




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


*


 gŸë¡fšé¤ Jiw, éG¥òu« kht£l«
nkšãiy Ïu©lh« M©L
édh – t§» : 2019-2020
tuyhW

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpaj;jpd; vOr;rp

II. RUf;fkhdtpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz;fs; )
1. Njrpak; vd;why; vd;d ?
 Njrpak; vd;gJ xU ehl;bw;F tpRthrkhfTk; gf;jpNahLk; ,Uj;jy;.
 jdJ ehl;il Vida ehLfistpl caHthd ,lj;jpy; itj;Jg; Nghw;Wjy;.
 jdJ ehl;bd; gz;ghL> tpUg;gq;fspd; tsHr;rpapy; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jy;.

2. Gjpa epyTilik cupikfshy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfis vOJf.

 epyj;ij tpw;gidg; nghUshf;fpaJ epyj;jpw;F tpiy eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz;ikia tzpf kakhf;fpaJ - czT cw;gj;jp jilgl;lJ.
 epytup nrYj;jhky; ,Ue;jhy; epyq;fis gwpKjy; nra;J Vyk;tpl;ldh;.
 re;ijf;Fj; Njitahdij kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;a tw;GWj;jg;gl;ldh;.

3. mTup Gul;rp Fwpj;J Fwpg;G tiuf.

 ,e;jpaf; Fj;jif tptrhapfis mTupia kl;LNk gapuplf; fl;lhag;gLj;jpdH.
 gz;izahsh; re;ij tpiyiatplf; Fiwthd tpiyf;F mTupia thq;fpdhh;.
 GJ xg;ge;jq;fs; Nghl kWj;J tptrhapfs; 1859 - 60 ,y; Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

4. ,y;gHl; kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjp.

 INuhg;gpah;fis ,e;jpa ePjpgjpfs; tprhhpg;gjw;F fLk; vjph;g;Gfs; fpsk;gpd.
 1883 ,y; ,y;gHl; kNrhjhtpw;F Mjuthf ,e;jpahtpy; fpsHr;rpfs; ele;jd.
 Njrpa mstpy; xU murpay;rhH mikg;ig cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd czh;e;jdh;.
 xUtpj Njrpa czh;T Njhd;wp ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cjakhdJ.

5. etPd fy;tpapy; rkag; gug;Gf; FOf;fspd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.

 ,e;Jkj gyflTs; Nfhl;ghL> rhjpa Vw;w jho;Tfis fpwpj;jth;fs; rhbdH.
 etPd> kjr;rhHgw;w fy;tpapd; %ykhf fpwpj;jtj;ijg; Nghjpf;f Kad;wdh;.
 fy;tp cupik kWf;fg;gl;l mbj;jl;L kf;fs; fy;tp gapYk; tha;g;ig toq;fpd.
 gy;NtW r%f> kj rPHjpUj;j ,aq;fq;fs; Njhd;w toptif nra;jJ.
6. Mq;fpyg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fj;jpdH mspj;j
Nfhupf;iffs;vd;d ?
 Mq;fpNyag; gFjpfs; kfhuhzpahupd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 uaj;Jthup> [kPd;jhup Kiwfis xopj;J tptrhapfis tpLtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]{f;F Kd;dH njhlq;fg;gl;l mikg;Gfspd; gl;bay;
xd;iwj; jahH nra;f.
 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p epWtpa ,e;jpa rq;fk; - 1865
 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p epWtpa fpof;fpe;jpaf; fofk; - 1866
 nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fk; - 1852 _ nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk; - 1884
1
8. njhlf;f fhy Kf;fpa Njrpathjpfis fz;lwpf.
 A.O. `pA+k;>W. C. ghdh;[p> RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
 Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p> ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh.
 yhyh y[gjp uha;> gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> ghy fq;fhju jpyfh;.

IIIFWfpa tpil jUf ( 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. nkf;fhNyapd; ,e;jpa fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;GfisMa;f.
 1835y; nkf;fhNy Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfis ntspapl;lhH.
 Mq;fpy topapy; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpf;F Mjuthf thjpl;lhH.
 epwj;jpy; ,e;jpauhfTk; xOf;fj;jpy; mwptpy; Mq;fpNyauhf ,Uf;F k; xU kf;fs;
gpuptpdiu ,e;jpahTf;Fs; cUthf;f tpUk;gpdhH.

2. 1853,y; ,e;jpa rPHjpUj;j fofjiytupd; nrd;id tUifia Fwpj;J eP mwpe;jJ

vd;d?
 ,e;jpa rPHjpUj;j fof jiytuhd nra;NkhH 1853y; nrd;id te;jhH.
 Fz;^H flY}H> jpUr;rp> Nryk;> ney;iy Mfpa ,lq;fis ghHitapl;lhH.
 ,Ue;jNghjpYk; 1853Mk; Mz;L gl;la rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdp Ml;rp njhlu mDkjp toq;fpaJ.

3. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa czHit cUthf;fpajpy; gj;jpupf;iffspd; gq;fpid

vOJf.
 jd;dhl;rp> kf;fshl;rp Nghd;w etPd rpe;jidfis gug;g cjtpaJ.
 gj;jpupf;iffs; murpaiy tpkHrdk; nra;a njhlq;fpd.
 ehl;bid ghjpf;Fk; gy;NtW gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;J kf;fsplk; Ngrpd.
 jp ,e;J> RNjrkpj;ud;> bupg;a+d; Mfpa Kf;fpakhd gj;jpupf;iffshFk;.

4. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; xg;ge;jf; $ypnjhopyhsH Kiw vt;topapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

 ,k;Kiwapd;fPo; njhopyhsHfs; 5 tUl fhyj;Jf;F xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;ldH.
 ,Wjpapy; mtHfs; Fiwe;j msT $ypia ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tPL jpUk;gyhk;.
 ciog;Gld; $ba fLq;fhty; jz;lid Nghd;wJ xg;ge;jf; $yp njhopyhsH
KiwahFk;.

5. Nk1884,y;eilngw;w nrd;id kfh[d rq;fj;jpd; njhlf;f tpohtpy; gq;Nfw;w Kf;fpa

jiytHfspd; ngaHfis vOJf.
 nrd;id kfh[d rq;fj;jpd; njhlf;f tpohtpy; gq;Nfw;w jiytHfs;
 [p.Rg;ukzpak; > tPuuhfthrhup> mde;jh rhHY >
 uq;ifah >ghyh[puht;>kw;Wk; Nryk; uhkrhkp.

6. njhlf;ffhyj;jpy; ,yq;iff;F njhopyhsHfis mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ Fwpj;J vOJf.

 1815,y; rpNyhd; MSeH kjuh]; MSeUf;F Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;a
$ypfis mDg;gpl Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhH.
 1833 > 1843 Mz;L gQ;rq;fs; kf;fis Gyk;ngaHe;J nry;y itj;jd.
 ,yq;ifapd; fhgp>Njapiy Njhl;lq;fspy; ,e;jpaHfs; xg;ge;jf; $ypfshf Ntiy
nra;a nrd;wdH.

7. ,e;jpa epHthf nrytpd tptuq;fis$W.

 yz;ldpy; thOk; fk;ngdp gq;FjhuHfSf;F juNtz;ba gq;F.
 uapy;Nt Jiwapy; KjyPl;Lf;F toq;f Ntz;ba tl;b.
 gzpepiwT ngw;w mYtyHfSf;F juNtz;ba Xa;t+jpak;.
 NghHfSf;fhf ,q;fpyhe;jplk; ngw;w flDf;F tl;b.
2
IV. tphpthd tpil jUf :( 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; )
1. ,e;jpa eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpy; Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpapd; jhf;fj;ijAk; gpd;dH> mJ
,e;jpar; r%fj;ij rPHjpUj;jTk; kw;Wk; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;jpl Mw;wpa gq;fpid
tpthjpf;fTk;.

,e;jpa eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpy; Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpapd; jhf;fk; :

 eLj;ju th;ff; j;jpdh; Mq;fpNyahpd; epHthfj;jpd; fPo; gzpGhpa kWj;jdh;.
 Vida kf;fspilNa ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsHj;njLg;gjpy; rpwg;ghdg; gq;fhw;wpdH.
 Njrpa mstpy; gy mikg;Gfspy; ,ize;J ehl;L kf;fis xd;W jpul;bdh;.
,e;jpar; r%fj;ij rPHjpUj;jTk; kw;Wk; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;jjpy; Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpapd;
gq;F :
 gpuk;k rkh[k;> Mhpa rkh[k;> mypfhh; ,af;fk; Nghd;w rPhj; pUj;j ,af;fq;fs;
Njhd;wpd.
 rPHjpUj;jthjpfspd; kPs;rpe;jid tpisthf ,e;jpa Njrpa czHT cjakhdJ.
 rjp tof;fk;> ngz;rpRf; nfhiy> Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; Mfpad xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa czHT Njhd;wf; fhuzkhd r%fg; nghUshjhuf;

fhuzpfis Ma;f.
 ,e;jpahtpd; kuG rhHe;j epyTilik Kiwia Mq;fpNyaHfs; rpijj;jdH.
 Gjpa epytUtha; Kiwfs; epyq;fs tpw;gidg; nghUshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
 Ntshz;ik tzpf kakhf khwpajhy; czT cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Fiwe;jJ.
 epytup Fj;jif nrYj;jhky; ,Ue;jhy; epyq;fisg; gwpKjy; nra;jdh;.
 Mq;fpNyaHfs; gQ;rq;fspd; NghJk; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdH.
 ,e;jpahtpy; njhopy;fs; ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ljhy; kf;fs; gyh; Ntiy ,oe;jdh;.

3. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa tpopg;GzHTf;F gpupl;b\hupd; mlf;FKiw kw;Wk; ,dntwpf;

nfhs;iffs;> ve;j mstpw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd?
mlf;FKiw nfhs;iffs; :
 1870 ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk;> mlf;FKiw XOq;fhw;Wr; rl;lk;.
 1878 ,y; gj;jpupf;iffisj; jzpf;iff;F gpuhe;jpa nkhopr; rl;lk;.
 ,e;jpa gUj;jpapio Jzpfspd; kPjhd cs;ehl;Lj; jPHit caHj;jg;gl;lJ.
 upg;gd; gpuG Ml;rpapy; ,y;gHl; kNrhjhtpy; jpUj;jk; nra;jdh;.

gpupl;b\hupd; ,dntwpf; nfhs;iffs; :

 caH gjtpfspy; ,e;jpaHfis epakdk; nra;ahky; tpyf;fp itj;jdh;.
 Fbikg; gzpf;fhdj; NjHTfs; vOj taJ tuk;G 21 vd epHzak; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ICS Njh;Tfis ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; xNu Neuj;jpy; elj;j muR kWj;jJ.

4. ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy

ngWtjw;F Muk;g fhy Njrpathjpfs; mspj;j gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fs; :
 ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;jpy; ,e;jpag; gpujpepjpfs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 epytupia Fiwj;J [kPd; Ruz;lypypUe;J tptrhapfs; ghJfhj;jy;.
 RNjrpg; nghUl;fSf;F ,wf;Fkjp tupia cah;j;Jjy;.
 Ml;rp > ePjp >epHthfj;ij jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;jy;.

Muk;g fhy Njrpathjpfs; mspj;j gq;fspg;Gfs; :

 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p ’nry;tr; Ruz;ly;" vDk; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd; itj;jhH.
 jpyfH ’Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Gupik mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;" vd;whH.
 jpyfH Nfrup> kuhl;lh Mfpa ,uz;L gj;jpupiffspd; MrpupauhdhH.

3
 2. jPtpu Njrpathjj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; RNjrp ,af;fKk;
II. RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz;fs; )
1. kpjthjpfspd; ’,iwQ;Rjy; nfhs;if‛ vd;why; vd;d?
 kpjthjpfs; Mq;fpNyahplk; filgpbj;j ftdkhd mZFKiw.
 jq;fs; Nfhhpf;iffis epiwNtw;wpl Mq;fpNyauplk; kd;whLjy;.
 mikjpahd topapy; Mq;fpNyauplk; kDf;fisr; rkHg;gpj;jy;.

2. kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j uhdNl RNjrpf; nfhs;ifapid vt;thW tpsf;FfpwhH?

 RNjrp vd;gjd; nghUs; xUtuJ ehl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd vd tpsf;fpdhh;.
 xUtuJ nrhe;j ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghL
 Fiwthd kdepiwitf; nfhLj;j NghjpYk; Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
vd;whh;.
3. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; jPtpu Njrpathjpfspd; ikakhf tpsq;fpa jiytHfisf;
fz;lwpf.
 gQ;rhgpy; - yhyh y[gjp uha;
 fy;fj;jhtpy; - gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;.
 gk;ghapy; - ghy fq;fhju jpyfh;.

4. jPtpu Njrpathjk; 1908 f;F gpd;dH Vd; Fiwe;jJ?

 1907 Mk; Mz;L #ujpy; eilngw;w khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ.
 RNjrp ,af;fj; jiyth;fs; r%fj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp kf;fis CLUtj; jtwpdh;.
 ,e;Jkj ek;gpf;iffshy; Kyhk; G+rg;gl;l Njrg;gw;iw K];ypk;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy.

5. Njrpa ,af;fj;ij xLf;f fhydpa muR Nkw;nfhz;l mlf;FKiwfs; ahit?

 1904 - gy;fiyf; fofr; rl;lk; 1904 mYtyf ufrpar; rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk;.
 1907 - nghJf; $l;lq;fs; rl;lk; 1908 ntb kUe;Jr; rl;lk;
 1908 - J}z;Ljy; Fw;wr; rl;lk; 1910 ,e;jpa gj;jpupifr; rl;lk;

III FWfpa tpil jUf ( 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhf gpsTgl fhuzkhd #uj; khehl;bd;nray;Kiwfs; Fwpj;J
vOJf.
 fy;fj;jh khehl;L KbTfshy; mr;rk;nfhz;l kpjthjpfs; khehl;il #uj; efUf;F
khw;wpdH.
 mLj;j fhq;fpu]; jiytH nghWg;Gf;F kpjthjpfs; uh\;gpfhup Nfhi\ Kd;nkhopa
jPtpuNjrpathjpfs; yhyh y[gjpuhia Kd;nkhope;jhHfs;.
 1906 fy;fj;jh khehl;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPHkhdq;fis gpd;gw;Wtjh ,y;iyah
vd;gJ Fwpj;J epiyik nfhjpepiyia vl;baJ.khehL Fog;gj;jpy; Kbe;jJ.

2. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpNghJ mjpfupj;j jdpegH td;KiwfSf;fhd fhuzq;fis vOJf.

 md;dpa mlf;FKiw Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,isQHfs; nghWik ,oe;jdH.
 ,isQHfis xU ePz;lfhy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLj;Jtjpy; jPtpu Njrpathjpfs;
Njhy;tp mle;jdH.
 Gul;rpfu nray;ghLfs; ,e;jpa Mz;ik jd;ikia kPl;nlLf;Fk; FwpaPlhf
ek;gg;gl;lJ.

3. ngUthupahd kf;fis xd;Wjpul;l rkpjpfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gzpfspd;

rpwg;gk;rq;fs; ahit?
 mwnewpfis fw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
 gQ;rk; > Neha;fspd;NghJ Nritahw;Wjy;.
 RNjrp nra;jpia gug;Gjy;
 cs;Supy; gs;spfs; eLtH ePjpkd;wq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

4
4. 1908y; eilngw;w Nfhuy; E}w;ghiy Ntiy epWj;jk; gw;wp ePtpH mwptJ ahJ?
 1908y; Nfhuy;kpy; njhopyhsHfspd; tho;fi ; f #oy; t.c.rp ia ftHe;jJ.
 t.c.rp kw;Wk; rpth ciuapdhy; J}z;lg;ngw;w njhopyhsHfs; Ntiy epWj;jk;
nra;jdH.
 nra;jpg; gj;jpupf;iffs; ,e;j Ntiy epWj;jj;ij Mjupj;jJ.
 ,Wjpapy; Miy Kjyhspfs; njhopyhsHfspd; Nfhupf;ifia Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.

5. mypg;g+H ntbFz;L tof;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

 mutpe;j Nfh\pd; rNfhjuH gupe;jH FkhH kw;Wk; 35NgH ifJ nra;ag; gl;ldH.
 rp.MH.jh]; ,t;tof;fpy; mtHfSf;fhf thjhbdhH.
 Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf mutpe;j Nfh\; rjpapy; <Lgl;lhH vd;gjw;F
Mjhukpy;yhjjhy; mtH tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhH.
 guPe;jUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

6. gpgpd; re;jpughypd; tpLjiy jpdj;ij jpUney;Ntypapy; Rauh[;[pa jpdkhf RNjrp

,af;f jiytHfs; nfhz;lhl jpl;lkpl;ljd; tpisT ahJ?
 muR epHthf vjpHg;igAk;kPwp t.c.rp > rpth nray;gl;ldH.
 1908y; mtHfs; NjrJNuhf Fw;wj;jpw;fhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH.
 rpdk; nfhz;l kf;fs; td;Kiwapy; ,wq;fpdH. filailg;G ele;jJ
 ney;iyapy; fhty; epiyak; jP itf;fg;gl;lJ > Jg;ghf;fp #l;by; 4 NgH gypahfpdH.

7. t.c.rpjk;guj;jpd; RNjrp ,af;f Kaw;rpfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

 1906y; t.c.rp RNjrp ePuhtp fg;gy; fk;ngdpia gjpT nra;jhH.
 Muk;gj;jpy; Mq;fpNya epHthfk; ,ij myl;rpag; gLj;jpaJ.
 ehsiltpy; RNjrp fg;gy; fk;ngdpf;F MjuT ngWfpajhy; Mq;fpNyaH ,d
Ntw;Wik czHT nfhz;L xUjiygl;lkhf ele;J nfhz;ldH

8. fnyf;lH M\; Vd; thQ;rpehjdhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH?

 J}j;Jf;Fbapy; RNjrp Kaw;rpfs; mlf;fg;gl;ld.
 RNjrp jiytHfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L mtkjpf;fg;gl;ldH.
 jpUney;Ntyp epfo;Tf;F gopthq;f rjpj; jpl;lk; jPl;lg;gl;lJ.
 Nkw;fhuzj;jhy; thQ;rpehjd; M\; Jiuia nfhd;W jw;nfhiy nra;J
nfhz;lhH.

IV. tphpthd tpil jUf :( 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; yhy; - ghy; - ghy; Mfpa %tupd; gq;fspg;gpid
kjpg;gpLf.
yhyh y[gjp uha; :
 muRf;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuk; nra;jjw;fhf khz;l;Ny rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 irkd; FO vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ Nghyprhhpd; jbabapy; fhakile;jhh;.
gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; :
 kpjthjpahf jdJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fp gpd; jPtpu Njrpathjpahf khwpdhh;.
 tq;fhsj;jpy; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;L Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhh;.
ghy fq;fhju jpyfh; :
 ’Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Gupik mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;" vd Koq;fpdhh;.
 Nfrup> kuhl;lh Mfpa ,uz;L gj;jpupiffs; elj;jpdhH.
 1916 Mk; Mz;L jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

5
2. jkpo;ehl;by; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
 jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; RNjrp ,af;fk; ngUk; Mjuitg; ngw;wJ.
 muRf;F vjpuhd $l;lq;fspy; tl;lhu nkhopapy; nrhw;nghopTfs; epfo;j;jpdH.
 nkupdhf; flw;fiu %H khHf;nfl; tshfj;jpYk; $l;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
 1906 ,y; t.c. rpjk;guk; RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpia epWtpdhh;.
 [p. Rg;ukzpak; jp ,e;J kw;Wk; RNjrkpj;jpud; gj;jpupif njhlq;fpdhH.
 jpUney;Ntyp fnyf;lh; M\; Jiuia thQ;rpehjd; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;.

3. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpd; jhf;fk;

II. RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk;. ( 2 kjpg;ngz;fs; )
1. 1903 - 1914 Mfpa fhy fl;lq;fspy; Njrpa ,af;fk; tsHe;J tUtij
fl;Lg;gLj;jMq;fpy muR Nkw;nfhz;l mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs; vd;d?
 1903 - fHrd; gpuG Fw;w csTj; Jiwia (CID) cUthf;fpdhH.
 1908 - gj;jpupf;iffs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ntbnghUl;fs; rl;lk;.
 1910 - ,e;jpa gj;jpupf;iffs; rl;lk;.
 1911 - NjrJNuhf $l;lq;fs; jLg;Gr; rl;lk;.

2. fpyh‡gj; ,af;fk; Jtq;Ftjw;fhd gpd;dzp vd;dthf ,Ue;jJ?

 Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpy; Njhy;tpile;j JUf;fp jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
 nrt;Nu]; cld;gbf;if JUf;fp Ry;jhdpd; epiyia jho;j;jpaJ.
 rpupahTk;> nygdhDk; gpuhd;]pd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;ld.
 ghy];jPdKk; N[hHlDk; gpupl;b\hh; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;ld.

3. md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Gj;jfk; kw;Wk; thuhe;jpug;

gj;jpupf;iffspd; ngaHfis $W.
 thuhe;jpug; gj;jphpf;if - fhkd; tPy; (1914).
 Gj;jfk; - ,e;jpah vt;thW tpLjiyg; Nghiu Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wJ (1915).
 jpdg; gj;jphpf;if - epA ,e;jpah (1915).

4. 1915 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rl;lk; gw;wp tptupf;fTk;.

 Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ mtru fpupkpdy; rl;lkhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 Njrpathj kw;Wk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkhdtHfs; kPJ tof;Fj; njhlu ,r;rl;lk; mDkjpj;jJ.
 ,r;rl;lk;> ,e;jpag; ghJfhg;G xOq;FKiwfs; rl;lk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.

III FWfpa tpil jUf ( 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; ,ul;il Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
 1916y; md;dpngrz;l; kw;Wk; jpyfH jiyikapy; ,uz;L jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;j ,U jd;dhl;rp ,af;fq;fSk; ,ul;il Fwpf;Nfhs;fis nfhz;ljhf
,Ue;jJ.
 gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; jd;dhl;rp Vw;gLj;JtJ jha;ehl;L ngUik
kf;fspilNa Vw;gLj;JtJ.

2.,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; xU mj;jpahakhf fjhH ,af;fk; fUjg;gLtJ

Vd;?
 fjhH ,af;fk; Kjypy; fdlhtpy; Muk;gpf;fg; gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpypUe;J FbNawpatHfs; NfhkflkU fg;gypy; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdH
 gpd; gpupl;b\; NghypRld; ele;j Nkhjypy; fg;gypy; ,Ue;j gyH ,we;jdH.
 ,J ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;Jf;F Mokhd tLit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
6
3.1920 khHr;rpy; eilngw;w ghup]; mikjp khehl;by; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd;
rhHghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nfhupf;iffs; vd;d?
 JUf;fp Ry;jhd; fyPghthf njhlu Ntz;Lk;.
 ,];yhkpa Gdpj jyq;fs; mtuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 Ry;jhdplk; NghJkhd gFjpfs; jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 [hrpuj;-cy;-mug; gFjpfs; ,tupd; ,iwahz;ik fPo; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4.nrd;id njhopw; rq;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d?

 1918y; Kjd;Kiwahf nrd;id njhopw; rq;fk; gp.gp thbah epWtpdhH.
 gf;fpq;`hk;> nguk;g+H fHehl;bf; kpy; njhopyhsHfs; Nkhrkhfelj;jg; gl;ljhy;
Vw;gl;lJ.
 tFg;G Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F njhopw;rq;f nfhs;iffis Majkhf;fpdH.
 ,jid njhlHe;J ,e;jpahtpy; gy njhopw; rq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg; gl;lJ.

