.3 88.7 11.3

calculated envelope of the set of elementary compo
nents, it is possible that sulfur bound in zinc sulfide
(Ebind = 162.2–162.6 eV) [19], elemental sulfur, and
(or) its allotropic modifications of the S n2− type [16]
were present on the sphalerite surface.
According to the XPES data, the electropulse
effect led to variations in the chemical state of the
sphalerite surface. Due to shortterm (ttreat ~ 5 s)
HEMP treatment, a component with a binding energy
of 166.8 eV and attributed to sulfite ions SO32− [20] was
noted in the spectrum of 2p level of sulfur (Table 3).
Two components with maxima Ebind = 530.0–
530.5 eV and Ebind = 532.0 eV can be distinguished in
the spectra of 1s level of oxygen, both for the sample
with no HEMP treatment and for the treated sample,
indicating the presence of ZnO oxide and Zn(OH)2
hydroxide, respectively [21]. Prolonging the duration
of the pulsed effect (ttreat ≥ 10 s) led to variation in the
shape of the spectra (asymmetric broadening with the
emergence of a pronounced shoulder in the 533 eV
region of binding energies), indicating that there was
physically and/or chemically sorbed water in the com
position of the sphalerite surface layer (48.5 at %,
Table 3).
We can distinguish three components with binding
energies of 285.0, 286.5, and 289.2 eV for all of our
sphalerite samples in the spectra of the 1s level of car
bon. The first two correspond to C–O and C=O bonds
in the structure of hydrocarbon surface contamina
tions [22]; the last one is attributed to the presence of
zinc carbonate ZnCO3 [23].
Analysis of the XPES data showed that the sulfide
components in the spectra of the 2p level of zinc and
sulfur were reduced by factors of 1.3 (from 69.8 to
53.7 at %) and 1.8 (from 30.2 to 16.5 at %), respec
tively (Table 3), due to the pulsed effect for ttreat ~ 5 s.
At the same time, the formation of the sulfite form of
sulfur (Ebind = 166.8 eV) was observed, due apparently
to sulfide and polysulfide sulfur bonding with oxygen
(Table 3). In addition, an increase in the concentra
tion of carbon in zinc carbonate was established from
the component with the binding energy (in the range
of 288.5–289.2 eV) of spectrum 1s of carbon growing
from 6.2 to 12.6% (Table 3).
Prolonging the duration of pulsed treatment to ttreat
~ 10 s reduced the fraction of zinc bound in the sulfide
from 53.7 to 7.5% (Table 3) and increased the surface
concentration of zinc atoms corresponding to its oxi
dized forms. Variations in the profile of the spectrum
of the S2p level were also found: the absence of the
component with a binding energy of 166.8 eV, which
corresponds to the SO32− state; and increases in com
ponents of the spectrum associated with sulfide and
elemental sulfur by factors of 1.7 and 1.9, respectively
(Table 3).
Electromagnetic pulsed treatment at ttreat ~ 30 s
increased surface hydration by a factor of 1.6 (Table 3).
It follows from the expansion of the Zn spectrum of
the 2р level that the zinc in the region of collecting
analytical information was associated with oxides and
hydroxides. Analysis of the spectrum of the 2p level of
sulfur atoms showed a drop in the surface concentra
tion of sulfur in state S2n− (from 71.6 to 51.2%) due to
its thermal removal and a simultaneous increase in the
sulfide component of the spectrum (from 28.8 to
48.8%).
Prolonging the duration of the pulsed effect to
ttreat ~ 50 s led to the removal of sulfur S2n− from the sur
face of sphalerite particles, due apparently to a local
increase in the temperature of surface nonuniformities
of mineral particles [24]. This was confirmed by the
XPES data, according to which sulfur and zinc (in
amounts of 100% and 45.4%, respectively) were in sul
fide form (Table 3). A reduction in the total hydration
of the surface layer of mineral by a factor of 2.4 was
observed, relative to the sample treated with HEMP
for 30 s.

BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS Vol. 79 No. 6 2015

726 BUNIN et al.
Table 4. Effect of HEMP on the phase composition of the molybdenite surface, according to the XPES data (at %)
Mo 3d
Number
of HEMP, 103
MoS2 MoSxOy + MoOx MoS
0 93.8 6.2 66.7
0.5 90.6 9.3 66.7
1 92.8 7.2 66.7
3 88.4 11.6 66.7
5 90.7 9.3 66.7
Molybdenite
In processing our XPES data, the spectrum of the
3d level of Mo atoms was approximated by two dou
blets, Mo3d5/2–3/2 (binding energy with maxima Ebind =
229.9–235.8 eV and Ebind = 232.9–236.1 eV), the first
of which is associated with molybdenum disulfide
MoS2 and the second with molybdenum oxysulfides
MoOxSy and oxides MoOx [25, 26].
The results from expanding the S 2р level showed
that the sulfur in the molybdenite surface layer (depth
of analysis, ~1.2 nm) was in two chemical states:
molybdenum disulfide itself (doublet 162.38–
163.68 eV) and oxysulfide formations with the formula
MoSxOy (doublet 163.53–164.83 eV) [25, 26].
The spectra of the O1s states on the surfaces of
molybdenite particles consisted of three lines: the
maxima of first two bands were due to oxides, hydrox
ides, and oxysulfides (Ebind = 531.15 eV), while the
lines lying in the region of high binding energies
532.55 eV and 533.5 eV were associated with oxygen
atoms (of water molecules) adsorbed on the mineral
surfaces (molecularly adsorbed water) [27].
On the whole, a molybdenite surface is oxidized
weakly both in the initial state and after treatment by
nanosecond pulses: ~90% of the molybdenum atoms
and ~67% of the sulfur atoms on the surfaces of min
eral particles are bound into molybdenum disulfide.
The MoS2 compound has a layered structure (a natural
characteristic of twodimensional structures) in which
each layer consists of three atomic planes so that the
layer (sheet) of hexagonally packed Mo atoms is
clamped between two hexagonally packed sheets of
sulfur [28]. Molybdenite is characterized by strong
anisotropy of its crystalline structure and chemical
bonds, so the bonds of the atoms inside the layer are
considerably stronger than those between the layers.
Data on the effect highvoltage nanosecond pulses
have on the phase composition of the surfaces of
molybdenite particles (according to which the chemi
cal state of surface atoms of sulfur caused by pulsed treat
BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS
S 2p O 1s
MoSxOy Σ MoOx + Mo(OH)y + MoSxOy H2Osudface
33.3 75.0 25.0
33.3 87.7 12.3
33.3 83.9 16.1
33.3 91.3 19.7
33.3 91.5 18.5
ment remained invariable) are presented in Table 4. The
main variations in the phase composition of the min
eral surfaces under the HEMP effect are due to the
accumulation of molybdenum oxides and hydroxides,
the surface concentrations of which rose by a factor of
1.2–1.9. For example, the fraction of molybdenum
atoms associated with oxide and hydroxide phases
grew from 6.2% (reference sample) to 11.6% after
pulsed treatment of the mineral samples for 30 s.
In addition, the HEMP effect for 5 s led to dehy
dration of the surface of mineral particles (Table 4), or
a reduction in the concentration of oxygen associated
with molecules of water adsorbed on the mineral sur
faces, compared to the reference sample. Prolonging
the duration of pulsed treatment raised the concentra
tion of surface water from 12.3% (ttreat ~ 5 s) to 19.7%
(30 s).
CONCLUSIONS
The main variations in the phase composition of
molybdenite surfaces resulting from electromagnetic
pulsed treatment are associated with the accumulation
of molybdenum oxides and hydroxides, and with the
dehydration (hydration) of the mineral surfaces.
It was shown using the Kelvin probe technique that
the maximum of the potential distribution of the CPD
surface (Δϕmax) was shifted by approximately 10 mV to
the region of lower (positive) values after pulsed treat
ment of the molybdenite samples for 10 s: from
~77 mV (in the initial state) to ~67 mV (Fig. 4). It
seems likely that, according to the relation [15] Δϕ =
ϕp – ϕsurf, where ϕp is the probe potential and ϕsurf is
the potential of the mineral surface, our results indi
cate an increase in the molybdenite surface potential
due to the effects of pulsed energy. It should be noted
that the established patterns in the distribution and
variation in the mineral surface potential were
observed while gradually increasing the sizes of the
surface scanning regions from 1 × 1 μm to 50 × 50 μm.
Vol. 79 No. 6 2015
 CHANGES IN THE SURFACE PHASE COMPOSITION OF SULFIDE MINERALS 727

(a) sorption and flotation activity of sulfides. It was shown

1000
nm via IRFS diffuse reflection that the HEMP effect had
no appreciable influence on the sorption activity of the
900 30 molybdenite surfaces, relative to the anion collector

26.17
800 (butyl xanthate); neither were the surface hydropho
700 25
bicity and flotation properties of the mineral were sub
600 20 ject to substantial variations.

nm
500
15
400
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
300 10
200 This work was supported by the RF Presidential
5 Program for the State Support of Leading Scientific

3.83
100
0
Schools, project NSh748.2014.5.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
100 300 500 700 900 nm REFERENCES
nm (b) 1. Shafeev, R.Sh., Chanturiya, V.A., and Yakushkin, V.P.,
1000 Vliyanie ioniziruyushchikh izluchenii na protsess flotatsii
900 100 (Ionization Radiation Effect on Flotation Process),
93.2

800 90 Moscow: Nauka, 1973.