IV. tphpthd tpil jUf :( 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. yf;Ndh xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jf.
 eph;thf epjp tp\aq;fspy; khfhzq;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 kj;jpa> khfhz rl;lg; Nguitapy; 4/5 cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;jy; %yk; Njh;e;njLj;jy;.
 eph;thf rigapy; 1/2 cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLj;j ,e;jpah;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 khfhz rigj; Njh;jy;fspy; K];ypk;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs; toq;f rk;kjpj;jJ.
 jq;fs; rigfspd; jPh;khdq;fs;gb kj;jpa> khfhz muRfs; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 muR mYty;fSld; njhlh;Gila vtUk; rkepiy ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. jpyfH kw;Wk; md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahh; MfpNahupd; fPo; Jtf;fg;gl;l Rahl;rp

,af;fq;fspd; nray;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.
jpyfhpd; Rahl;rp ,af;fk; :
 1916 Vg;uy; ngy;fhk; khehl;by; jpyfhpd; Rahl;rp ,af;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 jpyfhpd; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;Jf;F nkhj;jk; MW fpisfs; xJf;fg;gl;ld.
 1918 Mk; Mz;L cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 32 Mapukhf mjpfhpj;jJ.
 jd;dhl;rp gw;wp Ngrpajw;fhf 1916 [_iy 23 ,y; jpyfh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
md;dp ngrd;l; Rahl;rp ,af;fk; :
 1916 nrg;lk;ghpy; md;dp ngrz;l; kjuh]py; Rahl;rp ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
 ,e;jpah KOtJk; jd;dhl;rp fUj;Jf;fisg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhh;.
 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; gpugykhdjhy; kjuh]; muR mlf;f epidj;jJ.

3. kyghH khg;gps;is fpsHr;rpapd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; Jau tpisTfisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.
fpsHr;rpapd; fhuzq;fs;:
 ,f;fpsh;r;rp 1921 ,y; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ele;jJ.
 fpyhgj; ,af;f njhlh;r;rpahf kyghh; K];ypk;fs; fpsh;r;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.
 ntspehl;L epyg;gpuGf;fSf;F vjpuhd fpsh;r;rpahfj; njhlq;fpaJ.
 tptrhaj;ij mopj;j ntspehl;bdUf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwapy; <Lgl;ldh;.
fpsh;r;rpapd; Jau tpisTfs; :
 ,f;fpsh;r;rp ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf khwp ,e;Jf;fs; gyh; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
 ,e;Jf;fs; kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ldh;. gy Nfhapy;fs; ,bf;fg;gl;ld.
 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; ghjpg;G> ,e;J - K];ypk; xw;Wik rPh;Fiyj;jJ.

4. fhe;jpabfs; Njrpa jiytuhf cUntLj;J kf;fis

xd;wpizj;jy;
II. RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; . ( 2 kjpg;ngz;fs; )
7
1. Nty;]; ,sturH ,e;jpahtpd; tUif vt;thW ,Ue;jJ?
 1921 ,y; Nty;]; ,sturhpd; tUifia ,e;jpa kf;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jdh;.
 ehL KOtJk; njhopyhsHfSk; tptrhapfSk; NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldH.
 Nty;]; ,sturhpd; tUifahy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; NkYk; tYtile;jJ.
2. fhe;jpabfspd; rk;guhd; rj;ahfpufj;jpd; NghJ cld; nrd;w cs;@H
jiytHfs;ahtH ?
 uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; kw;Wk; k[hUy; `f;
 Mr;rhHa fpUgpshdp kw;Wk; k`hNjt Njrha;

3. ,e;jpa gzpahsH rq;fk; Vd; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ?

 ,e;jpah;fSf;F eyg;gzpfspy; gapw;rp toq;Ftjw;fhf 1905 ,y; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 gpd;jq;fpa> Cuf kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd kf;fspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf fy;tpawpt+l;ly;
kw;Wk; ,ju r%ff; flikfspy; <LgLjy;.

4. gfp\;fphpj; `pjfHdp rgh Fwpj;J vOJf?

 mk;Ngj;fH - g`p\;fphpj; `plhfhpdp rig vd;w mikg;ig epWtpdhH.
 jdpj;J tplg;gl;ltHfspd; eyDf;fhd mikg;G vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 jPz;lj;jfhjtHfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l ,lh;ghLfisf; fisa ghLgl;lhH.

5. Njrpathjpfshy; nusyl; rl;lk; Vd; vjpHf;fg;gl;lJ?

 fhydp Mjpf;f muR ,aw;wpa mlf;FKiw rl;lq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W.
 ve;jtpj ePjpkd;w tprhuizAkpd;wp vtiuAk; rpiwapy; milf;fyhk; vd;wJ.
 1919 ,y; kj;jpa rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdh;fspd; vjpHg;ig kPwp epiwNtw;wpaJ.

7. gp.MH. mk;Ngj;fuhy; topelj;jg;gl;l k`j; rj;ahfpufk; gw;wp mwptJ vd;d?

 CUzpfs; kw;Wk; fpzWfspy; jPz;lhik nfhLikf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F
ju Ntz;ba mbg;gil cupikfis kPl;Lj;ju k`j; rj;ahfpufk; vd;w mikg;ig
njhlq;fpdhH.

8. fhe;jp - ,Htpd; xg;ge;jj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vJ?

 fhe;jp tpLjiyahd gpwF rj;ahfpufg; gpur;rhuj;ijf; iftpl cWjp Vw;whH.
 rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpaHfis tpLjiy nra;a ,Htpd; rk;kjpj;jhH.
 1931 fhe;jp - ,Htpd; xg;ge;jk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; Kbitf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

III FWfpa tpil jUf . ( 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy Fwpj;J Fwpg;G vOJf.
 rj;aghy; rha;GjPd;fpr;Y ifJf;F vjpHg;G njuptpj;J 1919 Vg;uy; 13 md;W [hypad;
thyhghf; gFjpapy; nghJf;$l;lk; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 ,uhZt tPuHfSld; nrd;w n[duy;laH Jg;ghf;fp #L elj;j cj;jutpl;lhH..
 379 NgH ,we;jdH Mapuj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;NlhH gLfhakile;jdH. utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
jkJ iel;Tl; gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhH

2. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw gw;wp vOJf.

 1919d; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy;fs; rl;lk; khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.
 ,ul;il Ml;rpapd; fPo; khfhz muRfSf;F epHthfj;jpy; mjpf gq;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; rl;lk; epjp Mfpait Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; Rfhjhuk; fy;tp cs;shl;rp
Nghd;w Jiwfs; ,e;jpaUf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.

8
3. g+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
 jPz;lj;jfhNjhUf;F jdpj;njhFjpfs; toq;;fg;gl;lij vjpHj;J fhe;jp
cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
 mk;Ngj;fUf;Fk; fhe;jpf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jk; g+dh xg;ge;jk; MFk;
 jPz;lhik nfhLikf;F cs;sf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ,lq;fspd; xJf;fL P Fwpj;J
cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. gpuhkzuy;yhNjhH ,af;f jiytHfs; fhydp murhq;fj;ij ifahs;tjpy;

njhlf;f fhy murpay;thjpfs; filgpbj;j mNj Af;jpia ifahz;ldH tptup.
 ,e;jpahtpy; fPo;jl;L kf;fs; tpopg;GzHT ngw;w Njrpathjpfspd; jhuhs [dehaf
fUj;Jf;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;stpy;iy.
 Njrpathjpfspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhH jPtpukhf ,t;tpaf;fq;fis vjpHj;jdH.
 gpupl;b\hUf;F ifj;jbfs; vd;W ,e;j ,af;fq;fis rpyH $wpdH.
 gpd;dH gpuhkzuy;yhNjhH ,af;f jiytHfs; fhydp murhq;fj;ij ifahs
njhlf;f fhy murpay;thjpfspd; mNj Af;jpia ifahz;ldH.

3. khw;wj;ij tpUk;GgtHfs; - khw;wj;ij tpUk;ghjtHfs;- NtWgLj;Jf.

 khw;wj;ij tpUk;GgtHfs; - rPHjpUj;jk; ngw;w rl;lg;Nguitia ifg;gw;wp Njrpathj
czHt+l;b Rauh[;[pak; Ntz;LNthH ,tHfshtH.

 khw;wj;ij tpUk;ghjtHfs; - rl;lNguit Eioit vjpHj;j kw;nwhU FO fhe;jp

topia gpd;gw;wp kf;fis xd;W jpul;bdH. uh[h[p > gNly; ,f;FOit rhHe;jtHfs;.

4. gpujkhikr;rH uhk;Nr kf;nlhdhy;bd; tFg;Gthj mwpf;ifiag; gw;wp vOJf.

 fhe;jp mk;Ngj;fH ,ilNa jdpj;njhFjpfs; gw;wpa Ngr;R Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
 ,jpy; gpupl;b\; gpujkH uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L jiyapl;L KbntLf;f
vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1932y; ,lxJf;fPl;Lld; $ba jdpj;njhFjpfs; gw;wpa mk;Ngj;fupd; Nfhupf;iffs;
Vw;fg;gl;ld.

5. %d;W tl;l Nkir khehLfspd; Kbtpd; Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpwF Vd; fhq;fpu]; jil
nra;ag;gl;lJ?
 tl;l Nkir khehLfs; midj;Jk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jjhy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij
kPz;Lk; fhq;fpu]; ifapy; vLj;jJ.
 ehl;by; nghUshjhu epiy Nkhrkile;jjhy; Nghuhl;lq;fis ,lJrhupfs;
elj;jpdH
 ,e;j ,af;fj;ij Klf;f epidj;j muR fhe;jp> NeU>fghHfhd; cl;gl
midtiuAk; ifJ nra;jdH.

IV. tphpthd tpil jUf :( 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpar; #oiyAk; mjd;
tpisTfisAk; tpthp.

eilKiwg;gLj;jpa #oy; :
 1920 ,y; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlq;f KbT nra;jdh;.
 fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs; Gwf;fzpg;G ; KbthdJ.
 me;epag; nghUl;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;> muR gl;lq;fis jpUk;gpj; jUjy;;.
 thpf;nfhlh ,af;fKk;> rl;lkWg;G ,af;fKk; ,jDld; ,izf;f KbT
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; tpisTfs; :
 cs;@H kf;fshy; gy gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs; epWtg;gl;ld.
 tof;fwpQHfs;> khztHfs; muR epWtdq;fis Gwf;fzpj;jdH.
 1921 ,y; Nty;]; ,sturhpd; ,e;jpag; gazk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tptrhapfSk; njhopyhsHfSk; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldH.
9
2. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpypUe;J rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; vt;topfspy;
khWgl;bUe;jJ?
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; :
 1920y; fhq;fpu]; > fpyhgj; ,af;f MjuNthL njhlq;fpaJ.
 ,e;J K];ypk; xw;Wik czh;it NkYk; tYg;gLj;jpaJ.
 muR fy;tp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; ehL KOtJk; Gwf;fzpg;G.
 me;epag; nghUl;fs; Gwf;fzpg;G> muR gl;lq;fisj; jpUk;g xg;gilj;jdh;.
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; :
 1930 ,y; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ
 rl;lq;fis kPWtJk;> muRf;F thpfs; nrYj;jhky; Gwf;fzpg;gJk; MFk;
 cg;G kPjhd thpia ePf;f Nfhhp 1930y; fhe;jp jz;b ahj;jpiu %yk; rl;lj;ij kPwp
cg;G vLj;jhh;.
 murpd; jhf;Fjy;fshy; 1934 ,y; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; KbTf;F te;jJ.

3. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; gq;fpid kjpg;gpLf.

 1919y; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij Mjhpj;J khehl;LfspYk; gq;Nfw;whh;.
 1920y; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;.
 1922y; nrshp nrsuh epfo;thy; xj;Jioahikia jpUk;gg; ngw;whh;.
 1930y; jz;b ahj;jpiu nrd;W rl;lj;ij kPwp cg;G vLj;jhh;.
 1931y; fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;gb ,e;jpah;fs; rpiwapypUe;J tpLtpg;G.
 1931y; yz;ldpy; 2-tJ tl;lNkir khehl;by; gq;Nfw;whh;.
 1932y; mk;Ngj;fUld; G+dh xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

4. xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F r%f ePjpia ghJfhf;f lhf;lH. mk;Ngj;fhuhy;

ftdk; nrYj;jpa fy;tp Kiwapid tiuaW.
 fy;tp %yNk xLf;fg;gl;ltH r%f me;j];j;ij mila KbAk; vd;whh;.
 rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f ePjpia epiyehl;l fy;tp mtrpak; vdf; fUjpdhh;.
 rhjp kw;Wk; ghypd NtWghbd;wp rkkhd fy;tp tha;g;G Nfhhpdhh;.
 jPz;lhik xopf;f midj;J rhjpapdUk; xNu tFg;giw mkuNtz;Lk; vd;whh;.
 xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdh; cah;fy;tp gapy fy;tp cjtpj;njhif Nfhhpdhh;.
 rkj;Jtk;> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik Mfpatw;iw fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd $wpdhh;.
 r%f ePjpia ghJfhf;f fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; ,lxJf;fL P mky;gLj;jpdhh;.

5. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpaJf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

Gul;rpfu Njrpathjpfspd; fhyk;
II. RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; . ( 2 kjpg;ngz;fs; )
1.,e;jpahtpy; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpia cUthf;f fpNul; gpupl;ldhy; mDg;gg;gl;l %d;W
Mq;fpy fk;a+dprthjpfspd; ngaHfis Fwpg;gpLf.
%d;W Mq;fpy fk;a+dprthjpfs; :
 gpypg; ];g;uhl;
 ghd; g;uhl;ypny];lH
 `l;rpd;rd; MfpNahH.

2.kPul; rjp tof;fpy; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l Fw;wthspfSf;F Mjuthf thjhba

tof;fwpQiu milahsg;gLj;Jf.
 kPul; rjptof;fpy; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis xUq;fpzg;gjw;fhf FO xd;W
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

10
  Nf.vg;. ehupkd; > vk;.rp rf;yh Mfpa tof;fwpQHfs; Fw;wthspfSf;F Mjuthf
thjhbdH.

3. Gfo; ngw;w Nfhuf;g+H ePjpgjpahd H.EN`hk;]; gw;wp ePtpH mwptJ ahJ.

 fhd;g+H rjp tof;F ePjpgjp H.EN`hk;]; Kd;dH Nfhuf;g+H ePjpgjpahf
gzpahw;wpaNghJ nrsup nrsuh tof;if tprhupj;jtH.
 nrsup nrsuh tof;fpy; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l 172 tptrhapfSf;F kuz jz;lid
mspj;J jPHg;gspj;jtH.

4.,uz;lhtJ yh$H rjp vd;wwpag;gLk; epfo;T ahJ ?

 rhz;lH]; nfhiy njhlHghd tprhuzf;F gfj;rpq;> uh[FU> Rf;Njt; MfpNahH
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Mshf;fg;gl;ldH.
 ,e;j tof;F ,uz;lhk; yh$H rjp tof;F vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
5.,e;jpahtpd; etPd njhopw;rhiyapd; je;ij vd N[.vd; lhlh miof;fg;gl
fhuzk; vd;d?
 1907y; gPfhupy; rhfp efupy; lhlh ,Uk;G vf;F njhopw;rhiy mikf;fg; gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhopyjpgH vd;gjhy; ,e;jpahtpd; etPd njhopyfq;fspd;
je;ij vd N[.vd; lhlh miof;fgLfpwhH.
III FWfpa tpil jUf . ( 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; )
1. rpl;lfhq; Majg; gil jhf;Fjiy elj;j #upah nrd; vt;thW jpl;lkpl;lhH?
 rpl;lfhq;if ifg;gw;Wtjw;F nfhupy;yh ghzp jhf;Fjiy elj;j jpl;lkpl;lhH.
 1930 Vg;uy; 18 md;W ,utpy; rpl;lfhq; giljsk; jf;fg;gl;lJ.
 uapy;Nt je;jp mYtyfk; fhty; Kfhk;fs; jhf;fg;gl;L rpl;lfhq; jdpik
gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

2.lhlh ,Uk;G vf;F epWtdk; gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

 1907y; gPfhupy; rhfp efupy; lhlh ,Uk;G vf;F njhopw;rhiy mikf;fg; gl;lJ.
 ,J RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; xU epfo;thf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mjd; cw;gj;jp 1912-13y; 31000 ld;dpypUe;J 1917-18y; 181000 ld;dhf caHe;jJ.

3.njd;dpe;jpahtpy; njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;fhf rpq;fhuNtyH Mw;wpa

gq;fspg;G Fwpj;J vOJf.
 jpU.tp.fTld; ,ize;J njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gy njhopw;rq;fq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jhH.
 1923Mk; Mz;L ehl;by; Kjd; Kiwahf Nk jpdk; nfhz;lhbdhH.
 1928y; njd;dpe;jpa uapy;Nt Ntiy epWj;jj;ij Vw;ghL nra;jhH.

IV. tphpthd tpil jUf ( 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. gfj;rpq;fpd; Gul;rpfu Njrpathjk; kw;Wk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; vt;thW
mtiu J}f;FNkilf;F,l;Lr; nrd;wJ?
 gfj;rpq; 1929 Vg;uy; 8y; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Fz;L tPrpdhH.
 ,J Mq;fpNya nfhLq;Nfhd;ikf;F vjpuhd Gul;rp eltbf;if.
 rhz;lH]; nfhiy njhlHghd tprhuzf;F gfj;rpq;> uh[FU> Rf;Njt; MfpNahH
ifJ nra;ag;gl;;ldH.
 ,e;j tof;F ,uz;lhk; yh$H rjp tof;F vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j tof;fpy; jhd; gfj;rpq; Rf;Njt;uh[FUTf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. 1919-1939 Mk; Mz;LfSf;fpilNa fhydp Mjpf;f ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l njhopy;

tsHrpapid gw;up vOJf.
 NghHfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; gpupl;ld; kw;Wk; cyf ruhrupia tplTk; ,e;jpa
njhopy;fspd; tsHr;rp rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
11
  jwpfs;kw;Wk;Roy; mr;Rf;fs; vz;zpifapy; fzprkha; caHe;jJ.
 1929 - 30fspy; ,e;jpahthy; 44rjtPjk; gUj;jp ,wf;Fkjpnra;ag;gl;lJ gpd;dH 1933
- 34y; ,J 20.5Mf Fee;jJ.
 rHf;fiu> rpnkz;l; njhopy;fs; tsHr;rp fz;ld.
 rpe;jpah ePuhtp fg;gy; fk;ngdp fg;gy; njhopYf;F Kd;NdhbahFk;.

3. nghUshjhug; ngUke;jk; Vw;gl;l NghJ r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; yl;rpaq;fs;

ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; fuhr;rp khehl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Ma;T nra;f.
 fhq;fpu]; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf Fj;jif kw;Wk; tupnrYj;jh
Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpaJ.
 ngUke;j mOj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l r%f nghUshjhu Njitfs; fuhr;rpapd;
fhq;fpu]; mkHtpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tptrhapfs;fprhd; rghtpYk; njhopyhsHfs; rq;fq;fspYk; ,ize;J jq;fsJ
<Lghl;il Rje;jpu Nghupy; czHj;jpdH.
 khHr; 1931 gNly; jiyikapy; ele;j fuhr;rp mkHT Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
nghUshjhu ghHitia toq;fpaJ.
 NeUtpd; fPo; te;j fhq;fpu]; r%fnghUshjhu rkj;Jt r%fj;ij NgrpaJ

6. Njrpathj murpaypy; tFg;Gthjk;

II. RUf;fkhd tpilasp : ( 2 kjpg;ngz; )

1. nfsuhf;\pdp rig gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
 nfsuhf;\pdp rig - gR ghJfhg;Gr; rq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 tl,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; Nghh; Fzk; nfhz;ljhfr; nray;gl;lJ.
 gR tij kw;Wk; gRf;fspd; tpw;gidapy; gyte;jkhf jiyapl;lJ.

2. ,e;Jf;fs; - K];ypk;fs; ,ilNa gphptpid Vw;glf; fhuzkhd Mhpa

rkh[j;jpd; ,uz;L ,af;fq;fs; ahit?
 Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; ,uz;L ,af;fq;fs; - Rj;jp kw;Wk; rq;fjd;.
 ,t;tpU ,af;fq;fspYk; fhq;fpu];fhuHfs; mjpfk; gq;Nfw;wdh;.
 fhq;fpu]; kPJ K];ypk;fs; ek;gpf;if ,oe;jjhy; gphptpid Vw;gl;lJ.

3. Mfhfhd; jiyikapyhd K];ypk; yPf; Kd;itj;j Nfhhpf;iffs; vd;d?

 muRg; gzpfspy; K];ypk;fspd; rjtPjj;ij caHj;Jjy;.
 caH ePjpkd;wq;fspy; K];ypk; ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;.
 mur gpujpepjpapd; MNyhridf; FOtpy; K];ypk; cWg;gpduhjy;.

4. 1923 ,y; thuzhrpapy; eilngw;w MwhtJ ,e;J kfhrig khehl;ilg; gw;wp

Fwpg;G vOJf.
 ,e;J kfhrig gpujpepjpfs; 968 Ngh; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;ldH.
 56.7 rjtPjk; NgH If;fpa khfhzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jdH.
 nrd;id> gk;gha;> tq;fhsk; Mfpa %d;Wk; 6.6 rjtPjk; Ngiu mDg;gpaJ.

III. FWfpa tpilasp : ( 3 kjpg;ngz; )

1. 1921 ,y; eilngw;w kyghH fyfj;ijg; gw;wpa fhe;jpabfspd; fUj;J vd;d?
 1921 ,y; kyghh; gFjpapy; K];ypk; tptrhapfs; fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf fyfk; nra;jdh;.
 fhe;jpabfs; kyghh; fyfj;ij ,e;J - K];ypk; NkhjyhfNt kjpg;gpl;lhH.
 kyghh; fyfj;Jf;F K];ypk;fs; nghJ kd;dpg;G Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.

12
2. ,];yhkpaHfSf;fhf kj;jpapy; Kjypy; mikf;fg;gl;l murpay; fl;rpapd;
Nehf;fq;fis vOJf.
 ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; gphpl;b\; murplk; cz;ikAlDk;> ed;wpAlDk; elj;jy;.
 K];ypk; yPf; mikg;gpd; kPJ muRf;F vOk; jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis ePf;Fjy;.
 ,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfis ghJfhj;jy;.
 ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; kw;w ,dj;jthplk; gifik ghuhl;Ltijj; jLj;jy;.

3. 1909 Mk; Mz;bd; kpd;Nlh - khHyp rPHj;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij $Wf.

 K];ypk;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp my;yJ tFg;Gthhpj; njhFjp xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mq;F K];ypk;fs; kl;LNk K];ypk; Ntl;ghsUf;F thf;fspf;f KbAk;.
 kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 27 ,Ue;j ,lq;fspy; 8 K];ypk;fSf;F toq;fpaJ.
 khfhzq;fspy; kjuh]; - 4> gk;gha; - 4> tq;fhsk; - 5 ,lq;fis xJf;fpaJ.

4. tFg;Gthjk; xU fUj;jpayhf vt;thW tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ?

 NeUtpd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘tFg;Gthjk; vd;gJ ‘gpw;Nghf;Fthjpfs; etPd
cyfj;jpw;Fg;nghUe;jhj> fhyhtjpahd xU fUj;ij tplhg;gpbahff; gpbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ.
 ,J Njrpathjk; vd;w fUj;jpw;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhdjhfTk; cs;sJ".
 kw;nwhU mwpQhpd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘tFg;Gthjk; vd;gJ xU FO FWfpa Nehf;fpy; kw;w
FOf;fs; my;yJ murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J tUk; vjpHg;ig kilkhw;wk; nra;Ak;
Nehf;fj;Jld; mzpjpul;Lk; jpl;lkpl;l Kaw;rpNa MFk;".

5. 1927 Mk; Mz;L nly;ypapy; eilngw;w K];ypk; yPf; khehl;bd; Kd;nkhopTfs;

ahit?
 gk;ghapy; ,Ue;J rpe;J gFjpiaj; jdpahfg; gphpj;njLg;gJ.
 gYr;rp];jhidAk; mjd; vy;iyfisAk; rPHjpUj;JtJ.
 kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; K];ypk;fSf;F 33 tpOf;fhLfs; ,lxJf;fPL.
 gQ;rhgpYk; tq;fhsj;jpYk; kf;fs;njhif mbg;gilapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.

IV. tphpthd tpilasp : ( 5 kjpg;ngz; )

1. gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; tFg;Gthjj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp Fwpj;J Muha;f.

 Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; %yk; murpaypy; ,e;J kWkyHr;rpf;fhd Fuy; xypj;jJ.
 tl,e;jpahtpy; gR ghJfhg;Gf; fofq;fs; %yk; ,e;J tFg;Gthjk; tsHe;jJ.
 ,];yhk; mypfhH ,af;fj;jpd; topahfj; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
th`hgp ,af;fk; ,e;J - K];ypk; cwtpy; tphpriy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 gphpl;b\; muR tFg;Gthj murpaYf;F rl;lg+Ht mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; toq;fpaJ.
 1880 f;F gpwF cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; tFg;Gthj murpay; tsu toptFj;jd.

2. Mq;fpNyaHfspd; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;if ,e;jpa Njrpaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk;

vd;d?
 $l;L ,e;jpa milahsk; cUthtijj; jLg;gNj gphpl;b\hhpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
‘gphpj;jhSjy; vd;gJ ekjhf Ntz;Lk;" vd;W vy;gpd;];Nlhd; vOjpAs;shH.
 gphpl;b\; muR tFg;Gthj murpaYf;F rl;lg+Htkhd mq;ff P huj;ij mspj;jJ.
 midj;J fl;rpfSk; FWfpa tFg;Gthj murpay; mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;wpd.
 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; gy;NtW ,e;J - K];ypk; fytuq;fs; ntbj;jd.
 ,e;J Njrpak;> ,];yhk; Njrpak; vd;w fUj;J gphptpidf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.

3. ,e;J Njrpak;> ,];yhkpa Njrpak; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpak; Mfpait ,e;jpag;

gphptpidf;F rkgq;fhw;wpaJ vt;thW?
,e;J Njrpak; :
 ,e;J];jhdpy; cs;s kf;fs; ,e;J gz;ghL> nkhopia Vw;Wf; nfhs;s $wpaJ.
13
  ,e;Jf;fs; my;yhjth;fs; me;epaHfshf ,Ug;gij epWj;jpf; nfhs;s $wpaJ.
 ,e;J Njrj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbtNjhL chpik NfhuhjtHfshf ,Uf;ff; $wpaJ.
,];yhk; Njrpak; :
 fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp Kbtile;jij kPl;G ehshf 1939 brk;gH 22 ,y; nfhz;lhbaJ.
 1940 yh$hpy; K];ypk; yPf; jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifj; jPHkhdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
 1946 Mf];l; 16 md;W Neub eltbf;if ehspy; <Lgl miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Njrpak; :
 Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; Rj;jp kw;Wk; rq;fjd; mikg;Gfspy; fhq;fpurhh; gq;Nfw;wdh;.
 ,e;J tFg;Gthj murpay; rf;jpfis vjph;f;fhky; fhq;fpu]; nksdk; fhj;jJ.
 mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FOtpd; gphptpid jpl;lj;ij fhq;fpu]; vjpHf;ftpy;iy.

7. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,Wjpf; fl;lk;

II. RUf;fkhd tpilasp : ( 2 kjpg;ngz; )

1. yh$H jPHkhdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d?
 1940 khHr; 23 ,y; yh$h; jPh;khdj;ij K];ypk; yPf; nfhz;L te;jJ.
 K];ypk;fSf;F jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifNa jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wpaJ.
 ,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpid Ntz;Lnkd;W typAWj;jpaJ.

2. Mf];l; nfhilapd; rpwg;igf; $Wf.

 tiuaWf;fg;glhj xU Njjpapy; nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy;.
 murgpujpepjp FOtpy; ,e;jpaHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpj;jy;.
 jq;fSf;nfd murpay; rhrdj;ij ,aw;w ,e;jpah;fSf;F tha;g;gspj;jy;.

3. fphpg;]; Kd;nkhopitf; fhq;fpu]; Vd; epuhfhpj;jJ?

 nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy; vd;gJ Vkhw;wk; mspg;gjhff; fUjpdh;.
 murpay; rhrd tiuTf; FOtpy; epakd cWg;gpdHfis mDkjpj;jJ.
 ,e;jpag; gphptpid gw;wpa Fog;gk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jJ.

4. rpk;yh khehl;bd; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; Vd; Kwpe;jd?

 murgpujpepjpapd; FOtpw;F cWg;gpdHfis mDg;Gtjpy; fhq;fpu]; - K];ypk; yPf;
,ilNa chpikg; gpur;rid Njhd;wpaJ.
 fhq;fpu]; xU K];ypikNah my;yJ xLf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jtiuNah cWg;gpduhf
mDg;Gtij K];ypk; yPf; vjph;j;jJ.
5. Nfg;ld; Nkhfd; rpq; vt;thW ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhH?
 Nfg;ld; Nkhfd; rpq; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpjk; :
 Nfg;ld; Nkhfd; rpq; iftplg;gl;l gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; mjpfhhp.
 [g;ghdplk; gpbgl;l NghHf; ifjpfs; Nkhfd; rpq; jiyikapd; fPo; te;jdH.
 1942 ,y; 40>000 Ngh; nfhz;l ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij cUthf;fpdhH.

III. FWfpa tpilasp : ( 3 kjpg;ngz; )

1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fhj mikg;Gfspd; ngaiu

vOJf.
 midj;J ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf;.
 uh\;bhpa RaNrth rq;fk;.
 ,e;J kfhrig.
 rpNuhkzp mfhyp jsk;.

2. rH ];lh‡NghHL fphpg;]; mtHfspd; Kd;nkhopTfis tpthjpf;fTk;.

 nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy;> murpay; rhrd tiuTf;FO cUthf;Fjy;.
14
  tiuTf;FOtpy; khfhz rigfspd; NjHe;njLj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;.
 RNjr muRfspd; rhh;gpy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;.
 Gjpa murpay; rhrdj;ij Vw;fhj khfhzk; gphpl;b\; muRld; Gjpa xg;ge;jk;.

3. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; ,Ue;J Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ePf;fg;gl;ljw;fhdf;

fhuzq;fis tpsf;Ff.
 Ngh]; fhq;fpurpd; mLj;j jiytuhdjhy; fhe;jpabfs; mjph;r;rp mile;jhh;.
 fhq;fpurpd; Kf;fpa Nky;kl;lj; jiytHfs; mtNuhL xj;Jiof;f kWj;jdH.
 Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; Gjpjhf ‡ghh;th;L gpshf; fl;rp xd;iw njhlq;fpdhh;.
 mth; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; mr;R ehLfSf;F Mjuthfr; nray;gl;lhh;.
4. 1946 ,y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w K];yPk; yPf;
gpujpepjpfs; ahtH?
 Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh.
 ypahfj; myp fhd;.
 KfkJ ,];khapy; fhd;.
 Fth[h rH ep[hKjPd;.
 mg;Jy; ug; ep\;jH.

5. vj;jifa #o;epiyapy; fhe;jpabfs; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; gw;wp

rpe;jpj;jhH?
 tpLjiyf;fhd ve;j cWjpAk; nfhLf;fhky; fhydpa muR ,Oj;jbj;jJ.
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; mr;R ehLfis Mjhpj;jhh;.
 1942 ,y; Ngh]; n[Hkdpapy; ,Ue;J Mrhj; `pe;J NubNah %yk; NgrpdhH.
 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;ijAk; fhe;jpiaAk; rHr;rpy; ntWg;Gld; ghh;j;jhH.

IV. tphpthd tpilasp : ( 5 kjpg;ngz; )

1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; Nghf;fpid tpthjpf;fTk;.

 1942 ,y; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij fhe;jp njhlq;fpdhh;. fhe;jpabfs;
kf;fSf;F ‘nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb‛ vd miog;G tpLj;jhh;.
 1942 Mf];l; 9 md;W fhe;jpabfs; cl;gl gyiu ifJ nra;jdh;. filailg;Gfs;>
kwpay;fs;> Ntiy epWj;jq;fs;> td;Kiw ele;jd.
 Kjypy; efuq;fspYk; gpd;dH fpuhkq;fspYk; ,af;fk; gutpaJ. fhty; > ,uapy;
epiyaq;fs;> mQ;ry; mYtyfq;fs; Nrjg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 fhe;jpabfs; 1943 gpg;uthp 10 ,y; 21 ehl;fs; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhh;.
 Gul;rpahsHfs; gk;ghapy; ,ufrpakhf thndhyp xypgug;G epWtpdH. fhe;jpabfs;
cly;ey fhuzq;fSf;fhf 1944 Nk 6 ,y; tpLjiyahdhh;.

2. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tprhuiz vt;thW

jPtpug;gLj;jpaJ?
 nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tprhuiz elj;jg;gl;lJ.
[t`Hyhy; NeU ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tPuHfspd; rhHghf thjhbdhH.
 fhq;fpu]; ehL KOtJk; nghJf; $l;lq;fis elj;jp kf;fisj; jpul;baJ.
 ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; 1935 ,d; gb tpiutpy; Njh;jy; tUtjhf ,Ue;jJ. Xl;Lf;
Nfl;gijtpl ,e;j uhZt tprhuiz gw;wpNa Ngrg;gl;lJ.
 \h eth]; fhd;>P.K. n\fy; G.S. jpy;yhd; kPJ jdp tprhuiz ele;jJ. ,e;jpa
gj;jphpiffs; ,t;tprhuizia czHr;rpfukhfg; gpuRhpj;jd.
 filailg;Gfs;> CHtyq;fs; nghJ NtiyepWj;jq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa
Njrpa ,uhZt thuk; filgpbj;jdh;.

15
3. ,uh[h[p jpl;lk; gw;wp xU gj;jp vOJf.
 ,uh[h[p jpl;lk; vd;gJ 1944 y; mtH toq;fpa Kd;nkhopTj; jPHkhdNk.
 NghUf;Fg; gpd;G gphptpid Nkw;nfhs;s xU Mizak; mikj;jy;. ,];yhkpaHfs;
ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; khtl;lq;fisg; gphpj;njLj;jy;.
 thf;nfLg;G elj;jp ghfp];jhd; cUthf;fk; gw;wp KbntLj;jy;. Xl;nlLg;gpd;
Kbtpy; gphptpid cWjpahdhy; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
 ghJfhg;G> njhiyj;njhlHG Nghd;wtw;iw nghJtpy; nray;gLj;Jjy;.
 ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; thOk; ,U ,iwahz;ik nfhz;l ehLfis cUthf;Fjy;.
vy;iy khtl;lq;fs; VNjh xd;wpy; NrHe;J nfhs;s tha;g;gspj;jy;.
 ,it ahTk; KO mjpfhu khw;wj;Jf;F gpd; nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. uh[h[p jpl;lk;
Fwpj;j fhe;jp - [pd;dh Ngr;R Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.

4. ,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;f tuyhw;wpy; fg;gw;gil fyfk; xU rpwg;ghd mj;jpahak;

vd Vd; fUjg;gLfpwJ?
 B.C. jj; vd;gth; HMIS jy;thH NghHfg;gypy; khYkpahfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
mf;fg;gypd; gf;fthl;by; ‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW‛ vd;W vOjpdhH.
 mf;fg;gypy; gzpahw;wpa 1>100 khYkpfs; cldbahf Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,wq;fpdH.
Mq;fpNya mjpfhhpfspd; epwntwpiaAk; mlf;F KiwfisAk; fz;bj;jdH.
 B.C. jj;ijf; ifJ nra;jjhy; 1946 gpg;uthp 18 ,y; fyfk; ntbf;f Muk;gpj;jJ.
 78 fg;gy;fspYk; 20 fiurhHe;j gzpaplq;fspYk; 20>000 khYkpfs; Nghuhbdh;.
fg;gypy; fhq;fpu];> fk;a+dp];l;> K];ypk; yPf; nfhbfis xUq;Nf fl;bdhh;fs;.
 xU ePz;l tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; filrp mj;jpahakhf ,f;fyfk; cs;sJ.

8. fhydpaj;Jf;Fg; gpe;ija ,e;jpahtpd; kWfl;likg;G

II. RUf;fkhd tpilasp: ( 2 kjpg;ngz; )

1. ,izg;GWjp Mtzk; gw;wp ePtpHmwptJ ahJ?
 ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; 1935 fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU rl;lg;G+Ht Mtzk;.
 ,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpidapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l xg;ge;jkhFk;.
 ,e;jpa RNjr murHfis jhd; tpUk;Gk; ehl;Lld; ,iza mDkjpj;jJ.

2. murikg;G epHza rigapd; mikg;gpid tpsf;Ff.

 ,e;jpa murikg;G eph;za rig 1946 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 murikg;G eph;za rigapd; jiytuhf ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; NjHthdhH.
 murikg;G tiuTf; FOtpd; jiytuhf mk;Ngj;fh; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.

3. murikg;gpd; \uj;J 370 ,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d?

 murikg;gpd; \uj;J 370 - [k;K fh\;kPUf;F jdp me;j];J toq;fpAs;sJ.
 [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpw;nfd kj;jpa muR Rakhf rl;lk; ,aw;w KbahJ.
 ,e;jpa murikg;gpd; \uj;J 238 [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;Jf;F nghUe;jhJ.

4. i`juhghj; rk];jhdj;ij ,e;jpa a+dpaDld; NrHf;f vLf;fg;gl;l fhty;Jiw

eltbf;ifapid vJ epahag;gLj;jpaJ?
 i`juhghj; ep[hk; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza kWj;J tpLjiyg; gpufldk; nra;jhh;.
 ep[hKf;F vjpuhf njYq;fhdh kf;fs; ,af;fj;ij fk;a+dp];Lfs; topelj;jpdH.
 ep[hkpd; ,uhZtkhd ,urhf;fHfs; kPJ jq;fs; Nfhgj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.

5. N[tpgp FO ghpe;Jiufspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d?

 nkhopthhp khfhzq;fs; ‘FWfpa gpuhe;jpathjj;ij‛ typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
 nkhopthhp khfhzq;fs; ehl;bd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F mr;RWj;jyhf cUthFk;.
 nkhopahdJ gpizf;Fk; Mw;wiy kl;Lky;y gphpf;Fk; Mw;wYk; cilaJ.
16
III. FWfpa tpilasp : ( 3 kjpg;ngz; )

1. fh\;kPH murH vt;thW ,izg;GWjp Mtzj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhH?

 1947 mf;Nlhghpy; ghfp];jhdpaHfs; rpyH fh\;kPiur; #iwahbdhh;fs;.
 ghfp];jhdpaHfis tpul;l fh\;kPh; murh; ,e;jpahtpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;.
 ,izg;GWjp Mtzj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhy; cjTtjhf gNly; $wpdhh;.
 fh\;kPH kfhuh[h `hprpq; ,izg;GWjp Mtzj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;.

2. ,e;jpa murikg;gpd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; ahit?

 Fbkf;fSf;F mbg;gil chpikfis cWjp nra;Ak; XH Mtzkhf cs;sJ.
 Rje;jpukhd NjHjy; Mizak;> taJte;NjhHf;F thf;Fhpik cWjp nra;jJ.
 kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSf;Fr; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjpy; ,iwahz;ikia cWjp nra;jJ.
 ,e;jpa murikg;G ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj; jd;ikiaAk; cWjp nra;jJ.

3. gphptpidahy; Vw;gl;l fLikahd tpisTfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.

 ehL KOtJk; ,e;J - K];ypk; ,ilNa tFg;Gthj fytuq;fs; ntbj;jd.
 td;Kiwapy; Rkhh; 2 ,yl;rk; Kjy; 5 ,yl;rk; Ngh; tiu caphpoe;jdh;.
 gQ;rhg; tq;fhsk; topahf Rkhh; 15 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,lk; ngaHe;jdH.
 ,lk; ngaHe;jth; tpl;Lr; nrd;w nrhj;Jfis cs;@h; kf;fs; mgfhpj;jdh;.

4. gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifapd; Ie;J Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.

 xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;bd; epyvy;iy kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ikia kjpj;J elj;jy;.
 ,U ehLfSk; xd;iwnahd;W Mf;fpukpf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.
 xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;bd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhky; ,Uj;jy;.
 ,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNa rkj;Jtk;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W gadila $l;LwT.
 rkhjhd rftho;T.
IV. tphpthd tpilasp : ( 5 kjpg;ngz; )

1. RNjr muRfis ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;Jld; ,izg;gJ njhlHghf Vw;gl;l

gpur;rpidfs; vd;d? mtw;iw vt;thW jpwikahf gNly; kw;Wk; NeU
ifahz;ldH vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.
 RNjr muRfis ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;Jld; ,izg;gij gNly; kw;Wk; NeU jpwikahf
ifahz;ldh; :
 i`juhghj; kPJ fhty;Jiw eltbf;if vLj;jgpd; ,e;jpahTld; ,izj;jhh;.
 ,e;jpa muR [{dhfj; kf;fsplk; thf;nfLg;G elj;jp ,e;jpahTld; ,izj;jhh;.
 fh\;kPh; uh[h `hprpq;fhy; ghfp];jhdpa #iwahliy jLf;f Kbatpy;iy. fh\;kPH
,e;jpahNthL ,ize;jhy; cjTtjhf $wp ,izj;jhH.
 ,e;jpahNthL ,izAk; RNjr muRfSf;F kd;dH khdpaq;fis toq;fpdhh;.

2. 1920 Kjy; 1956 tiu ,e;jpa khepyq;fs; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;ljpd; gy;NtW

epiyfisf; fz;lwpf.
 1920 ehf;G+h; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; nkhopthhp khfhz Nfhhpf;if vOe;jJ. 1928
NeU mwpf;ifapy; khepyq;fis nkhopthhp kWrPuikf;ff; NfhhpaJ.
 1945 ,y; fhq;fpu]; NjHjy; mwpf;ifapy; nkhopthhp khfhz fUj;J ,Ue;jJ. 1948
y; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; nkhopthhp khfhz Mizaj;ij mikj;jhH.
 1948 ,y; Miza mwpf;if nkhopthhp khfhz kWrPuikg;ig vjph;j;jJ.
 nkhopthhp khfhzf; Nfhhpf;ifia Muha N[.tp.gp. FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1949 y;
N[.tp.gp. FO nkhopthhp khfhz kWrPuikg;ig js;spg;Nghl;lJ.
 1952 y; nghl;b =uhKY jdp Me;jpuh Nfl;L cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;J ,we;jhH.
 1955 y; gry;myp jiytuhf khepy kWrPuikg;G Miza mwpf;ifia mLj;J 1956
y; khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L gy khepyq;fs; cjakhapd.

17
3. ,e;jpa ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ahit? mzpNruh
,af;fj;jpy; Mg;gphpf;f Mrpa ehLfis ,izj;jjpy; gpujkH NeU mtHfspd;
gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.
 Vfhjpgj;jpak;> fhydp Mjpf;fk;> ,d xJf;fy;> Mfpatw;iw vjph;j;jy;.
 ty;yuR ehLfSld; mzp Nruhik.
 gpwehLfspd; cs;ehl;L epfo;Tfspy; jiyaplhik> Mf;fpukpg;G nra;ahik.
 xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik kw;Wk; epy vy;iyia kjpj;jy;.
 cyf mikjpia ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpy; Mg;gphpf;f Mrpa ehLfis ,izj;jjpy; gpujkH

NeUmtHfspd; gq;F :
 1955 ,y; eilngw;w ghz;Lq; khehl;by; Mg;gphpf;f> Mrpa ehLfs; gq;Nfw;wd.
 ngy;fpNul; efhpy; ,e;j ehLfs; $b mzpNruh ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd.
 1961 ,y; mZrf;jp MAjf;Fiwg;G kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;jpw;F miog;G tpLj;jhH.

ghlk; 9 . XU Gjpa r%f - nghUshjhu xOq;fikit vjpH Nehf;Fjy;

RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. ehL tpLjiy mile;jNghJ ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; epiyfs;

Fwpj;J xU Fwpg;G tiuf.
 nghUshjhuk; tYtw;wjhfTk; tWik msT mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ
 kf;fspy; 80 NgH Ntshz;ik rhHe;J ,Ue;jdH. jyh tUkhdk; FiwT.
 iftpidQHfs; tho;thjhuk; ,oe;jpUe;jdH.

2. [t`Hyhy; NeU jiyikapyhd Gjpa murhq;fj;jpd; Kd;dpUe;j

Kf;fpa flikfs; ahit?
 nghUshjhuj;ij tsHj;J tWikia Fiwj;jy;.
 Ntshz;ik epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
 Ntiy tha;g;ig ngUf;;fp cw;gj;jp Jiw tpupthf;fk; nra;jy;.

3. rkjHk r%f mikg;G vd;gijg;gw;wp eP mwpe;jnjd;d?

 Ruz;liy xopj;J Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwj;jy;
 nry;tk; Xuplj;J Ftpf;fg;gLtij jLj;jy;
 midtUk; fy;tp Ntiy tha;g;gpy; rktha;g;G ngWjy;.

4. ,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jij njhlHe;J nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fis

mikg;gJ njhlHghf itf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis
Rl;bf;fhl;Lf.
 fUj;jpay; epiy : rk tsHr;rpf;F nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ murpd; fl;Lg;ghL
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
 eilKiw rhHe;jJ : fduf njhopy;fis cUthf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;ig muR
Vw;wy;.

5. g+kpjhd ,af;fk;gw;wp vOJf.

 ,t;tpaf;fk; njhlq;fpatH tpNdhgh ghNt .
 ngU epy cilikahsHfs; jhkhf Kd;te;J cgup epyq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,k;Kaw;rp kf;fis ngupJk; ftHe;jJ.

FWfpa tpilaspf;fTk; ( 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. Fj;jif rPHjpUj;jq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

 Fj;jifia Kiwg;gLj;jp Fj;jif jhuHfspd; cupik ghJfhg;gJ.
18
  epyTilikahsHfsplkpUe;J epyj;ij gwpKjy; nra;jy;.
 epyj;jpw;fhd cupikia Fj;jifjhuHfspf;F mspj;jy;.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; gRikg; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; ahit?