700 80 2. Chanturiya, V.A. and Shafeev, R.Sh., Khimiya poverkh
600 nostnykh yavlenii pri flotatsii (Surface Chemistry under
70 Flotation), Moscow: Nedra, 1977.
mV

500
60 3. Chanturiya, V.A., Trubetskoi, K.N., Viktorov, S.D.,
400 and Bunin, I.Zh., Nanochastitsy v protsessakh razrush
300 50
eniya i vskrytiya geomaterialov (Nanoparticles in Geo
200 40 materials Destruction and Penetration), Moscow:
Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of
30.8

100
Mineral Resources, 2006.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 4. Chanturiya, V.A., Gulyaev, Yu.V., et al., Dokl. Earth
100 300 500 700 900 nm Sci., 1999, vol. 367, p. 670.
(c) 5. Bunin, I.Zh., Bunina, N.A., Vdovin, V.A., Voronov, P.S.,
103 Count Gulyaev, Yu.V., Korzhenevsskii, A.V., Lunin, V.D.,
Chanturiya, V.A., and Cherepenin, V.A., Bull. Russ.
1.0 Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2001, vol. 65, no. 12, p. 1950.
6. Chanturiya, V.A., Bunin, I.Zh., Lunin, V.D., et al.,
0.8 J. Min. Sci., 2001, vol. 37, p. 427.
0.6 7. Chanturiya, V.A., Gulyaev, Yu.V., Bunin, I.Zh., et al.,
Dokl. Earth Sci., 2001, vol. 379, p. 653.
0.4 8. Chanturiya, V.A. and Bunin, I.Zh., J. Min. Sci., 2007,
vol. 43, p. 311.
0.2 9. Chanturiya, V.A., Bunin, I.Zh., Ryazantseva, M.V.,
and Khabarova, I.A., Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys.,
0 2013, vol. 77, no. 9, p. 1096.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 10. Chanturiya, V.A., Bunin, I.Zh., Ryazantseva, M.V.,
mV Khabarova, I.A., and Anashkina, N.E., Bull. Russ.
Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2014, vol. 78, no. 4, p. 244.
11. Cherepenin, V.A., Phys.Usp., 2006, vol. 49, p. 1097.
AFM image of a molybdenite surface (scanning region, 12. Shalimova, K.V., Fizika poluprovodnikov (Semicon
1 × 1 µm) after HEMP treatment (ttreat ~ 10 s): (a) spatial ductors Physics), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1985.
relief, (b) surface potential (Δϕ, mV), and (c) distribution
histogram of the values of Δϕ (Npixel, 103). 13. Shui, R.T., Poluprovodnikovye rudnye mineraly (Semi
conductor Ore Minerals), Leningrad: Nedra, 1979.
14. Mironov, V.L., Osnovy skaniruyushchei zondovoi mik
Structural phase transformations of the surfaces of roskopii (Foundations of Scanning Probe Microscopy),
sulfide minerals under the effect of highvoltage nano Moscow: Tekhnosfera, 2004.
second pulses allowed targeted variations in the physi 15. Nazarchuk, Yu.N., Novikov, V.A., and Torkhov, N.A.,
cochemical and manufacturing properties of sulfides: Russ. Phys. J., 2011, vol. 54, p. 296.
the galenite and sphalerite electrode potential shifted 16. Wagner, C.D., Naumkin, A.V., KrautVass, A., et al.,
to the region of increasing positive values, raised the NIST Xray photoelectron spectroscopy database,

BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS Vol. 79 No. 6 2015

728 BUNIN et al.

standard reference database 20, Ver. 3.4.
http://srdata.nist.gov/xps
17. Tauson, V.L., Babkin, D.N., Lipko, S.V., et al., 24.
Geochem. Int., 2010, vol. 48, p. 94.
18. Brion, D., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1980, no. 5, p. 133.
19. Veremeenko, M.D., Solozhenkin, P.M., Nefedov, V.I., 25.
et al., Izv. Akad. Nauk Tadzh. SSR. Otd. Fiz.–Mat.,
Khim., Geol. Nauk, 1986, no. 2, p. 19. 26.
20. Descostes, M., Mercier, F., Thromat, N., et al., Appl.
Surf. Sci., 2000, vol. 165, no. 4, p. 288. 27.
21. Knipe, S.W., Mycroft, J.R., Pratt, A.R., et al., Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 1995, vol. 59, no. 6, p. 1079.
28.
22. Khmeleva, T.N., Georgiev, T.V., Jasieniak, M., et al.,
Surf. Interface Anal., 2005, vol. 37, no. 8, p. 699.
23. Nefedov, V.I., Rentgenoelektronnaya spektroskopiya
khimicheskikh soedinenii: spravochnik (XRay Spec
troscopy for Chemical Compounds. Handbook), Mos
cow: Khimiya, 1984.
Chanturiya, V.A., Bunin, I.Zh., and Kovalev, A.T.,
Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2008, vol. 72, no. 8,
p. 1053.
Brown, N., Cui, N., and McKinley, A., Appl. Surf. Sci.,
1998, vol. 134, no. 1, p. 11.
Benoist, L., Gonbeau, D., and PfisterGuillouzo, G.,
et al., Thin Solid Films, 1995, vol. 258, no. 1, p. 110.
Galtayries, A., Wisniewski, S., and Grimblot, J.,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1997, vol. 87,
no. 1, p. 31.
Lazneva, E.F. and Baryshev, I.V., Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1991,
vol. 61, no. 9, p. 167.
Translated by N. Korovin

BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS Vol. 79 No. 6 2015