 Ntshz; cw;gj;jp jpwd; mjpfupj;jJ.
 czT jhdpa cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT ngw;wJ.
 tptrhapfsplkpUe;j cgup czT jhdpaq;fis muR Nrkpg;G fplq;Ffspy; Nrkpj;J
itj;jJ.
 kf;fSf;fhd czT ghJfhg;G cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

3. kj;jpa muR 1980fspy; nfhz;Lte;j xUq;fpize;j Cuf tsHr;rp

jpl;lj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 fpuhkg;Gw FLk;gq;fspd; rpy nrhj;Jf;fis muR thq;Fjy;.
 tWik tpul;l gRf;fs; MLfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
 fil itf;f> tpahghuhk; nra;a cjtp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,e;j cjtp ngWk; FLk;gj;Jf;F khdpaq;fs; cz;L.

4. ,e;jpa Ntshz;ikapd; gpd;jq;fpa epiyf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

 epWtd kw;Wk; njhopy; El;g fhuzpfshf gpupf;fyhk;.
 epWtd fhuzp : epyTilik kw;Wk; tptrha njhopyhsHfs; ,ilNa epytpa
r%f nghUshjhu rpf;fy;.
 njhopy;El;g fhuzp : rpwe;j tpijfs; > cuq;fs;> ePHghrdk;> ,ae;jpuq;fs;
ghad;gLj;jhik.

5. nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; Fiwe;j nray;ghl;bw;fhd fhuzpfs;

ahit?
 fl;Lkhd gzpfis Kbg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; jhkjj;jhy; mjpf KjyPl;L nryT.
 Njitf;Fk; mjpfkhd gzpahsHfs; NjHT.
 epHthf nryTfs; vg;NghJk; fl;Lf;Fs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy

tpupthd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. Cuf kWrPuikg;G njhlHghf ,e;jpa muR gpd;gw;wpa eltbf;iffis

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jf.
[kPd;jhupKiw xopg;G :
 [kPd;jhHfspd; cupikfis xopj;J mtHfsplkpUe;J epyq;fis kPl;L
tptrhapfSf;F jUtJ murpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
 1951kw;Wk; 1955k; Mz;by; muR epiwNtw;wpa rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; 1956y;
,k;Kiw Kw;wpYk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,Ue;jhYk; ,r;rPHjpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; jpl;lkpl;l Nehf;fj;jpd; rpW gFjpia kl;LNk
vl;lg;gl;lJ.
Fj;jif rPHjpUj;jk; :
 ,jd;gb Fj;jifia Kiwg;gLj;jp epy clikahsuplkpUe;J epyj;ij gwpKjy;
nra;J mjd; cupikia Fj;jifjhuUf;F mspg;gJ.
 Fj;jif cupikia kuGupikahf;f ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.
 epy cr;rtuk;G jpl;lk; ,y;yhj #oypy; Fj;jif rPHjpUj;jk; gadw;W Nghapd.

2. epyr;rPHjpUj;jq;fs; mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fspy; Njhy;tpaile;jJ Vd;

vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 epyj;jpd; juk; xNukhjpup ,y;yhjjhy; epy cr;rtuk;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epyj;ij
msit epHzapg;gJ rpf;fyhdJ.
 epy cr;rtuk;G rl;lj;jpy; tpjptpyf;Ffis rpyH gad;gLj;jpa tpjk; Fwpj;J
tpkHrdk; vOe;jJ.
19
  nghUshjhu uPjpahf epy cupik ngw;w Fbkf;fs;fPo; Ntshz;ik nropf;Fk; vd;gJ
fdthf ,Ue;jJ.
 czuj;jf;f mstpy; nray;jpwd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
 xl;Lnkhj;jkhf epyr;rPHjpUj;j rl;lk; ngUk; ntw;wpia ngwtpy;iy.

3. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;J kjpg;gpLf.

 1951y; 18.3 % Mf ,Ue;j vOj;jwpT 2011y; 74 % Mf caHT.
 Mz;fspy; 82 % ngz;fspy; 65 % vOj;jwpT ngw;Ws;sdH.
 muR gs;sp fy;Y}upfs; Vz;zpf;ifapy; ngUfpaJ.
 jdpahH gs;sp> fy;Y}up> gy;fiyfofq;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,ilepw;wy; Viof;FLk;gq;fspy; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
 ,ilepw;wiy jtpHf;f midtUf;Fk; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; cUthdJ.

4. Kjy; ,uz;L Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fspd; rhjidfis kjpg;gpLf.

 KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; : Ntshz; cw;gj;jpapy; ftdk;.
31 % KjyPL Ntshz;ik ePHghrdj;Jf;F xJf;fL P .
 gpd;dH njhopw;Jiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;lJ.
 ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; : fduf njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
 njhopw;Jiwapd; gq;F 24 % MdJ.
 Kjypuz;L jpl;lq;fSk; 4 % tsHr;rp ngw ,yf;F.
 4 % tsHrp mile;jjhy; ,it ntw;wp ngw;w jpl;lq;fshFk;.

5. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; Vw;gl;l mwptpay; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

njhopy;El;g epWtdq;;fs; tsHr;rp Fwpj;J Ma;f.
 mwptpay; Ma;T Cf;Ftpf;f lhlhMuha;r;rp epWtdk; mikg;G.
 GNdapy; Ntjpapay;> nly;ypapy; ,aw;gpay; Ma;tfk; mikg;G.
 mZ mwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mZrf;jp Kfik mikg;G.
 Ntshz;ik Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F ,e;jpa Ntshz; Ma;T fofk;.
 Kjy; IIb fhuf;g+upYk; gpd;dH nly;yp >gk;gha;> nrd;id> fhd;g+upYk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopyf Ma;T kd;wk; vd;Dk;Filapd; fPo; ngUk;;ghyhd Ma;T
epWtdq;fs; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.

ghlk; 10 . etPd cyfk; gFj;jwptpd; fhyk;

RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. fpwp];jt rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;Jf;F vu];k]; vt;thW topaikj;jhH?

 Njthya tof;fk; NghjidfSf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhH.
 mtuJ rpwe;j gilg;G klikapd; Gfo;r;rp MFk;.
 fpwp];Jt Jwtpfs; NghjfHfis ,e;E}y; Nfyp nra;jJ.

2. gpshud;]pd; nkbrpFLk;gk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

 gpshud;]; efupy; rf;jp tha;e;j FLk;gkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
 fhrpNkh nkbrp vd;ghH ,j;jhyp KOtJk; tq;fpfis elj;jpdhH.
 ikf;Nfy; MQ;rNyh> lhtpd;rp MfpNahUf;F nkbrp FLk;gk; MjuT mspj;jJ.

3. 1493Mk; Mz;bd; Nghg;gpd; Miz gw;wp ePtpH mwpe;jnjd;d?

 ntHb Kid jPTfSf;F Nkw;Nf 320 iky; njhiytpy; tlf;F njw;fhf xU
Nfhl;bid tiua Mizaplg;gl;lJ.
 Nkw;fpd; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ];ngapDf;F nrhe;jk; vd;W $wpaJ.
 NghHr;Rfy; ,g;gpufldj;jhy; kfpo;rr
; p milatpy;iy.

20
4. ];ngapd; ehl;L fg;gw;gilapd; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j tpisT vd;d?
 ];ngapd; murH ,uz;lhk; gpypg; jdJ fg;gy; gilia ,q;fpyhe;J kPJ
NghHnjhLf;f mDg;gpdhH.
 Mq;fpNyaHfs; vspjhf ];ngapd; gilia tPo;j;jpdH.
 etPd cyfpy; gpupl;ld; xU tYthd rf;jpahf cUntLj;jJ.

5. NthHk;]; rigapd; ntspg;ghL vd;d vd;W njuptpf;fTk;.

 Nghg; Y}jH Ngr;R thHj;ij Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
 Y}jupd; Gj;jfq;fs; mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;L vupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Y}jH rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghdtH vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lhH.

6. el;rj;jpu Nrk;gH cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fnkd;d? mJ Vd; mt;thW

miof;fg;gl;lJ?
 jdJ Ml;rpf;F gpuGf;fshy; Vw;gl;l mr;RWj;jiy ePf;f Vohk; n`d;wp KbT
nra;jhH.
 fpsHr;rpnra;Ak; gpuGf;fis mur rigapd; tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;j vz;zpdhH.
 ePjpkd;w muz;kidapd; Rtupy; el;rj;jpu Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;ljhy; mt;thW
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
7. ,ilf;fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; epyg;gpuGj;Jt eilKiw Vd; Njhy;tp
fz;lJ?
 INuhg;ghit jhf;fpa nfhs;is Neha; gpug;Gj;Jt Ml;rpia tYtpof;fr; nra;jJ.
 gpuGf;fs; tup tUtha; ,oe;jNjhL Ntiyahs;fisAk; ,oe;jdH.
 rpYitg; NghHfspd;NghJ gpuGf;fs; gyH capupoe;jdH.

8. nuhl;bAk; jpuhl;ir urKk; cz;gJ ,NaRtpd; uj;jk; rijia

cz;gjw;F rkk; vd;w rkar; rlq;Fjhd; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 ,NaRehjupd; ,WjptpUe;ij Nghd;w rka rlq;if fj;Njhypf;fH gpd;gw;wpdH.
 ,NaRtpd; jpahq;fs; epidT $Wk; tifapy; ,J elj;jg;gl;lJ.
 nuhl;bAk; jpuhl;ir urKk; cz;gJ ,NaRtpk; rijAk; uj;jKk; vd;W ek;gpdH.

9. ];ngapdpy; rka tprhuiz ePjpkd;w mikg;G vd;d nra;jJ?

 gpuhl;l];lz;Lfis vjpHnfhs;s ,e;j tprhuiz mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 rka tpNuhjpfs; ,e;j mikg;ghy; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH.
 rhl;ilab njhlq;fp capUld; vupg;gJ tiu jz;lid toq;fg; gl;lJ.

10. ahHf; kw;Wk; yd;f

; h];bupad; FLk;gq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Nkhjy; Vd;
Nuh[hg;g+ NghH vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ?
 mtHfs; KiwNa nts;is> rptg;G Nuh[h Fwpfis mzpe;jdH.
 cs;ehl;Lg; Nghupy; n`d;wp ba+lH ntw;wp ngw;W ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Gjpa murhl;rp
mika toptFj;jhH.
 mtH ahHf; FLk;gj;jpd; vyprngj;Jld; jpUkz cwT nfhz;lhH.

11. buz;l; rigapd; gzp vd;d vd;W vLj;Jiuf;fTk;?

 iggps; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
 Nghg;ghz;ltupd; mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpaJ.
 midj;J Njthyaq;fspYk; fpwp];J >Nkupapd; cUt topghl;il Mjupj;jJ.

12. tuyhw;wpy; N[hd; Mg; MHf; kq;ifapid epidT $wg;gLtJ Vd;?

 E}w;whz;Lg; Nghupy; gpuQ;R murH Vohk; rhHy];f;F Mjuthf gq;F ngw;whH.
 tPuj;Jld; Nghupl;L MHypad;]; Nghiu ntd;whH.
 vdNt MHypad;]; gzpg;ngz; gl;lk; N[hd; Mg; MHf;Ff;F toq;fg; gl;lJ.

21
FWfpa tpilaspf;fTk; ( 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. kWkyHr;rpapd; jhafkhf ,j;jhyp tpsq;fpaJ Vd;?

 cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfis fhl;bYk; ,j;jhypapy; rkarhHgpd;ik fyhr;rhuk; ,Ue;jJ.
 fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa fle;jfhy gilg;Gfis fz;Lgpbj;jdH.
 rl;lk; jj;Jt gbg;GfSf;F gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
 fpof;F ehLfSldhd tHj;jfj;jpy; ,j;jhypa efuq;fs; Gj;JapH ngw;wd.

2. kWkyHr;rp fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,yf;fpa rhjidfis

Fwpg;gplTk;.
 N\f;];gpaH> khHNyht;> gpuhd;rp]; ghf;fd; Kf;fpakhdtH MtH.
 khHNyht; bNlh> jp Fapd; Mg; fhHNj[; Mfpatw;iw je;jhH.
 N\f;];gpaH 38 ehlfq;fis md;G > Nfhgk; > nghwhik Mfpa kdpj czHTfis
nfhz;L gilj;jhH.
 Xnjy;Nyh> `hk;nyl; NuhkpNah [{ypal; Mfpad Kf;fpakhdit.
 mDgt thjj;jpd; je;ijahd gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; J}z;ly; gFj;jwpT vd;gNj
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; mbg;gil vd;whH.

3. ,j;jhypa kw;Wk; Mq;fpNya fly; gazpfspd; rhjidfs; vd;d?

 ,j;jhypa flw;gazp [hd; Nfgl; fdlhit fz;Lgpbj;J Mq;fpy
fhydpahf;fpdhH.
 [pNahtdp lhntHuhrNdh vd;ghH gpuhd;]; ehl;Lf;fhf fpof;F fdlh
khfhzq;fis ,izj;jhH.
 Mq;fpy fly; gazp n`d;wp `l;rd; tl mnkupf;fhtpypUe;J grpgpf; fly; gFjpf;F
ghijfhz Kad;whH.

4. tHj;jfg; Gul;rpapd; vjpHkiw tpisTfs; vd;d?

 mbikj;jdk; Gj;JapHngw;wJ. Ruq;f Njhl;l NtiyfSf;F mbikfs;
Njitg;gl;ldH.
 g+HtPf mnkupf;fHfis mbikahf;f Kbahj;jhy; Mg;upf;f mbikfs; ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
 ,J etPd cyif cUthf;Ftjpy; mtkhdkhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
 tHj;jfg; Gul;rp njhopw;Gul;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.

5. n[dPthtpy; gpuhl;l];lz;l; ,af;fj;ij xUq;fpizg;gjpy; [hd; fhy;tpd;

Mw;wpa gq;if Muha;f.
 fhy;tpy; xU ngupa xUq;fpizg;ghsH. fpwp];jt rka epWtdq;fs; vd;w
Gj;jfj;ij vOjpdhH.
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F n[dPthit jk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUe;jhH.
 iggps; mbg;gilapy; fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghd r%fk; gilf;f Kad;whH.
 n[dPthtpy; mtuJ rkag;gpupT fhy;td P pak; gpugykile;jJ.

6. INuhg;ghtpy; vjpHrPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;Jf;F ,NaR rigapd; gq;fspg;G gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.
 ,f;Nd\pa]; yNahyh vd;gtuhy; ,NaR rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg; gl;lJ
 gpuk;kr;rupak; > fPo;gbjy; Mfpa cWjpnkhopfis filgpbj;jdH.
 Njthyaj;Jf;Fk;> Nghg;Gf;Fk; njhz;lhw;w rpwe;j kf;fis cUthf;f gapw;rp
toq;fpdH.
 ,r;rikapd; njhz;lHfs; n[#l;Lfs; cynfq;Fk; gs;sp fy;Y}upfs; njhlq;fpdH.

7. 1942y; nfhyk;g]; Nkw;nfhz;l gazk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

 ];ghdpa Ml;rpahsHfspd; cjtpAld; flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH.

22
  nfhyk;g]; 1492 Mf];l; 3y; ghNyh]; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J %d;W fg;gy;fspy;
gazpj;jhH.
 2 khjj;Jf;Fgpd; ,e;jpah vd;W mtuhy; ek;gg;gl;l epyg;gFjpia mile;jhH.
 Mdhy; mJ cz;ikapy; mnkupf;fh vd;Dk; Gjpa fz;lkhFk;.

8. NghHj;JfPrpa fly;gazp ngl;Nuh fhg;uy; ,e;jpahTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l

gazk;gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
 th];Nfhlfhkh topia gpd;gw;wp ,e;jpah te;jile;jhH. rhkupd; xU Nfhl;il fl;b
tHj;jfk; nra;a fhg;uiy mDkjpj;jhH.
 muG tzpfHfSld; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;ljhy; Nkhjy; epfo;e;jJ.
 nfhr;rpdpy; tHj;j;fk; nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhH. fz;zD}upy; JiwKfj;ij
epWtpdhH.
 ,Wjpahf 1501 [_d; 23y; NghHr;Rfy; jpUk;gpdhH

tpupthd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. ,j;jhypa kWkyHr;rpf;F gpshud;]; efu kf;fs; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;ig

MuhaTk;.
 cyfpd; Gfo;ngw;w rpe;jidahsHfis gpshud;]; efuk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 jhe;Nj : nja;tfP ,d;gpay; MrpupaH. ,iwaUs; %ykhf ,ul;rpg;G ngwKbAk;
vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; fUg;nghUshFk;.
 ngl;uhHf; : ,j;jhypa kWkyHr;rp ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij MthH.
 rprNuhtpd; fbjq;fis mtH fz;Lgpbj;jJ ,j;jhypa kWkyHr;rpapd; Kf;fpa
jUzkhFk;.
 nghf;fhrpNah : ngl;uhHf;fpd; rPlH. 100 fijfspd; njhFg;ig nlf;fkuhd; vd;w
jiyg;gpy; ntspapl;lhH.
 khf;fpaty;yp : jp gpupd;]; vd;w murpay; topfhl;b E}ypd; MrpupaH.
 ehl;bd; Ml;rpahsH ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig guhkupg;gJ jiyaha flikvd;Wiuj;jhH.

2. ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];> ];ngapd;> Mfpait Njrpa muRfshf

cUntLj;jik gw;wp xUq;fpize;j Kiwapy; MuhaTk;.
 ,q;fpyhe;J : rpk;khrdj;ij mila Nuh[hg;g+ NghHfs; eilngw;wJ.
 ,jpy; n`d;wpba+lH ntw;wpngw;W Gjpa murl;rpf;F toptFj;jhH.
 Vohk; n`d;wp vd ngaH #l;bf;nfhz;L ahHf; FLk;g vyprngj;ij kze;jjhy;
,q;fpyhe;J Njrpa murhdJ.
 gpuhd;]; : N[hd; Mg; MHf; E}w;whz;Lg; Nghupy; murH rhHy];ff
; hf Nghupl;L
MHypad;]; Nghiu ntd;whH.
 N[hd; Mg; MHf; kiwTf;Fg;gpd; E}whz;Lfs; Nghiu njhlHe;jJ gpuhd;];.
 ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W 1483 Mz;L kd;duhl;rp murhf khwpaJ.
 ];ngapd; : ,e;ehl;bd; gFjpfs; %Hfs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ.
 muhfd; murH ngHl;bdhz;l; ,sturp ,rngy;yhit kze;jhH.
 %Hfis tpul;b mbj;jhH gpd;dH rigapy; ,Ue;j gpuGf;fis ePf;fpajd; ];ngapid
xd;wpizj;jhH.

3. fpof;Fg; gFjpf;F fly;topj; jlq;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; NghHj;Jfy; kw;Wk;

];ngapd; Mfpa ehLfspd; Kd;Kaw;rpfis tptupf;fTk;. etPd cyfpd;
nghUshjhu tuyhw;wpy; Vd; ,J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;thf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 NghHr;Rfy; ehl;bd; Kd; Kaw;rpfshy; nkBuh mNrhH jPTfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
 fpwp];NlhgH nfhyk;g]; ,e;jpah vd;W ek;gp mnkupf;fhit fz;Lgpbj;jhH.

23
  th];Nfhlfhkh ,e;jpahTf;F fly; top fz;lJ Neub tHj;j;f tha;g;Gfis
jpwe;Jtpl;lJ.
 ngl;Nuh fhg;uy; gpNurpiy fz;Lgpbj;J NghHr;Rfy; fhydpahf;fpdhH
 gpd; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; te;j mtH nfhr;rpdpy; tHj;jk; nra;J fz;Z}upy;
JiwKfj;jAk; epWtpdhH.
 ];ngapdpd; n`Hdd; fhHl;]; vd;gtH nkf;rpNfhit ifg;gw;wpdhH.
 mtNu njd;dnkupf;fhtpy; ,d;fh muir tPo;j;jp ngU ehl;il ifg;gw;wpdhH.
 ,j;jifa gFjpfSf;F fly;topj; jlq;fis fz;Lgpbj;J fhydpfs; Njhw;Wtpj;j
NghHj;Jfy; kw;Wk; ];ngapd; Mfpa ehLfspd; Kd;Kaw;rpfs; kw;w INuhg;gpa
ehLfSf;Fk; J}z;L Nfhyhapw;W.

4. gpuhl;l];lz;l; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

n[Hkdpapy; khHl;bd; Y}jH ,e;j ,af;fj;ij vt;thW xUq;fpizj;jhH?
 ,ilf;fhy INuhg;gpa kf;fs; fpwp];jt flTs; Mw;wypy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ldH.
 Njthya mjpfhuk; ngUfp Nghggpd;; mjpfhuj;ij kjpf;fhj Nghf;if td;Kiwahy;
ifahs Njthyk; KbTnra;jJ.
 Njthya KiwfSf;F vjpuhf fpsHr;rp Vw;gLj;jpatHfs; gpuhl;l];lz;l;
vdg;gl;ldH.
 khHl;bd;Y}jH Njthya CoYf;F vjpuhf 95 GfhHfis vOjp tpl;ld;gHf; Njthya
fjtpy; njhq;ftpl;lhH.
 iggps; cd;djkhdJ Nghg; kw;Wk; gp\;g;fs; ,y;iynad thjpl;lhH.
 gpuhl;l];lz;l; newpKiwfis tFj;jjd; %yk; gpuhl];lz;l; ,af;fj;ij
xUq;fpizj;jhH.
ghlk; 11 . Gul;rpfspd;; fhyk;

RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs)

1. tlmnkupf;fhtpd; INuhg;gpa fhydpfs; g+HtFb kf;fs; kPJ vj;jifa

jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpd?
 tl mnkupf;f g+HtFbfs; kPJ mk;ik Neha; gug;g Kaw;rpj;jdH.
 jq;fk; NjLk; Kaw;rpapy; g+HtFbfs; nfh^ukhf jhf;fg;gl;ldH.
 capHNrjj;Jf;Fk;> mlf;FKiwf;Fk; gy epfo;Tfs; ,l;Lr;nrd;wJ.

2. gh];ld; NjePH tpUe;J Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mwpe;jnjd;d?

 gh];ld; gLnfhiyia njhlHe;J 100 fpsHr;rpahsHfs;
nrt;tpe;jpaHfs; Ntlk; jupj;jdH.
 gh];ld; JiwKfj;jpy; fg;gypy; Vwp mq;fpUe;j 342 Njapiy
ngl;bfis flypy; tPrp vwpe;jdH.
 ,e;j epfo;r;rp gh];ld; NjePH tpUe;J vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

3. mnkupf;f tpLjiyg; NghUf;F jhk]; ngapdpd; mwpTj;jpwd; rhHe;j

gq;fspg;G vd;d ?
 Mq;fpNyaH jhk]; ngapd; nghJmwpT vd;w gpuRuk; xd;iw
vOjpdhH
 mjpy; FbNaw;w ehLfspd; Nfhupf;iffis epahag;gLj;jpdhH.
 ,g;gpuRuk; kf;fspilNa ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

4. ruNlhfh Nghupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fwpg;gpLf.

 ruNlhfh NghHKidapy; Mq;fpy giljsgjp n[duy; GHNfha;d;
ruzile;jhH.
 ahHf;lTdpYk; ,q;fpyhe;J gilfs; mnkupf;f gilfsplk;
ruzile;jd.
 ,j;Jld; tlf;F FbNaw;wq;fs; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wd.
24
5. gz;ila Ml;rp Kiwapy; %d;W v];Nll;Lfis tpthjpf;fTk; .
 1. kjFUkhHfs; 2. epyg;gpuGf;fs; 3. rhjhuz kf;fs;.
 kjFUkhHfSk; gpuGf;fSk; tuptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;ldH.
 rhjhuz kf;fs; fLk; tuptpjpg;gpd; nfhLikfis vjpHnfhz;ldH.
6. kdpjd; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; cupikg; gpufldj;jpd; rhuhk;rj;ij
mbf;Nfhbl;L fhl;lTk;.
 jdpkdpj cupikfisAk;f; $l;L cupikfisAk; tiuaiw nra;jJ
 kf;fs; xg;Gjypd;wp tupfis caHj;jf; $lhnjdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
 midj;J kdpjHfSk; gpwg;gpy; Rje;jpukhfTk; cupikfspy; rkkhfTk; cs;sdH
vd;wJ.

7. ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f tpLjiyf;F irkd; nghyptupd; gq;fspg;ig

RUf;fkha; tiuf.
 nghyptH xU rf;jp tha;e;j uhZt murpay; rf;jpahf cUthdhH.
 fpof;F Mz;b]; kiyg;gFjp tiu jd; gilfis elj;jp nrd;whH.
 Nghafh NghHf;fsj;jpy; jd; giftHfis Njhy;tp milar; nra;jhH.

8. njhopw;Gul;rpapd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfis Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.

 epyf;fup > ,Uk;G > ePuhtp Nghd;w Mw;wYf;fhd %yg;nghUs;fs; gad;ghL.
 cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;G.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J> nra;jp njhlHgpy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk;.

9. rhKnty; rpNyl;lH Vd; mnkupf;f njhopw;Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd fUjg;

gLfpwhH?
 rpNyl;lH; mnkupf;fhtpd; Kjy; [Tsp Miyia ,af;fpdhH.
 mnkupf;fH gyH rpNyl;lupd; Miyiag; NghyNt gy Miyfis cUthf;fpdH.
 mnkupf;f FbauRj; jiytH rpNyl;liu mnkupf;f njhopw;Gul;rpapd; je;ij vdg;
Nghw;wpdhH.

10. gPl;lH Y} gLnfhiyapd; gpd;dzp ahJ?

 1819y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopy; ke;jKk; czT nghUs; tpiyNaw;wKk; Vw;gl;lJ.
 vdNt kf;fs; n`d;wp `z;l; jiyikapy; MHgl;lk; elj;jpdH.
 kf;fs; kdepiyia fz;l mjpfhupfs; Fjpiug;gil nfhz;L jhf;f cj;jutpl;ldH.

FWfpa tpilaspf;fTk; ( 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. 1783y; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l ghup]; cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa ruj;Jf;fis

tpthjpf;fTk;.
 mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs; cUthf;fj;ij ,q;fpyhe;J mq;ff P upj;jJ.
 Nk.,.jPTfs; >,e;jpah> Mg;upfhtpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F nrhe;jkhd rpy gFjpfis
gpuhd;]; ngw;wJ.
 ];ngapd; ,q;fpyhe;jplkpUe;J GNshuplhit ngw;wJ.
 `hye;Jk; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; NghUf;F Ke;ija epiyia gpd;gw;wpd.

2. mnkupf;f Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gFgha;T nra;f.

 kf;fshl;rp FbauR Nghd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; tpupthf gutyhapd.
 murpay; r%f khw;wq;fs; rkj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;ld.
 $l;lhl;rp Nfhl;ghLfs; gutyhdJ. fy;tp rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ.

3. 1789Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpf;F ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F Kd;djhfNt

fUj;Jf;fspd; fsj;jpy; xU Gul;rp ele;jJ - tpsf;Ff.
 gpuQ;R Gul;rpf;F Kd;djhf rKjhaj;ij mwpthHe;j kf;fs; jahH nra;jdH.
 thy;NlH >&Nrh vOj;Jf;fs; Gul;rpf;F J}z;LNfhyhapd.
25
  khz;nl];fpa+ mjpfhuf; Ftpg;ig vjpHj;jhH.
 &Nrh Ms;NthUf;Fk; >kf;fSf;Fkhd cwT xg;ge;j fl;Lg;ghL Ntz;Lnkd;whH.

4. nrg;lk;gH gLnfhiyfs; vjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ.

 Kbahl;rp J}f;fp vwpag;gl;l gpd;dH murpay; ifjpfs; vjpH Gul;rpahsH rjpapy;
,izag;Nghtjhf kf;fs; ek;gpdH.
 ,jdhy; kf;fs; rpiwr;rhiyfis jhf;fpdH.
 mur FLk;g MjuthsHfs; midtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
 ,e;j nrg;lk;gH gLnfhiy epfo;tpy; 1200 ifjpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.

5. njd; mnkupf;fhtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf gpNurpypy; murpayikg;G rhHe;j

Kbahl;rp muR mike;jw;fhd #o;epiyfis vLj;Jiuf;fTk;.
 1808y; neg;Nghypad; gilaLg;gpd; NghJ NghHr;Rfy; murH lhk; N[hNth
gpNurpYf;F jg;gpdhH.
 Mdhy; N[hNth mjpfhuj;Jf;F vjpuhf gpNurpypy; rthy;fs; Njhd;wpaJ.
 vdNt gpNurpiy jd; kfd; lhk; ngl;Nuhtplk; xg;gilj;Jtpl;L nry;y
KbntLj;jhH.
 1822y; gpNurpy; NghHr;rpfy;yplkpUe;J tpLjiy ngw;W murpayikg;G nfhz;l
KbaurhdJ.

6. njhopw;Gul;rpapd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;jpy; n[Hkdpapy; ele;jJ vd;d?

 n[Hkdp ngUk; njhopy;ka ehlhdJ.
 njhopy;Gul;rpapd; jhafkhd ,q;fpyhe;ij kpQ;rpaJ.
 mnkupf;fhtpd; Nghl;bahsuhf jd;id epiy ehl;baJ.
 thfdk;> ,Uk;G vf;F njhopypy; jdJ Kj;jpiuia gjpj;jJ.

tpupthd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. mnkupf;f tpLjiy NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs; mjd;Nghf;F tpisTfs;

Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fTk;.

fhuzq;fs; :
 ehtha; rl;lq;fs;> rHf;fiu rl;lk;> Njapiy tuptpjpg;G rl;lk;> lTd;n\z;l; rl;lk;
Nghd;w nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj rl;lq;fs; mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fspilNa
ngUk; td;Kiw Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 ,r;rl;lq;fis ePff ; Ntz;b ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dH %d;whk; [hH[{f;F Mypt; fpis
tpz;zg;g kD mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mJ kd;duhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nghupd; Nghf;F :
 1776 [_iy 4y; mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fs; jq;fs; tpLjiyia mwptpj;jd. ,jdhy;
NghH jtpHf;f Kbahjjhapw;W. mnkupf;f gilfSf;F [hH[; th\pq;lDk;
,q;fpyhe;J gilfSf;F tpy;ypak; N`hTk; jiyik jhq;fpdH.
 N`ht; Kjypy; rpy ,lq;fspy; ntw;wpia <l;bdhYk; gpd;dH 1777y; ruNlhfh
NghupYk; mjid njhlHe;J ahHf; lTd; NghupYk; ,q;fpyhe;J tPo;j;jg;gl;lJ.
tpisT :
 1783y; ,q;fpyhe;J mnkupf;f ,ilNa ghup]; cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jhdJ.
mnkupf;f tpLjiy ,q;fpyhe;jhy; mq;ff
P upf;fg;gl;lJ. [hH[; th\pq;ld;
mnkupf;fhtpd; Kjy; mjpguhdhH.

2. gh];by;rpiwjfHg;G Kjy; Nuhg];gpaH nfhy;yg;gl;lJ tiuapYkhd

gpuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; Nghf;fpid tiuf.

26
  mj;jpahtrpa nghUs; tpiyNaw;wj;jhy; JaUw;w ngz;fs; re;ijfis
Kw;Wifapl;L fpsHr;rp nra;jdH. kd;dH jd; gilfis ghup]; efu tPjpfSf;F
nry;y cj;jutpl;lij mLj;J NfhgKw;w kf;fs; 1789 [_iy 14y; gh];by; rpiwia
jfHj;J ifjpfis tpLtpj;jdH.
 1791y; Njrpa rl;lkd;wk; murpayikg;ig cUthf;fp murH mjpfhuk;
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 25 taJ epuk;gpa tup nrYj;Jk; Mz;fs; thf;Fupik ngw;wdH.
Mdhy; kf;fs; Jauk; Fiwatpy;iy. vdNt jq;fs; Fiwfis ePf;f eLj;ju kf;fs;
N[f;Nfhgpad; FOit cUthf;fpdH.
 vjpH Gul;rpahsH rjpapy; murpay; ifjpfs; ,izag;Nghtjhf kf;fs; ek;gpaij
njhlHe;J mur MjuthsHfs; 1200 NgH 1792 nrg;lk;gH 2y; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. ,J
nrg;lk;gH gLnfhiyfs; MFk;.
 murH 16y; Y}apAk; murp md;lha;dl;Lk; $l 1793y; fpy;ybdpy; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
 Gul;rp njhlq;fpa Kjy; ehd;F Mz;Lfypy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfis Nuhg];gpaH ,of;f
tpUk;gtpy;iy. jd;Dila rHthjpfhu Ml;rpapy; n[NfhgpaHfs; fpuhz;baH
jiytHfis rpur;Nrjk; nra;jhH.
 1793f;Fk; 1794f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; jPtpu rPHjpUj;j fhykhf ,Ue;jJ. muRk;
r%f mbj;jsKk; msTf;F Nkyhf jPtpu kakhf;fg;gl;ljhy; Nfhgk; nfhz;l
cWg;gpdHfs; Nuhg];gpaUf;F vjpuhf jpUk;gpajhy; mtUk; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L
1794y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.

3. mnkupf;f Gul;rpAk; gpuQ;Rg; Gul;rpAk; i`l;bapy; Gul;rp Vw;gl

J}z;LNfhyha; mike;jd‛ ,f;$w;iw cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
 fuPgpad; flypy; rHf;fiu tsk; kpFe;j gpuQ;R fhydpahjpf;f ehL i`l;b. Nkw;F
`p];ghdpNahyh gFjp epyTilikahsHfs; mjpf mstpy; Mg;upf;f
mbikfis,wf;Fkjp nra;jdH.
 gpuhd;rpy; gh];by; rpiw jfHg;G nra;jpia njhlHe;J MSeUf;F vjpuhf MAj
vjpHg;G ele;jJ. Kyhl;Nlh gpuptpd; tpd;nrd;l; X[; vd;gtH jiyikapy; eilngw;w
fpsHr;rp xLf;fg;gl;L mtH J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.
 1790y; gpuhd;]; fUg;gpd Kyhl;NlhfSf;F FbAupik toq;fpaJ. Mdhy;
nts;isaH kjpf;ftpy;iy vdNt kPz;Lk; Nkhjy; ntbj;jJ.
 1790y; gilj;jsgjp ^irz;l; vy; XtHr;rH gy gFjpfis jd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
nfhz;Lte;jhH. ,ij kPl;f 12000 giltPuHfis neg;Nghypad; mDg;gp itj;jhH.
 jsgjp nlriyd;]; fUg;gpd kf;fis xUq;fpizj;J neg;Nghypad; gilfis
Njhw;fbj;jhH. 1804y; i`l;b fUg;gpd kf;fspd; Rje;jpu ehlhdJ.

4. njhopw;Gul;rp Vd; Kjypy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhlq;fpw;W? etPd r%fj;jpd;

kPJ mJ vd;d jhf;fj;ij vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ.
njhopw;Gul;rp Vd; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; rhjfkhd Gtpapay; mikg;G> Ntshz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;. Gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; > ,ae;jpuq;fspd; mwpKfKk;.
 njhopy; KidNthuplk; fhzg;gl;l MHtk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; KjyPl;L tsHr;rp.
 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; FbNaw;wq;fs; fr;rhg;nghUs;fis toq;fpd. cw;gj;jp
nghUs;fSf;F ey;y re;ijahfTk; mit tpsq;fpd.
etPd r%fj;jpd; kPJ mjd; jhf;fk;
 cw;gj;jp ngUfpajhy; nry;tk; ngUfpaJ. ,ae;jpu cw;gj;jpahy; iftpidQH Ntiy
,oe;jdH.
 njhopw;rhiyfs; Mgj;J epiwe;jitahfTk; Rfhjhuf; FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
 Kjyhsp njhopyhsp tHf;f Ngjk; Vw;gl;ljhy; njhopyhsH rq;fq;fs; cUthfpd.

27
 ghlk; 12 . INuhg;ghtpy; mikjpapd;ik

RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs)

1. MW ruj;Jf;fis nfhz;l 1836Mk; Mz;bd; kf;fspd; gl;laj;ij gw;wp
vOJf.
 midtUf;Fk; tf;Fupik> thf;FrPl;by; thf;fspj;jy;
 Ntl;ghsHfSf;F nrhj;Jj;jFjp epHzakpy;iy
 kf;fsitf;F njupT nra;ag;gl;ltHf;F epjp rYif
 rk mstpyhd NjHjy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fy;
 tUlhe;jpug; ghuhSkd;wk;.

2. mWgJ egHfs; toq;fpa mwpf;if gw;wp ePtpH mwpe;jJ ahJ?

 ,t;twpf;if 1789d; gpuQ;R Gul;rp murpay;;rkj;Jtk; kl;LNk Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;wJ.
 nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.
 ciof;Fk; tHf;fj;ij ciog;gtNu gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;wJ.

3. vjdhy; 1848Mk; Mz;bd; [_d; 24 Kjy; 26 tiuapyhd fhyk; uj;j

[_d; jpdq;fs; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd?
 Y}ap gpshq;fhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gl;liufis %bajw;F njhopyhsHfs; muir
vjpHj;jdH.
 vdNt ,f;fhyj;jpy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; kf;fs; gpuhd;rpy; nfhy;yg; gl;ldH.
 gjpNdhuhapuk; Gul;rpahsHfs; rpiwapyilj;Jk; ehL flj;jg;gLk;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH.

4. nkl;lHdpf; rfhg;jj;jpy; INuhg;gpa $l;L vj;jifa gq;fhw;wpaJ vd;gij

tpsf;Ff.
 INuhg;ghtpy; xOq;if epiyepWj;jp mjpfhu rkepiy fhj;jpl ghLgl;lJ.
 cs;ehl;L fytuj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd; tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapl;lJ.
 jq;fs; Kbit gjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd; >kPJ jpzpj;jJ.

5. ,j;jhypia nkl;lHdpf; ntWk; g+Nfhs ntspg;ghNl vd Vd; $wpdhH?

 tpad;dh fhq;fpurhy; ,j;jhyp vl;L khepyq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,j;jhypapd; tl gFjp M];jpupaH trk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,j;jhyp 12 khepyq;fs; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ.
 vdNt nkl;lHdpf; ,j;jhypia ntWk; g+Nfhs ntspg;ghNl vd $wpdhH.

6. ,utyH rl;lq;fs; gw;wp tptukhf vOJf.

 gpupl;ldpy; vyprngj; murpapd; Ml;rpapy; ,r;rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
 tajhNdhH> Nehahspfs;> Foe;ijfSf;F epthuzk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mw;wy; ,Ue;Jk; Ntiyapy;yhNjhUf;Fk; epthuzk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

7. 1864y; Jtq;fg;gl;l Kjy; gd;dhl;L coif;Fk; Mz;fspd; rq;fk;

Mw;wpa gq;if tpsf;Ff.
 gd;dhl;L coif;Fk; kf;fspd; $l;likg;ig Vw;gLj;JtNj mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
 ,g;gd;dhl;L ciog;ghsH mikg;gpy; kpjthjpfs; fye;Jtplhky; jLj;jJ.
 yrhy; gFdpd; Nghd;w Nrh\yprthjpfs; Eioe;J tplhky; ,J Kide;J
nray;gl;lJ.

8. fhHnghdup ,j;jhypa If;fpaj;Jf;F nra;j njhz;Lfis Kd;itj;J

Fwpg;G tiuf.
 Rje;jpu fUj;Jf;fisAk; ehl;Lg; gw;iwAk; typAWj;jpaJ.
 jhuhsika Njrpathj fUj;Jf;fis capHngw nra;jd.
 ,jdhy; Neg;gps;]; yk;ghHb gFjpfspy; Gul;rp ntbj;jJ.
28
9. gpuhq;fha;]; gNgg; vd;gtH ahH?
 gpuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd;NghJ nry;thf;fhd murpay; fpsHr;rpahsH.
 Gul;rpahdJ tptrhap> njhopyhsH Njitia ntspf; nfhzutpy;iy vd;whH.
 jdpAilik xopj;J epyj;ij nghJthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd thjpl;lhH.

10. N]hy;tnua;d; vdg;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

 gpu\;ah N]hy;tnua;d vd;w Rq;f Ia;f;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 n[Hkdpapd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfs; ,jpy; ,ze;jd.
 ,g;gFjpfs; nghJg; nghUshjhu epHthfj;jpd; fPo; tUk; #oy; cUtdJ.

11. Nghypahd nghUshjhu gfl;Lf;fhyk; gw;wp ePtpH mwptij $Wf.

 coif;Fk; tHf;fk; xd;W jpul;lg;gl;l rfhg;jk; Jtq;fpa fhyk;.
 Nrh\yprKk; njhopyhsH ,af;fKk; gyehLfspy; Vw;wk; ngw;wd.
 njhopy;ka mjpNtf gutyhy; $yp mjpfupj;jJ.

12. mnkupf;f nghUshjhu tuyhw;wpy; 1873Mk; Mz;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ahJ ?
 1873y; cyf nghUshjhu ngUke;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
 ,J mnkupf;fhit fLikahf ghjpj;jJ.
 mnkupf;f ,Ug;Gg; ghij epWtdk; jpthyhdJ.

FWfpa tpilaspf;fTk; ( 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. gpuhd;]; Jk;kpdhy; INuhg;ghTf;F [yNjh\k; - njspT gLj;Jf.

 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; INuhg;gh KOJk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 INuhg;ghtpy; vOe;j kf;fshl;rp czHit xLf;f nkl;lHdpf; Kide;jhH.
 mtuJ $w;Wjhd; gpuhd;]; Jk;kpdhy; INuhg;ghTf;F [yNjh\k; gpbf;Fk;.
 Gul;rp ntbj;j 1789> 1830> 1848 Mz;Lfspy; gpuhd;]; Jk;kpajhf nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

2. Nrh\ypr fUj;Jf;fs; cUg;ngw njhopy; Gul;rpNa Kfhe;jpuk; mikj;jJ -

Mjhu gpd;Gyj;NjhL cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
 Muk;gj;jpy; njhopyhsHfs; jq;fs; Kjhyhspfis ek;gp tho;e;jdH.
 xUq;fpizg;G Vw;gljtiu epue;ju Kd;Ndw;wk; rhj;jpakpy;iy vd czHe;jdH.
 vdNt njhopw;rq;fq;fs; Vw;gLj;j tpioe;jdH.
 njhopyhsH eyd; fhf;fTk; ,J topfhl;baJ.

3. jdJ njhopw;rhiyapy; gzpapypUe;j CopaHfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F

,uhgHl; Xtd; Nkw;nfhz;l Kd;Ndhb jd;ikapyhd eltbf;iffis
kjpg;gpLf.
 mtuJ njhopw;rhiyapy; gj;J taJf;F Fiwthd Foe;ijfis gzpakHj;j
kWj;jhH.
 jdpAilikiaAk; yhgNehf;ifAk; tpkuprpj;jhH.
 njhopiy$l;lhf nray;gLj;Jk; xU $l;LwT r%fj;ij typAWj;jpdhH.
 fw;gidthj Nrh\ypr Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpdhH.

4. gpuhd;rpy; 1830y; ele;j [_iy Gul;rp INuhg;ghtpd; gpw gFjpfis vt;thnwy;yhk;

ghjpj;jnjd;gij vLj;njOJf.
 INuhg;ghtpy; gy gFjpfspy; fpsHr;rp ntbj;jJ.
 nejHyhe;jpy; Gul;rp ntw;wp ngw;W ngy;[pak; Rje;jpu ehlhdJ.
 fpNuf;fHfs; JUf;fpauplkpUe;J tpLjiy mile;jdH.
29
  u\;ahtpy; rhH kd;dUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Nghye;J Njhy;tp mile;jJ.

5. ,q;fpyhe;NjhLk; gpuhd;NrhLk; KOikahd Njrq;fshf ,j;jhypAk;

n[HkdpAk; Vd; cUg;ngw;W ntspg;gl Kbatpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd
fhuzq;fis gl;baypLf.
 Gdpj Nuhkg; NguuR ngaustpy; kl;Lk; Nguurhf tpsq;fpaJ.
 n[Hkdp 300ypUe;J 400 tiuahd jdpehLfis nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ.
 kd;dHfNs ,e;ehLfis epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp Njrkhf;fpdH.

6. ghup]; fk;a+id Nehf;fp topelj;jpr; nrd;w rk;gtq;fspd; mbr;Rtl;il

Muha;f.
 Njrpa kd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf kd;dH MjuthsHfs; ,Ue;jJ ghup]; efu
kf;fis frg;gila nra;jJ.
 jiyikf;F ijaH]; vd;w 71 taJ kdpjiu epakpj;jik kf;fis Vkhw;wkila
nra;jJ.
 Kiwahd uhZtk; gpu\;a xg;ge;jj;jhy; fiyj;J tplg;gl;ljhy; ghup]; kf;fNs
MajNke;jpdH.

7. Vio kf;fSk; coif;Fk;tHf;fKk; Vw;wk;ngw ghup]; fk;a+d; vLj;j

eltbf;iffis tpthj;Jf;F cl;gLj;Jf.
 mLkidapy; ,uTg; gzpia jil nra;jJ.
 %lg;gl;l njhopw;rhiyfis njhopyhsHfis nfhz;L jpwe;jJ.
 tpjitfSf;F Xa;t+jpaKk; Koe;ijfSf;Ffl;lzkpy;yh fy;tpAk; nfhLj;jJ.
 Kw;Wif fhyj;jpy; thq;fg;gl;l fld;fis t#ypf;fhky; jLj;jJ.

8. gpupl;ldpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; ePz;l ngUke;j fhyj;jpy; cUthd njhopyhsH tHf;f

Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
 gpupl;ldpy; N`hk;];nll; vf;F gl;liu Nghuhl;lk; Jg;ghf;fp rz;il tiu NghdJ.
 mnkupf;f ,Ug;Gghij njhopw; rq;f Ntiy epWj;j Nghuhl;lk; epHthfj;jhy;
xLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gpupl;ld; kfspH jPg;ngl;b Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
 yz;ld; JiwKf fg;gy; nrg;gdpLk; gl;liuapy; Nghul;lk; ntbj;jJ.

tpupthd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w $l;L rpe;jid

ahsHfis milahsg;gLj;jp mtHfs; Nrh\ypr rpe;jidia
nrOikahf;f Mw;wpa gq;iff; $Wf.
 vl;bad; Nfg;upay; nkhuhyp 1755y;jdJ E}yhd Nfhl; Nl yh Ner;rH vd;gjpy;
jdpAilikia kWj;J r%fj;ij nghJTilikahf;f khw;w Kd;nkhope;jhH.
 f;shl; n`d;wp nrapz;l; irkd; vd;w gpnuQ;Rf;fhuH rka FUf;fspd; ,lj;ij
tpQ;Qhdpfshy; epug;g Ntz;bdhH.
 rhHy]; g+upaH r%fj;jpy; midtUf;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;r Njitfs; fpilj;Jtpl;lhy;
Vw;wj;jho;Tfis flf;f KbAk; vd;whH. vdNt $l;LwT r%fj;ij a+fpj;jhH.
 ,uhgHl; Xtd; vd;w ,q;fpyhe;Jf;fhuH 1818y; jhd; ntspapl;l E}yhd
r%fj;jpd;Gjpa ghHit vd;gjpy; fy;tpnfhs;if Ntiyaw;NwhUf;F nghJg;gzp
tWik xopg;G rl;lq;fspy; rPHjpUj;jk; Mfpatw;iw tpthjpj;jhH.
 gpaHup N[hrg; gpnusjd; jhd; ntspapl;l Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;jpy; clikfs; ahTk;
jpUlg;gl;ltpNa vd;whH. midj;Jtif muRfSk; mlf;FKiw jd;ik
nfhz;litNa vd;whH.
 fhHy; khHf;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; MfpNahupd; Nrh\ypr rpe;jid fk;a+dprk;
vdg;gl;lJ. khHf;]; jdJ jh]; Nfg;gply; E}ypy; ciof;Fk; tHf;fj;ij Kjyhsp
tHf;fk; Ruz;Ltij $wpAs;shH.
30
2. 1848Mk; Mz;by; ele;j gpnuQ;Rg;Gul;rp INuhg;ghtpd; gpwgFjpfspy; murpay;
Njhy;tpfis Vw;gLj;jpaik Fwpj;J tpthjpj;J vOJf.
 1848y; gpuhd;rpd; gpg;utup Gul;rpia njhlHe;J ,j;jhypapd; gpal;khz;l;
rhHbdpah> kpyd;> yk;ghl;up gFjpfspy; kf;fs; fpsHr;rp ntbj;jJ.
 ,jd; tpisthf ,g;gFjpfspy; jhuhsf; $Wfisf; nfhz;l murpay; rhrdk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ .
 Gul;rpg; gFjpfspd; kd;duhd rhHy]; yk;ghHb ntdp\pah kPJ gilnaLj;jhH.
Mdhy; u\;ahtpd; cjtpia ngw;W M];jpupah mtiu Njhw;fbj;jJ.
 kd;dH rhHy]; gl;lk; Jwe;jNjhL jd; kfd; tpf;lH ,k;kDNtiy mLj;j
kd;duhf;fpdhH.
 gpal;khz;l; rhHBdpah Njhy;tp mile;jJ Nghy gy uh[;[paq;fspYk; vOe;j
fpsHr;rpfs; xLf;fg;gl;lhYk; Njrpathjk; jhf;Fg;gpbj;J epd;wJ.

3. ,j;jhypa ,izT vt;thW rhj;jpakhf;fg;gl;lJ?

 fht+H %isahfTk; kh]pdp Md;khthfTk;f; fupghy;b thl;gilahfTk; epd;W
,j;jhypia xUq;fpizj;jhHfs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 kh]pdp: ,j;jhypa xUq;fpiztpw;fhf ghLgl;l fhuzj;jhy; ehLflj;jg;gl;l
mtH 1848y; tlf;F ,j;jhypAy; Gul;rp ntbj;j #oiy gad;gLj;jp Nuhk;
jpUk;gpdhH. FbauR gpufldg; gLj;jg;gl;l gpd; nghWg;Ngw;w %tH epHthff;
FOtpy; kh]pdpAk; gq;Fngw;whH.
 fht+H : 1847y; uprhH[pnkd;Nlh vd;w nra;jpjhis gpuRupj;jhH.
mr;nra;jpj;jhspd; ngaNu ,j;jhypa ,izT nrhy;yhf cUthdJ.
rhHBdpatpd; gpujkuhf nghWg;Ngw;wgpd; NghiuAk; uh[ je;jpuj;ijAk;
gad;gLj;jp ,j;jhyp ,idit Vw;gLj;j Kad;whH.
 fupghy;b : nfhupy;yh NghH Kiwia nfhz;L ,j;jhypia xUq;fpizf;f
Kad;whH. rprpypa kf;fs; Kbahl;rpf;F vjpuhf Nghuhba Neuj;jpy; mtHfs;
miog;ig Vw;W jd;dhHtyHfSld; rprpypia mile;jhH. 20000 tPuHfs;
nfhz;l Neg;gps;];rpd; gilfis ntd;whH.
 gpnuQ;Rg; gilfs; 1871y; ele;j gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;ag;Nghupy; gpd;dilit re;jpj;J
Nuhik tpl;L mfd;wjhy; ,j;jhyp Nuhik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,t;thwhf
,j;jhypa ,izT KOik ngw;wJ.

4. xUq;fpize;j n[Hkdpapd; cz;ikahd tbtikg;ghsH gp];khHf;Nf vd Vd;

nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ?
 gpu\;ahtpd; gpujkuhf gjtp tfpj;j gp];khHf; gpu\;ahtpd; jiyikapy;
n[Hkhdpa gFjpfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fUjpdhH. ,jw;fhf mtH
uj;jKk; ,Uk;Gk; vd;w tYthd nfhs;ifia iff;nfhz;lhH. n[Hkhdpa
xUq;fpizit mila %d;W NghHfis elj;Jgb Mapw;W.
 nld;khHf; cldhd NghH : n\y;];tpf;Fk; N`hy;];bDk; nld;khHf;fpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j n[Hkhdpa khfhzq;fshFk;
 1864y; M];jpupa gpu\;ahtpd; $l;Lg; gilfs; nld;khHf;if Njhw;fbj;J
tpad;dh cld;gbf;ifapd; fPo; mt;tpU gFjpfSk; ngwg;gl;lJ.
 M];jpupa gpu\;ag; NghH: M];jpupahit ntdP\pa gFjpia tpl;L mg;Gwg;gLj;j
tpUk;gpa mtH gpal;khz;l; rhHBdpa Mjuit ngw;whH. M];jpupa gpu\;a NghH
VO thu NghuhFk;. ,jpy; M];jpupahit nfhdpf;uhl;]; Nghupy; Njhw;fbj;jhH.
 gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;a NghH : njw;F n[Hkhdpa khfhzq;fis xd;d;wpidf;Fk;
nghUl;L gpuhd;ir vjpHf;f Jzpe;jhH.vk;]; je;jp gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;a NghH Vw;gl
toptFj;jJ. gpuhd;]; gpu\;ah kPJ NghHgpufldk; nra;jJ.
 nrlhdpy; ele;j Nghupy; gpuhd;]; tPo;j;jg;gl;L mjd; kPJ fLikahd
ruj;Jf;fis gp];khHf; jpzpj;jhH. ,t;thW n[Hkhdpa xUq;fpiztpd;
tbtikg;ghsuhf gp];khHf; jpfo;e;jhH.

31
 ghlk; 13 . Vfhjpgj;jpaKk; mjd; jhf;fKk;.

RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs)

1. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij tiuaWj;J [hd; `g;rd; Kd;itj;j fUj;ij

tpsf;Ff.
 Vfhjpgj;jpak; vd;gJ njhopiyfl;Lg; gLj;JNthH jq;fs; nry;tj;jpd; ghijia
tprhyg;gLj;JtJ vd;whH.
 cs;Supy; tpw;f Kbahj nghUs;fis gad;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpg;gH.
 ,jw;fhf may;ehl;L re;ijfis gad;gLj;JtH.

2. n[Hkdp gpuhd;ir jdpikg; gLj;j Kide;jNjd;?

 gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;ag; Nghupy; gpuhd;]; my;Nr]; nyhiud; gFjpia ,oe;jJ.
 ,jw;F gpuhd;]; gopthq;f$Lk; vd;W mtH vjpHghHj;jhH.
 mjdhy; gpuhd;ir jdpikg;gLj;j Kide;jhH.
3. gpupl;lDf;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa 1904y; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l
ehLfSf;fpilNa el;Gwtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
 nkhuhf;Nfh vfpg;J rhHe;j gpzf;F jPHf;fg;gl;lJ.
 nkhuhf;Nfhtpy; jd;dpr;irahf nray;gl gpuhd;]; mDkjpf;fg; gl;lJ.
 gpupl;ld; vfpg;ij Mf;fpukpj;jikf;F gpuhd;rpd; mq;ff
P huk; ngw;wJ.

4. ghy;fd; rpf;fypd; tpisTfs; cs;slf;fpa rpwg;Gf; $Wfis vOJf.

 gy;NfupaHfs; jhq;fs; tQ;rpf;fg; gl;ljhy; nrHgpahit gopthq;f Jbj;jdH.
 nrHgpaHfs; kpjkpQ;rpa ntw;wpf; fspg;gpy; jpisj;jdH.
 M];jpupahTf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; nrHgpah Ngh];dpahtpy; jPtputhj
jd;ikf;F khwpaJ.

5. ‚%tH jiyaPL‛ vdg;gLtJ ahJ?

 \pkNdhnrfp cld;gbf;if gb [g;ghDf;F ypNahLq; gFjpia rPdh toq;fpaJ.
 [g;ghdpd; ,e;j jpBH tsHr;rpia fz;L INuhg;gh mQ;rpaJ.
 vdNt gpuhd;];>,q;fpyhe;J> u\;ah Mfpa ehLfs; [g;ghid ypNahLq; gFjpia
xg;gilf;f nra;jd.

6. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; fhyj;jpy; fpof;F jpirapy; thd; `pz;ld;gHf;

Mw;wpa gq;if tpsf;Ff.
 u\;ag;gilfs; gpu\;ahtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjptiu CLUtpd.
 ,g;gilfis n[Hkhdpa jsgjp thd; `pz;ld;gHf; vjpHnfhz;lhH
 lhdd;ngHf; Nghupy; `pz;ld;gHf; NghHjpwj;jhy; u\;ah Njhw;wJ.

7. [l;yhe;J Nghupd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp vLj;jpak;Gf.

 nld;khHf;fpd; [l;yhe;J jPgfw;gj;jpy; ele;j Kf;fpakhd flw; NghuhFk;.
 ,g;NghH xU KbT ngwhj Nghuhf ,Ue;jJ.
 [l;yhe;J NghH Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; kpfg;ngUk; flw;NghuhFk;.

8. epfpyprk; vd;why; vd;d?

 gy;yhz;Lfhy r%f mikg;ig vjpHFk; czHtpd; gpujpepjpj;JtNk epfpyprk;.
 epfpyprk; ehl;bd; muR >FLk;g> fpwpj;jt Mya mjpfhuj;ij kWj;jJ
 mjd; ek;gpf;iffs; tpQ;Qhd cz;ikia Rw;wpNa mike;jpUe;jJ.

9. fpuPRf;Fk; gy;NfupahTf;Fk; ,ilNa 1925y; vOe;j rHr;iria gd;dhl;L rq;fk; vt;thW

jPHj;J itj;jJ.
 1925y; fpuP]; gy;Nfupah kPJ gilnaLj;jJ.
32
  gd;dhl;L rq;fk; NghH epWj;j Mizia ntspapl;lJ.
 tprhuiz Nkw;nfhz;L fpuPir e\;l<L toq;f Mizapl;lJ.

10.Nyl;lud; cld;gbf;if vt;thW KNrhypdpapd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F rl;l

uPjpahd mq;ff
P huk; toq;fpaJ.
 thbfd; efUf;F jdpehL mq;ff P huk; toq;fp fj;Njhypf;f rigia <Hj;jhH.
 fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig ,j;jypa Nguuir mq;ff P upj;jJ.
 ,j;jhypapd; Njrpa rkakhf Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

11. %d;whtJ nua;r; vd;why; vd;d?

 %d;whtJ nua;r; vd;gJ `pl;yupd; eh[p muR MFk;.
 n[Hkdpapy; kf;fshl;rpf;F ,J KbT fl;baJ.
 ,jdhy; n[Hkdp KOikahd ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l murhdJ.

12. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuHfs; &H gFjpia Mf;fpukpj;j gpwF n[Hkdpapy; cUthd

,U jpiukiwT ,af;fq;fs; ahit?
 ngHypd; efupy; Y}lz;lHg; vd;gtH Kd;dhs; giltPuHfs; nfhz;l ,af;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdhH.
 kw;nwhd;W %dpr; efupy; Kd;dhs; gilj;Jiw mYtyH jiyikapy;
nrayhw;wpaJ.
 mtH Njrpa Nrh\ypr n[Hkd; njhopyhsH fl;rpia epWtpa `pl;yH MthH.

FWfpa tpilaspf;fTk; ( 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. Kjy; nkhuhf;Nfh rpf;fy; vt;thW epfo;e;jJ?

 gpuhd;]; nkhuhf;Nfhtpy; jdJ jpl;lq;fSf;F nray;tbtk; nfhLf;f epidj;jJ.
 gpnuQ;r; J}Jf;FO ng]; efiu te;jile;jJ.
 mij gpuhd;rpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F cl;gl;l gFjpahf fUjp nray;gl;lJ.
 ,jw;F n[Hkdp vjpHg;G njuptpj;jjhy; ,e;j rHr;iria INuhg;gpa khehl;Lf;F
vLj;J nry;y gpuhd;]; cld;gl;lJ.

2.mfopg;NghH vt;thW elj;jg;gl;lJ?

 Kjy; cyfg;NghH tPuHfis jq;fs; capiuf; fhf;f epyj;ij Njhz;b mjDs;
milf;fyk;Njl itj;jJ.
 mfop Kiw vd;gJ ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F mfopfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izahf
nry;tjhFk;.
 ,tw;iw tise;J nespe;J tbtikj;jdH.
 vjpupfs; Rl;lhYk; rpy mbfSf;FNky; Njhl;lh nry;y KbahJ.

3. kpf Mgj;jhd U - glFfs; kw;Wk; Q - fg;gy;fs; gw;wp ePtpH mwpe;jJ vd;d?

 Kjy; cyfg;Nghupy; n[Hkdp nfhz;bUe;j Majk; U - glFfshFk;.
 gpupl;ld; fg;gy;fs; midj;ijAk; %o;fbf;Fk; cj;jpia n[Hkdp filgpbj;jJ.
 gpupl;ldpd; Q - fg;gy;fs; n[Hkdpf;fhd gjpybahFk;.
 ,f;fg;gy;fs; thapyhf n[Hkdpia jhf;f J}z;b gpd; gjpyb nfhLf;Fk; cj;jpia
ifahz;lJ.

4. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupy; mnkupf;fh Eioe;jgpwF epfo;e;jtw;iw tupirf;

fpukkhf vLj;J $Wf.
 mnkupf;f EioT NerehLfSf;F ntw;wpia Kd;Ng cWjp nra;jJ.
 Kjypy; gy;Nfupah ruzile;jJ.
 JUf;fpaH NghH epWj;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl;ldH.
 n[Hkdp jdpNa Nghiu njhlu Ntz;bajhapw;W.

33
5. u\;ag;Gul;rp me;ehl;Lf;F ntspapy; Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
 ,g;Gul;rp cyf kf;fspilNa ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 gyehLfspy; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nrhtpaj; If;fpaf; gy fhydp ehLfspd; tpLjiy NghUf;F cjtpaJ.
 epyTilik >njhopyhsH eyd; Nghd;wit cyfpy; tpthj nghUshdJ.

6. u\;ahtpy; 1905y; epfo;e;j Gul;rpapd; fhuzf;fisAk; Nghf;ifAk; Muha;f.

 u\;ah kQ;#upahTf;Fs; EioAk; nghUl;L 1904y; [g;ghid J}z;baJ Nghupy;
Kbe;jJ.
 ,g;Nghupy; u\;ahtpd; Njhy;tp mq;F fytuj;ij cUthf;fp rhH kd;dUf;F vjpHg;G
tYj;jJ.
 epNfhy]; murpay; rhrdk; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;ij cUthf;f epHge;jpf;fg;gl;lhH.
 ,lJrhupapdH gPl;lH];gHf; efupy; njhopyhsH gpujpepjp mitia cUthf;fpdH.

7. gd;dhl;L rq;fk; ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;J itj;j rpf;fy;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G

tiuf.
 Mye;J jPTfspd; kPJ ];tl P Dk; gpd;yhe;Jk; cupik Nfhupd.
 gd;dhl;L rq;fk; mj;jPT gpd;yhe;ij Nru newp Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 iryPrpahit Nghye;Jk; n[HkdpAk; Nfhupa NghJ rq;fk; jiyapl;L ntw;wpfukhf
jPHj;jJ.
 fpuP]; gy;Nfupahtpd; kPJ NghH njhLj;jNghJ rq;fk; NghHepWj;j Mizia
ntspapl;L Nghiu epWj;jpaJ.

8. nghUshjhu ngUke;jk; vt;thW murpay; fsj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij

ntspg;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopyhsH fl;rp NjHjypy; Njhy;tpAw;wJ.
 mnkupf;fhtpy; ngUke;jj;Jf;Fg;gpd; 20 Mz;Lfs; FbauR fl;rp Ml;rpia
,oe;jJ.
 ghrpr ehrpr fl;rpfs; ,j;jhypapYk; n[HkdpapYk; mjpfuj;ij mile;jd.
 mHn[z;bdh> rpyp> gpNurpy; Mfpa ehLfspYk; muR khw;wk; MdJ.

tpupthd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; fhuzq;fisAk; tpisTfisAk; fzf;fpLf.

fhuzq;fs; :
 n[Hkdpapd; Nguhirkpf;f fhydp Mjpf;f Nguhjpf;f eltbf;if. INuhg;gpa Vw;gl;l
ufrpa uhZt xg;ge;jq;fs;.
 cyfehLfspd; Mjpf;f ntwpia jLf;f rHtNjr mikg;G ,y;yhik. u\;ah
n[Hkdp gpud;]; ehLfs; gil gyj;ij mjpfg;gLj;jpaik.
 INuhg;gpa ehLfspilNa FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjpYk; tzpf eltbf;iffspYk;
Vw;gl;l Nghl;b.
 Mg;upf;f ehlhd nkhuhf;Nfhit gpuhd;]; ifg;gw;wpaij n[Hkdp Vw;fhik. Kjy;
ghy;fd; Nghupy; JUf;fp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Nghupd; Kbtpy; fpilj;j gFjpfis
gpupg;gjpy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rid.
 Ngh];dpa jiyefH nruNaNth efupy; M];jpupa gl;lj;J ,sturH
ngHl;bdhz;Lk; murp ,rngy;yhTk; Rl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lJ cldbf; fhuzkhf
mike;jJ.
tpisTfs; :
 1919 ghup]; mikjp khehl;bd; %yk; Kjy; cyfg;NghH KbTf;F te;jJ.
 n[Hkdp kPJ mtkhdfukhd ntHnra;y;]; cld;gbf;if jpzpf;fg; gl;lJ.
 Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfspd; kPJ gy;NtW cld;gbf;iffs; nra;Jnfhs;sg; gl;lJ.

34
  M];jpupah n[Hikd;> `q;Nfup biuadhd;> gy;Nfupah epa+yp> JUf;F nrt;Nu];
cld;gbf;iffspy; ifnaOj;jpl;ld.
 mnkupf;f mjpgH cl;Nuh tpy;rdpd; 14 mk;r Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
cld;gbf;if ruj;Jf;fs; tiuag;gl;ld.

2. khHf;]; jPg;nghwpia toq;fTk; mij nydpd; jPgkhf Vw;wpdhH - njspT

gLj;Jf.
 khHf;];Rk; Vq;fy;Rk; Nrh\ypr Gul;rpf;F ciof;Fk; kf;fs; vt;thW mtrpaNkh
mJ NghyNt eLj;ju kf;fSk; Njit vd fUjpdH. vdpDk; Nrh\ypr
rpe;jidfis tpl xLf;fg;gl;l tho;f;if #oy; mike;j ,lj;jpy; khHf;rpaNk
nropj;J tsHe;jJ. ngUk;epWtd Mw;wy; nfhz;l nydpd; khHf;fr ; paj;jpd;
jpwd;ngw;w jiytuhdhH.
 u\;ahtpy; rhH kd;dH ,uz;lhk; epNfhy]; mDgtkpy;yhjtH. mtH Ml;rpapy;
,uj;j QhapW rk;gtj;jpy; epiwa nghJkf;fs; khz;lJk; mtupd; Kbit vjpHj;j
ghuhSkd;wk; ^kh mbf;fb fiyf;fg;glJk; mtUf;F mtg;ngaiu je;jJ.
 1917 gpg;utupapy; czTg; gw;whf;Fiwahy; ngz; njhopyhsHfs; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy;
,wq;f mtHfSf;F Mjuthf 4 yl;rk; njhopw;rhiy gzpahsHfs; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
,wq;fpdH. khHr; 15 md;W kd;dH gjtp tpyfpdhH.
 murpd; nray;ghLfis vLj;Jr; nry;y ^khtpy; ,Ue;jtHfs; Nrhtpaj;Jfspd;
xg;Gjy; ngw;W ,ilf;fhy muir epWtpdH.
 Gul;rp njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy; nydpd; Rtpl;rHyhe;jpy; ,Ue;jhH. midj;J
mjpfhuq;fSk; Nrhtpaj;JfSf;Nf vd;w mtuJ $w;W njhopyhsHfis <Hj;jJ.
 ,ilf;fhy muR Gupe;j jtWfs; Nghy;\;tpf;Ffs; jiyikapy; ngl;Nuhfpuhl;
fpsHr;rpia jPtpukhf;fpaJ. gpd;yhe;jpy; kiwe;jpUe;j nydpd; jtpu kw;w
Nghy;\;tpf;Ffs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH. nfud;];fp gpujkuhdhH.
 mf;NlhgH khjk; nydpd; Nghy;\;tpf; fl;rpaplk; xUGul;rpia elj;j mwpTWj;jpdhH.
mjw;F l;uhl;];fp nray;tbtk; nfhLj;jhH. muR fl;likg;G ahTk; etk;gH 3 md;W
Gul;rp gilahy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. 1917 etk;gH 8 md;W nydpd; jiyikapy; GJ
nghJTilik muR gjtp Vw;wJ.

3. ntHnra;y;]; xg;ge;jk; n[Hkdpia nghWj;jkl;by; fLikahdjhfTk;

mtkhdg;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk; njupe;jJ - ,f;$w;wpDf;fhd Mjhu
gpd;Gyj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
 ntHiry;]; xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l e\;l <Lk; gpw ruj;JfSk; ngUk;
mjpUg;jpiaAk; rpukj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.
 n[Hkdp gilfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. n[Hkdp jd;dplkpUe;j
my;Nr]; nyhiud; gFjpfisg; gpuhd;rplk; xg;gilj;jJ.
 tsk;kpf;f rhH epyf;fup Ruq;fj;ij 15 Mz;Lfs; Fj;jif cupikahf gpud;Rf;F
mspj;jJ.
 n[Hkdpapd; fly;fle;j FbNaw;wq;fs; ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfshy; gq;fpl;Lf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 n[Hkdp M];jpupah JUf;fp ehLfspy; kd;duhl;rp xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
nrf;Nfh];Nyhthfpah Nghye;J vd;w Gjpa ehLfs; Njhd;wpd. ypJNtdpah
yhl;tpah v];Njhdpah ehLfs; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wd.

4. KNrhypdpAk; `pl;yUk; ghrpr muRfis KiwNa ,j;jhypapYk;

n[HkdpapYk; epWt rhjfkhd #oy; vOe;jikia tpsf;Ff.
ghrprk; :
 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupy; gq;F ngw;wjd; tpisthf ,j;jhypapd; nghUshjhuk;
rPuope;jJ. Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ Mdhy; mikjp ,oe;jJ.
 epiyahd Ml;rp ,y;yhikahy; kf;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;jdH> ehl;bd; fld;Rik
gd;klq;fhdJ.

35
  1922 mf;NlhgH 30Mk;ehs; ghrp];Lfs; Nuhk; efupy; gpuk;khz;l mzptFg;ig
elj;jpdH. murH tpf;lH ,khDNty; murikf;Fk;gb KNrhypdpf;F Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLj;jhH.

ehrprk; :
 Kjy; cyfg; Nghupd;NghJ `pl;yH gNtupa uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhH. a+j
khHf;rpathjpfis ntWj;jhH.
 1923y; rupahf jpl;lkplhky; %dpr; GwefH gFjpapy; mtH elj;j Kad;w Gul;rp
Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;J rpiwgLj;jg;gl;lhH.
 rpiwapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; jd; rpe;jidfis nkapd; nfk;g; vd;Dk; E}yhf
vOjpdhH.
 1931y; cyf ngUke;jk; n[Hkdpia rpf;f itj;jJ. ,jdhy; Kjyhspfs;
epyTilikahsHfs; ghrprj;jpd; gf;fk; rha;e;jdH. `pl;yH ,ij ed;F
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH.
 n[Hkdpapy; FbauR fl;rp Ml;rp tPo;e;jij njhlHe;J njhopyjpgHfs; je;j
mOj;jj;jhy; FbaRj;jiytH `pz;ld;gHf; `pl;yiu n[Hkdpapd; rhd;ryuhf
epakpj;jhH.
 `pl;yupd; ehrpr muR n[Hkdpapy; ghuhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp Kiwf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itj;J.

ghlk; 14 . ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhydpa ehLfspy; mjd; jhf;fKk;.

RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs)

1. nfy;yhf; gpiuaz;l; cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;jpak;Gf.

 nfy;yhf; gpiuaz;l; cld;gbf;if 1928Mk; Mz;by; ifnaOj;jhdJ.
 gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpy; mnkupf;fh cWg;gpduhftpy;iy vd;whYk; $l;lj;jpy;
fye;Jnfhz;lJ.
 ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd;gb cyfehLfs; Nghiu iftpLtJ vd;w cWjpnkhop
vLj;Jf;nfhz;ld.

2. gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpypUe;J 1933Mk; Mz;by; n[Hkdp Vd; ntspNawpaJ?

 MAjf;Fiwg;G khehl;by; gpud;Rf;F ,izahf n[HkdpAk; kWMAjkhf;fy;
Nfhupf;if tpLj;jJ.
 gpuhd;]; ehL ,f;Nfhupf;iff;F cld;gl kWj;jJ.
 gpud;Rf;F gjpybahf `pl;yH gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpypUe;J `pl;yH n[Hkdpia
tpyf;fpf;nfhz;lhH.

3. Nuhk; ngHypd; mr;rpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F gpd;Gykhf mikag;ngHwJ vJ?

 KNrhypdpapd; vj;jpNahg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;ig gpupl;lDk; gpuhd;Rk; fz;bj;jd.
 ,J `pl;yUf;F ,j;jhypNahL neUq;fpa el;ig tsHj;Jf;nfhs;s tha;g;G
nfhLj;jJ.
 ,JNt Nuhk; ngHypd; mr;rpd; Jtf;fkhdJ.

4. %dpr; xg;ge;jj;jpd; $Wfs; ahit?

 %dpr; khehl;by; gpupl;ld; gpuhd;]; n[Hkdp ,j;jhyp fye;J nfhz;lJ
 #l;ld;yhe;J gFjpia n[Hkdp Mf;fpukpj;Jf;nfhs;s xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 Mdhy; nrNfh];yhNtfpahtpd; gFjpfis Nghye;Jf;Fk; `q;Nfupf;Fk; gpupj;Jf;
nfhLf;f KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
36
5. lq;fpHf; ntspNaw;wk; Fwpj;J ePtpH mwptJ ahJ?
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; gpnuQ;R gilfs; lq;fpHf; flw;fiuf;F tpul;lg;gl;ld.
 mq;fpUe;JmtHfs; glFfspy; Gwg;gLk; gbahd epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
 lq;fpHf;fpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l tPuHfNs gpd;dH Rje;jpu gnuQ;Rg;gilapd;
fUthf nray;gl;ldH.

6. NgHy; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;fpajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Kd;dpiyg;

gLj;jp vOJf.
 mnkupf;fh [g;ghd; kPJ NghH gpufldk; nra;jJ.
 ,J KOikahd ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F toptFj;jJ.
 gpupl;lDk; rPdhTk; mnkupf;fhTld; ifNfhHj;jd.

7. ml;yhz;bf; gl;laj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfisgl;baypLf.

 kf;fspd; xg;Gjypd;wp gpuNjr rPuikg;G Vw;gLj;jyhfhJ.
 muir NjHe;njLf;f KO cupik nfhz;ltHfs; kf;fNs.
 fly;fle;J nry;Yk; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
 Mf;fpukpg;G Vw;gLj;Jk; ehLfis Majf;Fiwg;Gf;F cl;gLj;Jjy;.

8. ehd;fpq; xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Ma;f.

 Kjyhk; mgpdpg;Nghupd; ,Wjpapy; ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jhdJ.
 ,e;j cld;gbf;if gpupl;lDf;F rPdhtpd; fjTfis jpwe;jJ.
 rPdh `hq;fhq;if tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J ,og;gPlhf xU njhifiaAk; toq;fpaJ.

9. Ngha;b XNlhkh gw;wp Fwpg;G tiue;J mjd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fis

Fwpg;gpLf.
 fpof;fpe;jpa jPTfspy; Njrpathjj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpa mikg;G ,J.
 [hthtpd; gzpahsHfisAk; khztHfisAk; ,J xU fyhr;rhu mikg;ghapw;W.
 Mdhy; gpd;dH Ngha;b XNlhkh nraypoe;J rNufj; ,];yhk; vDk; mikg;ghdJ.

10. gpypg;igd;rpy; 1902y; epWtg;gl;l mnkupf;f Ml;rpapd; tpisTfs; ahit?

 Kjd;ikahd fhydpa epWtdq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mq;fpyf;fy;tp> NjHTfs; %yk; Fbikg;gzp> ePjpj;Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 NjHjy;fs;%yk; efuhl;rp kw;Wk; khfhz muRfs; epWtg;gl;ld.

11. lr;R ,e;NjhNd\pa cld;gbf;ifapd; gpd; NeHe;j Kd;Ndw;wq;fis

tpthjj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jf.
 [hth Rkj;uh tpLjiyia lr;Rf;fhuHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.
 gpw jPTfis $l;lhl;rp Kiwapy; ,izj;J ,e;NjhNd\pah cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 vdpDk; lr;Rf;fhuHfs; ,UKiw ,e;NjhNd\pa mikjpia jfHf;f Kad;wdH.

12. fitl; fpsHr;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gpLf.

 fitl; MAj fplq;fpy; 200 gpypg;gpNdh JUg;Gf;fs; fpsHr;rpia elj;jpdH.
 ,ij ];ghdpa Ml;rpahsHfs; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhf ifahz;ldH
 ,J me;ehl;by; Njrpa czHit tsHf;f ngupJk; cjtpaJ.
 gpypg;gd;]; ehl;bd; mwpthHe;j kf;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH.

FWfpa tpilaspf;fTk; ( 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. ];lhypd;fpuhil Mf;fpukpg;gjw;F `pl;yH Vd; mjpf mf;fiw nfhz;lhH?

mJ mtupd; ‘thl;lHY}thf‛ khwpg;NghdJ vt;thW vd;gjid Rl;Lf.
 ];lhypd;fpuhl; vd;gJ Nrhtpaj; a+dpadpd; Kf;fpakhd njhopy; efuhFk;.

37
  N[hrg; ];lhypd; ngaiunfhz;l efiu Mf;fpukpg;gJ jdJ ngUikia caHj;Jk;
vd `pl;yH fUjpdhH.
 n[Hkdp uhZtj;jhy; ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F ];lhypd;fpuhil jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
itf;f ,ayhJ vdj; njupe;Jk; `pl;yH gpd;thq;f kWj;jhH.
 Njrpa czHTkpf;f u\;ag; gilfspd; Kd; FspUf;Fk; grpf;Fk; jd; tPuHfis
gypnfhLj;jhH.

2. Ner ehLfs; n[Hkdp kPJ Fz;LtPrp jhf;fpaJ gaq;fu jhf;Fjy;

gpur;rhuq;fSf;F milahskhf mike;jJ - tpsf;Ff.
 n[Hkdpapd; l;nu];ld;efH Kw;wpYkhf mope;jJ.
 ,j;jhf;Fjy;fs; n[Hkdpf;F vjpuhd jpfpY}l;Lk; Fz;L tPr;RfshfNt mike;jd.
 ,r;rkaj;jpy; 600000 n[Hkd; kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
 n[Hkhdpag; gilfs; gbg;gbahf gpd;thq;fpaJ.

3. xU Vfhjpgj;jpa rf;jpahf [g;ghdpd; jpl;lq;fs; ahit?

 INuhg;ghtpy; n[Hkdpapd; mZFKiwia fpof;F Mrpahtpy; [g;ghd; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
 ijthidAk; nfhupahitAk; fhydpfshf;fp kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;jJ.
 mjd; Nguhir ghHit kNyrpah rpq;fg+H kPJk; tpOe;jJ.
 ,g;Nguhir ,e;NjhrPd gpnuQ;R fhydpfs; kPJk; mnkupf;f MjuT ngw;w
gpypg;gd;]; kPJk; tpOe;jJ.

4. `f; fpsHr;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

 gpypg;gd;]pd; fk;a+dpr tptrhapfs; `f; MtH.
 murpd; gilfs; `f; gFjpfis jhf;fpajhy; nfhupy;yh NghH Kiwia
ifahz;ldH.
 i`f;Ffs; jw;fhg;Gf;fhf kl;Lk; vjpHnfhz;ldH.
 gpd;dH gpypg;gd;]; muR mnkupf;f MjuT ngw;W `f; fpsHr;rpia mlf;fpaJ.

5. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; Kf;fpa tpisTfis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jf.

 n[Hkdp vd;Dk; ngUk; rf;jp tPo;e;jJ.
 INuhg;gh jdJ me;j];ij ,oe;jJ.
 cyfg; nghUshjhuk; nehWq;fpaJ.
 cyf Mjpf;f rf;jpfshf mnkupf;fh> Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; cUthdJ.

6. rPdhtpy; epfo;e;j ghf;]H fpsHr;rp gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis jUf.

 ghf;]Hfs; ngUk;ghYk; \hz;Lq; khfhz tptrhapfs;.
 ,tHfs; kQ;R tk;r Ml;rpia KbTf;F nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdH.
 Nkw;fj;jpaHfis rPdhittpl;L mg;Gwg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdH.
 Njthyaq;fisAk; maytH FbapUg;GfisAk; jPf;fpiuahf;fpdH.

7. rPd Njrpa murpaypy; Nfhkpz;lhq; fl;rpapd; gq;if tpthj;Jf;F

cl;gLj;Jf.
 rd; ahl; nrd; cUthf;fpa murpay; fl;rp Nfhkpz;lhq;.
 rd; ahl; nrd; xU Fbauir mikf;f tpUk;gpdhH.
 rd; ahl; nrd; kiwTf;Fg;gpd; ,f;fl;rpapy; nghJTlik kiwe;jJ.
 Nfhkpz;lhq; ngUk; Kjhyhspd; MHtq;fis gpujpepjpg; gLj;jpaJ.

8. ,e;NjhNdrpa tpLjiyf;F RfHNdh Mw;wpa gq;if kjpg;gpLf.

 RfHNdh ,e;NjhNdrpa Njrpaf; fl;rpia epWtpdhH.
 ,f;fl;rp kjr;rhHgw;w tHfj;jpduhy; Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1931y; RfHNdh ifJ nra;ag;gl;L mtuJ fl;rp fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,Wjpapy; [g;ghd; MjuTld; lr;Rf;fhuHfis ntspNaw;wp ,e;NjhNdrpa Rje;jpuk;
ngwr; nra;jhH.
38
tpupthd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; tpijfis ntHnra;y;]; xg;ge;jNk J}tpaJ

vd;gjid jFe;j fhuzj;NjhL tpsf;Ff.
 Kjy; cyfg;NghH Kbtpy; ntHnra;y;]; xg;ge;j;jpd; %yk; n[Hkdpapd; kPJ
fLikahd tpjpKiufs; Rkj;jg;gl;ld.
 n[Hkdpapd; fhydpfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L mjd; gilasT RUq;fpaJ.
 my;;Nr]; > nyhiud; gFjpfis gpuhd;rplk; tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fTk; rhH gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
gpuhd;]; gilfis epWj;jTk; xg;Gjy; toq;f n[Hkdp epHge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rpW Fbaurhf khw;wg;gl;l M];jpupah n[HkdpAld; ,ize;jhy; gpuhd;Rf;F
Mgj;J vd;gjhy; mJ n[HkdpapypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,j;jifa $Wfs; jq;fSf;F mepahak; ,iof;fg;gl;ljhf n[Hkdp kf;fs;
czHe;jdH.
 mjd; njhlHr;rpahf eh[p fl;rpapd; murpay; ntw;wpf;Fk; `pl;yH nry;thf;F
ngwTk; toptFj;jJ.

2. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghH Vw;gl n[HkdpAk; `pl;yUk; ve;j msTf;Ff;

fhuzkhthHfs; vd;gjid Ma;e;J $W.
 rhH gFjp : 1935y; rhHgFjpapy; elj;jg;gl;l nghJthf;nfLg;gpy; 90 rjtPj kf;fs;
n[HkdpAld; ,iztij tpUk;gpdH. ,J `pl;yUf;F kdtypikia je;jJ.
 iud;yhe;J : ntHnra;y;]; xg;ge;je;jj;ij kPwp 1936y; `pl;yH ,g;gFjpapy;
uhZtj;ij Ftpj;jhH.
 M];jpupah n[Hkdp ,izg;G :`pl;yH M];jpupahtpy; gpwe;jjhy; mij
n[HkdpAld; ,izf;f tpUk;gpdhH. 1938y; M];jpupa gpujkH ];$];dpf;if
mioj;J eh[p fl;rpia mq;fPfupf;f fl;lhag; gLj;jpdhH. NtW topNaJk; ,y;yhj
];$];dpf; cld;glNt n[Hkhdpa gilfs; me;ehl;bd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;il epWtpd.
 #l;ld;yhe;J Mf;fpukpg;G : 1936y; `pl;yH nrNfh];yhNtfpahtpd; #l;ld;yhe;jpy;
trpf;Fk; n[HkhdpaH xLf;fg;gLtjhf $wp mij Mf;fpukpf;f uhZtj;Jf;F
cj;jutpl;lhH.
 %dpr; xg;ge;jk; : gpupl;ld; gpuhd;] cld;; n[Hkdp nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jg;gb
`pl;yH nrNfh];yhNtfpahit Mf;fpukpf;ff;$lhJ. ];Nyhthf; kw;Wk; nrf; ,d
kf;fs; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l Kuz;Nghf;fhy; xg;ge;jj;ij kPwp uhZtj;ij mq;F mDg;gp
Mf;fpukpj;jhH.
 Nghye;J gilnaLg;G : 1939 nrg;lk;gH 1y; Nghye;J ehl;by; thOk; n[Hkhdpaiu
me;ehL xLf;Ftjhf $wp mjd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhH.
 ,uz;L ehspy; Nghye;ij tpl;L ntspNawhtpl;lhy; gpupl;lDk; gpuhd;Rk;
n[HkdpkPJ NghH njhLf;Fk; vd;w vr;rupf;ifia Gwe;js;spajhy; ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;NghH %z;lJ.
3. rPdhtpy; NghJTilik muR cUthf khNr - Jq;fpd; gq;fspg;ig tptupj;J
vOJf.
 1918y; gPfpq; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; cjtp E}yfuhf khNth gzp Gupe;jhH. mLj;j
Mz;L nray;ghl;lsuhf khwpa khNth jPtpu nghJTilik thjpahfTk;
cUg;ngw;whH.
 Coy; td;Kiw kype;j Nfhkpz;lhq; fl;rpapdH efHGwj;jpy; ,Wf;fkhf ,Ug;gij
czHe;j khNth tptrhaFbfis xd;W jpul;bdhH.
 fhLfshy; #og;gl;l kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpfspy; khNthTk; NjhoHfSk; VO
Mz;Lfs; fopj;jdH. Nfhkpz;lhq; fl;rp ,tHfis mopf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; Ie;J
gilnaLg;Gfis epfo;j;jpbDk; mtHfshy; mk;kiyg;gFjpia CLWt
Kbatpy;iy.
 khNthtpd; gyk; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfkhdjhy; nghJTlik ahsHfSf;F rpahq;if
N\f;fpd; jhf;FjypypUe;J ghJfhg;G fpilj;jJ.

39
  ghJfhg;G fUjp khNth `Pdhid tpl;L mfy KbT nra;jhH. 1934y;
nghJTilik uhZtk; ePzl ; gazk; 1 yl;rk; NgUld; fpsk;gpaJ.
 Nfhkpz;lhq; jhf;Fjiy rkhspj;J 6000 iky;fis fle;J N`d;\pia
mile;jNghJ 20000 Nguhf Fiwe;jdH.
 mq;F NkYk; nghJTilik uhZtk; ,ize;jjpy; 10 kpy;ypad; kf;fspd;
Ml;rpahsuhdhH.

4. ,e;NjhNd\pah kw;Wk; ehLfspd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; nghJthd

kw;Wk; NtWgl;l $Wfis xg;gpl;lha;e;J vOJf.
nghJthd $Wfs; :
 ,it ,uz;Lk; INuhg;gpa Vfhjpgj;jpa fhydp ehLfshf ,Ue;jd.
 ,uz;lhk; cyf NghUf;Fg;gpd; tpLjiy mile;jd.
 ,U ehLfspYy; Njrpathj nghJTlik fl;rpfs; Njhd;wpd.
 ,uz;L ehLfspYk; Mq;fpy nkhopAk; INuhg;gpa fyr;rhuKk; jpzpf;f gl;lJ.
NtWgl;l $Wfs; :
 ,e;NjhNd\pah lr;R fhydp gpypg;igd;]; ];ghdpa fhydpahFk;.
 ,e;NjhNd\pah ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd;NghJ gpupl;b\; fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jJ.
gpypg;igd;ir mnkupf;fh fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.
 I.eh rigapd; mOj;jk; fhuzkhf ,e;NjhNd\pah 1948y; tpLjiy mile;jJ.
mnkupf;fh mspj;j thf;FWjpapd;gb NjHjy;fs; elj;jg;gl;L gpypg;gd;]; tpLjiy
mile;jJ.

ghlk; 15 . ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F gpe;ija cyfk;.

RUf;fkhd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs)

1. mnkupf;fh Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; Mfpatw;wpd; csT epWtdq;fis

Fwpg;gplTk;.
 mnkupf;f csT epWtdkhd kj;jpa Gydha;T Kfik (CIA)1947y; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 Nrhtpaj; a+dpadpd; csT epWtdkhd (KGB) 1954y; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ.

2. fk;a+dprj;ij fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jy; vDk; Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.

 NghUf;Fg;gpd; INuhg;gpa nghUshjhuj;ij Gduikj;J fk;a+dprj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j
mnkupf;fh tpUk;gpaJ.
 ,jw;fhf l;&kd; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; khH\y; jpl;lj;ijAk; Kd;itj;jJ.
 1949y; INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu ,j;Jiog;G mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. I.eh rigapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ‘ mikjpf;fhf ,izfpNwhk;‛ vDk;

jPHkhdj;jpd; rpwg;gpid Fwpg;gplTk;.
 mnkupf;fhtpd; Kd;Kaw;rpapy; I.eh nghJmit ,j;jPHkhdj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.
 ghJfhg;G mitahdJ neUf;fbfspy; cld;ghL vl;lg;glhky; Nghdhy;
nghJmit uhZtj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; vdg; gupe;Jiuj;jJ.
 ,J rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghdJ vd Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; epidj;jJ.

4. ‚Nfhkpq;ghHk; Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mwptnjd;d?

 Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; Nfhkpq;ghHk; vDk; mikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ.
 INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; midj;J fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp gpujpepjpfs; ,jpy; mq;fk;
tfpj;jdH.
 ,e;j mikg;G fk;a+dp];l; my;yhj ehLfSldhd tzpf cwTfis jLf;f
Kad;wJ.

5. gdpg;NghH fhyfl;lj;ijr; NrHe;j kiwKf NghHfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

jUf.
40
  ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L nfhupaNghUk;> tpal;dhkpa NghUk; MFk;.
 ,t;tpU NghHfspYk; tlnfhupahtpYk; tltpal;dhkpYk; fk;a+dpr muRfSf;F
Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; Mjutspj;jJ.
 njd;nfhupahTf;Fk; njd;tpal;dhKf;Fk; mnkupf;fh Jizahf ,Ue;jJ.

6. `q;Nfupa rpf;fypd; gpd;ddp ahJ?

 ];lhypd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ `q;Nfup gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l uNfhrp 1953y; gjtp
ePff
; k; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
 ,k;Nu nefp vd;gtH mjpguhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH. Mdhy; mtUf;F murhq;f
mjuT ,y;iy.
 mwpthHe;j kf;fshy; uNfhrpf;F elj;jg;gl;l fpsHr;rp 1956y; mtH gjtp tpyfpa
gpd;Dk; ePbj;J Njrpa vOr;rpadJ.
 ,k;Nu nefp xU $l;lzp Ml;rpia epWtpdhH. fpsHr;rp njhluNt u\;ah
`q;Nfupf;F gilfis mDg;gp fpsHr;rpia xLf;fpaJ.

7. \_kd; jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

 gpuhd;Rf;Fk; n[Hkdpf;Fk; rkurk; Vw;gl;lhy; mJ ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ed;ik
vd;whH \Pkd;.
 ,U ehLfspd; epyf;fup vf;F $l;L cw;gj;jpia caHkl;l Mizak; %yk;
epHtfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Kd;nkhope;jhH.
 nghUshjhu xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd jpl;lk; gu];gu MHtj;ij cUthf;fp ,U
ehLfisAk; ,izj;jJ.

8. gpnu];jl;;Nuhfpah Nfhl;ghl;bd; nghUl; RUf;fj;ij $Wf.

 Nrhtpaj; mjpgH NfhHgNrt; gpnu];jl;;Nuhfpah gw;wp mwptpj;jhH.
 ,jpy; murpay; nghUshjhu kW fl;likg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;fpdhH.
 ,jd; %yk; NfhHgNrt; Nrhtpaj; a+dpadpYs;s gy epWtdq;fspd; kPjpUe;j
fl;Lg;ghLfis jsHj;jpdhH.

FWfpa tpilaspf;fTk; ( 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. mnkupf;fhthy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nel;NlhTf;fhd gjpy; eltbf;ifNa

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; thHrh cld;gbf;if tpsf;Ff.
 Nkw;F n[Hkdp Nel;Nlh mikg;gpy; cWg;gpduhdjhy; Nrhtpaj; u\;ah vjpHtpid
Mw;wpaJ.
 Nrhtpaj; a+dpaDk; mjd; el;G ehLfSk; gu];gu el;G gu];gu cjtp vDk;
cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;ld.
 Nghye;J jiyefH thHrhtpy; ifnaOj;jhdjhy; ,J thHrh cld;gbf;if
vdg;gl;lJ.

2. I.eh rigapd; rhrdk; Kbthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljd; gy;NtW fl;lq;fs;

Fwpj;J vOJf.
 lk;gHld; Xf;]; khspifapy; mnkupf;fh> Nrhtpaj;> rPdh> ,q;fpyhe;J ehLfs;
xd;W$b cyf mikg;Gf;fhd xU nray;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdH.
 kh];Nfh gpufldk; gd;dhl;L rq;fj;Jf;F gjpy; NtW cyf mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl
mq;fPfuk; mspj;jJ.
 rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh khehl;by; ,J njhlHghd tpthjq;fs; epiwTw;W I.eh rhrdk;
,Wjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

3. Nel;Nlh cUthf;fg;gl;ljpd; gpd;ddpia fz;lwpaTk;.

 mnkupf;fhTld; el;G nfhz;bUe;jhYk; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfs;
ghJfhg;gpd;ikia czHe;jd.

41
  nrf;Nfh];yhNtfpahtpy; fk;a+dp];Lfs; ntw;wp mtHfs; mr;rj;ij
mjpfkhf;fpaJ.
 ,jdhy; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfs; xU $l;L ghJfhg;G jPHT fhz tpUg;gk;
nfhz;ld.
 ,g;gpd;ddpapy;jhd; Nel;Nlh mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. #a]; fhy;tha; rpf;fy; Fwpj;J RUf;fkhf tiuf.

 1956y; vfpg;J mjpgH ehrH #a]; fhy;thia Njrpakakhf;fpdhH.
 ,f;fhy;tha; Kd;dH Mq;fpNyh gpnuQ;R fhy;tha; fofk; vDk; epWtdj;Jf;F
nrhe;jkhdjhFk;.
 ,jdhy; ,];Nuy; gpupl;ld;> gpuhd;]; gilfs; vfpg;JkPJ gilnaLj;J rPdha;
jPgfw;gk; kw;Wk; nra;j; kPJ jhf;fpd.
 I.eh fz;ldj;ijaLj;J ,e;ehLfs; Nghiu epWj;jp gilfs tpyf;fpf;nfhs;s
KbT nra;jd. ehrH ntw;wpahsuhdhH.

5. Nel;NlhitNghy; Vd; rPl;Nlh gpugykilatpy;iy.

 rPl;Nlh Mrpa grpgpf; gFjpapy; Nel;Nlhtpd; gpujpepjpahf mike;jJ.
 gpypg;igd;]; jha;yhe;J kl;Lk; ,jpy; Nru kw;w ehLfs; gq;Nfw;f kWj;jd.
 rPl;Nlh xU MNyhrid kd;wkhf kl;LNk nray;gl;lJ.
 ,jdhy; rPl;Nlh Gfo;ngwtpy;iy.

tpupthd tpilaspf;fTk; ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)

1. mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; ,yf;FfisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; Nfhbl;L fl;lTk;.

 kdpj cupikfs;kjpj;jy;> I.eh rig nfhs;iffis kjpj;jy;.
 midj;J ehLfspd; ,iwahz;ikia kjpj;jy;.
 mLj;j ehl;bd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhik.
 ty;yuRfspd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf $l;L ghJfhg;G cld;gbf;ifia
gad;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;.
 mLj;jehl;bd; murpay; Rje;jpuj;ij kjpj;jy;> uhZt neUf;fb juhJ ,Uj;jy;.
 gd;dhl;L gpur;ridfSf;F mikjp topapy; Ngr;R thHj;ij %yk; jPHT fhZjy;.
 gu];gu xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

2. muG ,];Nuy; Kuz;ghl;bd; Njhw;wj;ij tpthjpf;fTk; . njhlHe;J Vw;gl;l

epfo;Tfs; vt;thW ,U ehLfSf;fpilNa 1967y; ngUk;NghH Vw;gl
fhuzkhapw;W vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 1947 etk;gupy; ghy];jPdj;ij muG ehL> a+jehL vd;Wgpupf;f I.eh rig
thf;fspj;jJ.,jdhy; muG ,];Nuy; NghH %z;lJ.
 1948 Nk khjk; jd;id Rje;jpu ehlhf ,];Nuy; mwptpj;jJ. mLj;j Mz;Nl I.eh
rigapy; cWg;gpduhdJ.
 I.eh mikjpg;gil vfpg;J ,];Nuy; vy;iyapy; Kfhkpl;bUe;jJ. 1966 thf;fpy;
mnkupf;fh ,];NuYf;F NghH tpkhdq;fs; VTfzf;fis toq;fpaNghJ kPz;Lk;
muG> ,];Nuy; NghH gjw;wk; mjpfupj;jJ.
 ,jid njhlHe;J vfpg;J jd; vy;iyapypUe;J m.eh mikjpg;gilia ntspNaw
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. 1967 [_d; khjk; ,];Nuy; vfpg;ij jhf;fp nfa;Nuh tpkhd
jsj;ij mopj;jJ.
 Nghupd; 6Mk;ehs; gy];jPdpaH trkpUe;j Nkw;F fiu fhrhKid> Mfpatw;iw
,];Nuy; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
 1 kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd ghy];jPdpaH ,];Nuy; fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jdH.

42
3. ghJfhg;G fTd;rpypd; epue;ju cWg;gpdHfs; njhlHG nfhz;Ls;s
gpur;ridfspy; I.eh rig ghHitahsuhfNt ,Ue;jJ. gdpg;NghH fhyj;J
mDgtq;fspd; thapyhf ,f;$w;iw tpsf;fkhf vLj;Jiuf;fTk;.
 1945 Kjy; 1991 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; thy;yuRfspd;
ntspAwTf;nfhs;ifia gdpg;NghNu tiuaiu nra;jJ.
 mnkupf;fh jdJ nghUs;fSf;fhd jpwe;jntsp re;ijia Nkk;gLj;jTk;
fk;a+dprj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; tpUk;gpaJ.
 kw;nwhU Gwj;jpy; Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; fk;a+dprj;ij gug;gTk; el;G ehLfSld;
el;GzHit Nkk;gLj;jTk; tpUk;gpaJ.
 ,t;tpU rf;jpfSk; MW Kf;fpa cj;jpfis ifahz;ld. mit nghUshjhu
cj;tp> ,uhZt xg;ge;jk;> cstwpjy;> gug;Giu nra;jy;> Neubahf Nkhjhik>
Nghupd; tpspk;Gtiu nry;Yjy; Mfpad;.
 Nkw;fhZk; midj;ijAk; cyfpd; ,UngUk; ty;yuRfs; epfo;j;jpa NghJk; I.eh
ghJfhg;G rig fz;bf;f ,ayhky; nksd ghHitahsuhfNt ,Ue;jij cyfk;
fz;lJ.

4. Nghup]; nay;l;rpd; murpay; tsHr;rpia Fwpg;ghf Nrhtpaj; a+dpad;

tPo;r;rpapy; mtH tfpj;j gq;fpd; kPJ ftdk; Fwpj;J tptupf;fTk;.
 Nghup]; nay;l;rpd; 1961y;fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpapy; cWg;gpduhdhH. fl;rpapy; Kf;fpa
gjtpfis tfpj;jhH.
 NfhHgNrt; gjtpf;F te;jgpd; fl;rp Coy;fis fistjw;fhf Nghup]; nay;l;rpid
NjHe;njLj;jhH.
 1986y; fl;rp nghypl; gPNuh cWg;gpduhdhH gpd;dH kh];Nfhtpd; Nkauhf njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
 epHthf rPHjpUj;jq;fis typAWj;jpajhy; mtH Nrhtpaj; thf;fhsupilNa
gpugykhdhH.
 1990 Nk 29y; NfhHgNrt; tpUg;gj;Jf;F khwhf Nrhtpaj; ghuhSkd;wk; nay;l;rpid
u\;a Fbaurpd; jiytuhf NjHe;njLj;jJ.
 Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; 1990y; u\;a Fbaurpd; kf;fshy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l jiytuhdhH.

******

43
 1

gs;spf; fy;tpj;Jiw
myF -1 ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpaj;jpd; vOr;rp
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. fhe;jpabfs; njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpypUe;J ve;j Mz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh; ? 1915
2. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ve;j Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? 1835
3. khWgl;l xd;iwj; Njh;T nra;f ? mutpe;j Nfh\;
4. “Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik> mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;” – vdf; $wpath; ?
ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;
5. gpd;tUtdtw;iw nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f
m. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; - Nfrhp
M. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p - ,e;jpahtpd; Fuy;
,. nkf;fhNy - ,e;jpaf; fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs;
<. tpy;ypak; bf;ig - nkl;uh]; ilk;];
6. gpd;tUk; vJ xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jpAs;sJ? nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; - 1852
7. gpd;tUk; mikg;Gfs; njhlq;fg;gl;l rhpahd fhy thpiriaj; Njh;T nra;f
m) nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fk;
M) ,e;jpar; rq;fk;
,) fpof;fpe;jpaf; fofk;
<) nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk;
8. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpui] epWtpath; ? A.O `pA+k;
9. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiyth; ? W.C.ghdh;[p
10. “ ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh;” vd miof;fg;gLgth; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
11. “tWikAk; gphpl;lDf;nfht;thj ,e;jpa Ml;rpAk; “(Poverty and Un- British Rule in
India ) vd;w E}iy vOjpath;? jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
12.$w;W :Mq;fpy murhq;fk; jilaw;w tzpff; nfhs;ifiag;
gpd;gw;wpaJ.
fhuzk; :,q;fpyhe;jpd; jilaw;w tzpff; nfhs;ifapdhy;
,e;jpah ed;ikiag; ngw;wJ.
tpil : $w;W rhp fhuzk; jtW
 2

13. xhprh gQ;rk; Fwpj;j gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; rhpahdit vit

vJ?
$w;W1 : 1866Mk; Mz;by; xd;wiu kpy;ypad; kf;fs; xhprhtpy;
gl;bdpahy; ,we;jdh;.
$w;W2 : gQ;r fhyj;jpy; 200 kpy;ypad; gTz;l; muprpia
gphpl;lDf;F Mq;fpy muR Vw;Wkjp nra;jJ.
$w;W3 : xhprh gQ;rkhdJ jhjhgha; nesNuh[pia ,e;jpa tWik
Fwpj;J tho;ehs; Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;s J}z;baJ.
tpil : ,it midj;Jk;
14.$w;W : jhjhgha; nehsNuh[p ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
jiytuhf %d;W Kiw Njh;T nra;ag;gl;lhu;
fhuzk; : 1905-Mk; Mz;L tiuapy; ,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fk;
murikg;Gthjpfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;jJ.
tpil : $w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.

myF -2 jPtpu Njrpathjj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; RNjrp ,af;fKk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. R+uj;jpy; eilngwtpUe;j fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F fhq;fpu]pd; mL;j;j jiytuhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F ahUila ngah; jPtpu Njrpathjpfshy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ?
yhyh y[gjp uha;
2. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fhz;f
i) 1905,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tq;fg; gphptpid Mq;fpNyahpd; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;iff;F
kpfr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
ii) 1905,y; eilngw;w fy;fj;jh khehl;by; RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p gphpl;b\;
nghUl;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; Gwf;fzpf;f miog;G tpLj;jhh;.
iii) 1905 Mf];l; 7,y; fy;fj;jh efu muq;fpy; (Town Hall) eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy;
RNjrp ,af;fk; Fwpj;j Kiwahd mwptpg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.
tpil : Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;
3. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;f
m. ,e;jpag; gj;jphpf;if -Njrpa mstpyhd nray;ghLfis rl;lk 1910; eRf;fpaJ
M. tpbnts;spf; fofk; -fy;tpf;fhd Njrpaf; fofk;
,. Rauh[;ak; -Ra Ml;rp
<. RNjrp -rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; epiyf;F vjpuhd Gul;rp
 3

4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jpAs;sJ ?

m. gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p – Mde;j klk;
5. fy;fj;jhtpy; mDrpyd; rkpjpia epWtpath; ? [jpe;juehj; ghdh;[p kw;Wk; ghpe;jh;
Fkhh; Nfh\;
6. $w;W : 1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 Jf;fehshf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhuzk;:Nkw;gb ehspy; tq;fhsk; Kiwg;gb ,uz;L
khfhzq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpil : $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
7. $w;W : t.c.rpjk;guk; RNjrp fg;gy; epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
fhuzk;: ,e;jpaf; flw;fiufspy; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Kw;Whpikapid mth; vjph;j;jhh;.
tpil : $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
8. Rg;ukzpa ghujp Fwpj;j gpd;tUk; ve;j $w;W jtwhdJ?
ghujpapd; FUkzp (Mrphpah;) Rthkp tpNtfhde;juhthh;.

myF -3 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; jhf;fk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; ahuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ? md;dpngrz;l;
2. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; md;dpngrz;l; gw;wpa rhpahd $w;W vJ?
i) fh;dy; vr;.v]; My;fhl;bw;Fg; gpwF gpuk;kQhd rigapd; cyfshtpa jiytuhf
md;dpngrz;l; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
ii) 1914,y; mth; fhkd;tPy; vd;w thuhe;jphpia njhlq;fpdhh;.
iii) 1915Mk; Mz;L “How India wrought for Freedom” vd;w jiyg;gpyhd Gj;jfj;ijg;
gjpg;gpj;jhh;
tpil : Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;.
3. $w;W : [pd;dhit “,e;J-K];yPk; xw;Wikapd; J}jh;” vd;W rNuh[pdp mk;ikahh;
mioj;jhh;.
fhuzk; : yf;Ndh xg;ge;jj;jpd; jiyikr; rpw;gp [pd;dh Mthh;.
tpil : $w;W rhp fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd tpsf;fk;.
4. gdhu]; ,e;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ? kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah
5. 1916Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndh khehl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;? K];yPk; yPf;fpd; jdpj;njhFjp
Nfhhpf;ifia fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
 4

6. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfs; cjtpAld; nghUj;Jf

m. fjhh; fl;rp - 1913
M. epA+ ,e;jpah – 1915
,. jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; - 1916
<. kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPH;jpUj;jk; - 1909
7. “India Unrest” vd;w Gj;jfj;jpd; Mrphpah; ? Ntyz;ild; rpNuhyp
8. fjhh; fl;rp ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ? yhyh `h;jahs;
9. mfpy ,e;jpa njhopw;rq;f fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiyth; ahh;?
yhyh y[gjpuha;

myF -4 fhe;jpabfs; Njrpaj; jiytuhf cUntLj;J kf;fis

xd;wpizj;jy;
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. fhe;jpabfspd; murpay; FU ahh;?
NfhfNy
2.njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J jpUk;gpa fhe;jpabfs; jdJ ntw;wpfukhd KjyhtJ
rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpa ,lk; ? rk;guhd;
3. irkd; fkp\d; fhq;fpu]hy; Vd; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ? mf;FOtpy; ,e;jpah;fs;
,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
4. ,e;jpahtpd; %th;zf; nfhb vg;NghJ Vw;wg;gl;lJ?
brk;gh; 31> 1929
5. 1923,y; Nkhjpyhy; NeU kw;Wk; rp.Mh; jh]; -My; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fl;rpapd;
ngah; vd;d? Rauh[;a fl;rp.
6.gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f
m. ehkR+j;uh ,af;fk; - fpof;fpe;jpah
M. Mjpjh;k ,af;fk; - tlNkw;F ,e;jpah
,. rj;aNrhjf; ,af;fk; - Nkw;F ,e;jpah
<. jpuhtpl ,af;fk; - njd;dpe;jpah
 5

7. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; gy;NtW epiyfisf; fhy thpirg;gLj;Jf

m. ePjpkd;w tprhuiz ,d;wp vtiuAk; rpiwapy; milf;f nusyl; rl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
M. mkph;jru]; efhpy; gphpl;b\; gilahy; MAjk; Ve;jhj kf;fs; kPJ nfhba
jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
,. fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;Jld;
xj;Jioahik vd;w fhe;jpabfspd; Kd;nkhopit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
<. nrshp nrsuh td;Kiwr; rk;gtk; fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s toptFj;jJ.
8. gpd;tUk; ve;j xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jtpy;iy?
gQ;rhg; Jiz MSeh; - nu[pdhy;L ilah;
9. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfisr; rhpahd fhythpirg;gb mikj;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tpilfspypUe;J rhpahdijj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
m. gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; ,af;fk;
M. rk;guhd; ,af;fk;
,. Nfjh rj;jpahfpufk;
<. Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk;
10. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ vit rhpahdit my;y
irkd; FOtpid K];yPk; yPf; tuNtw;wJ.
11. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; cs;slf;fpait
m. gs;sp kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;
M. muR toq;fpa gl;lq;fisj; jpUg;gpaspj;jy;
12. $w;W : gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fh; k`j; rj;jpahfpufj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
fhuzk;: mth; ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fis xUq;fpizf;f Kad;whh;.
tpil : $w;W rhp fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
13.$w;W : 1919,y; ,e;jpaf; fTd;rpy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nusyl; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
fhuzk; : ,J kpjthj Njrpathjpfis mutizj;J jPtpu Njrpathjpfisj;
jdpikg;gLj;Jk; gphpl;b\hhpd; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
tpil : $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
14. fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jiyth;fspy; Rauh[;a fl;rpAld; njhlh;gpy;yhj jiyth;
ahh; ? ,uh[h[p
15. fhe;jpabfspd; jz;b ahj;jpiu gazk; nrd;wile;j Mz;L? Vg;uy; 6> 1930.
 6

myF -5 Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; Gul;rpfu

Njrpathjj;jpd; fhyk;
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1.,e;jpaf; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp ve;j Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ? 1925
2. fy;gdh jj; vjDld; njhlh;Gilath;? ,e;jpaf; FbauR ,uhZtk;.
3. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;Jf
m. fhd;G+h; rjp tof;F - 1924
M. kPul; rjp tof;F - 1929
,. rpl;lfhq; MAjf;fplq;F nfhs;is - R+hpah nrd;
<. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; fuhr;rp khehL – mbg;gil chpikfs;
4. fPo;f;fhz;gth;fspy; 64 ehl;fs; cz;zhtpujj;jpw;Fg; gpwF rpiwapy; caphpoe;jth;
ahh;? [jPe;jpuehj; jh];
5. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspy; nghUshjhug; ngUk; ke;jk; Fwpj;Jr; rhpahdit?
m. ,J tlmnkhpf;fhtpy; Vw;gl;lJ.
M. thy; njUtpy; Vw;gl;l tPo;rr
; pahdJ ngUk; ke;jj;ij tpiuTgLj;jpaJ.
6. KjyhtJ gUj;jpj; njhopw;rhiy gk;ghapy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1854.
7. nfhLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfis nfhz;L rhpahd $w;iwj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
m. Chittagong Armoury Raiders Reminiscences” vDk; E}y; fy;gdh jj; vd;gtuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ.
M. fy;gdh jj; jha;ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhf MAjk; jhq;fp Nghuhbdhh;.
,. fy;gdh jj; NguurUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghh; njhLj;jhh; vdf; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;lhh;.
tpil : Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;
8. KjyhtJ gazpfs; ,uapy; 1853 ,y; ve;j ,lq;fSf;F ,ilNa XbaJ?
gk;gha; - jhNd
9. fy;fj;jhtpy; KjyhtJ rzy; Miy njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 1855
10. gpd;tUNthhpy; fhd;G+h; rjp tof;fpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lth; ahh;? v];.V.lhq;Nf
11. fhd;G+h; rjp tof;Ff; Fwpj;j gpd;tUk; ve;j $w;Wfs; rhpahdit?
m. rzy; kw;Wk; gUj;jp njhopw;rhiyfspy; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
M. ,t;tof;fpy; fk;A+dp];l;fSk; njhopw;rq;fthjpfSk; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ldh;.
,. ,t;tof;F ePjpgjp H.E.N`hk;]; vd;gthpd; Kd;ghf tprhuizf;F te;jJ.
tpil : Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;.
 7

myF -6 Njrpathj murpaypy; tFg;Gtjhjk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1Kfyhah; fhyj;jpy; mYtyf kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w nkhopahf tpsq;fpaJ vJ? ghurPfk;
2. gpd;tUk; r%f> rkar; rPh;jpUj;j epWtdq;fis mit Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ljd; fhy
mbg;gilapy; thpirg;gLj;Jf
m. Mhpa rkh[k;
M. midj;Jk; ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf;
,. gQ;rhg; ,e;J rig
<. midj;jpe;jpa ,e;J kfh rig
3. yz;ld; gphptpf; fTd;rpypy; ,lk;ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah;.
iraJ mkPh; myp.
4. $w;W : 1870 ,y; tq;fhs murhq;f Miz ,];yhkpa njhopy;ty;Yeh;
FOf;fspilNa Iaq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
fhuzk; : mt;thiz cUJ nkhop ghurPf mugp vOj;J Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf
,e;jpiaf; nfhz;L te;jJ.
tpil : $w;W rhp fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
5. rhpahd $w;Wfisf; fz;Lgpbf;fTk; .
$w;W 1 : Muk;gfhy Njrpathjpfspy; rpyh; Njrpathjj;ij ,e;Jkj mbj;jsj;jpy;
kl;LNk cUthf;f KbAk; vd ek;gpdh;.
$w;W 2 : ,e;J kfhrig Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;> md;dpngrz;l;
mk;ikahuhy; elj;jg;gl;l gpuk;kQhd rigahy; tYg;ngw;wJ.
$w;W 3. Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; Rj;jp kw;Wk; rq;fhjd; eltbf;iffspy; fhq;fpu];
gq;Nfw;wJ ,e;J- K];ypk;fspilNa gphpit cz;lhf;fpaJ.
tpil : Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;
6. ,U ehL nfhs;ifia Kjd;Kjypy; nfhz;L te;jth;.? rh; thrph; `rd;
7. 1937,y; eilngw;w Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp ngw;wJ? 7 khfhzq;fs;
8. fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp KbTf;F te;j ehspid K];ypk; yPf; kPl;G ehshf
nfhz;lhbaJ ? 22 brk;gh;> 1939
9. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f.
m. md;dpngrz;l; - gpuk;kQhd rig
M. iraJ mfkJ fhd; - mypfhh; ,af;fk;
,. fpyhgj; ,af;fk; - myp rNfhjuh;fs;
<. Rj;jp ,af;fk; - jahde;j ru];tjp
 8

10. gpd;tUk; $w;WfspypUe;J rhpahdtw;iwj; Njh;T nra;f

i). $w;W :mypfhh; ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j rh; iraJ mfkJ fhd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
fhq;fpuir Mjhpj;jhh;.
ii). $w;W : 1909 ,y; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l gQ;rhg; ,e;J rigahdJ ,e;Jkj tFg;Gthj
murpaYf;F mbj;jskpl;lJ.
tpil : $w;W (i) jtW (ii) rhp
11. vg;NghJ K];ypk; yPf; Neub eltbf;if ehis mDrhpj;jJ?
16 Mf];l;> 1946
12. Ntty; gpuGtpw;Fg; gpd;dh; gjtpNaw;wth; ?
nksz;lN
; gl;ld;
13. $w;W : gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; tFg;G thjj;ij tsh;f;fTk;
gug;gTk; gpd;gw;wpaJ jdpj;njhFjpf; nfhs;ifahFk;.
fhuzk; : kf;fs; ,uz;L jdpj;njhFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;ljhy;
tFg;Gthj mbg;gilapNyNa thf;fspj;jdh;.
tpil : $w;W rhp fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
14. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
m. ,e;Jkj kWkyh;r;rp – Mhpa rkh[k;
M. fyP/gh gjtp xopg;G – 1924
,. yhyh y[gjp uha; - ,e;J – K];ypk; khfhzq;fshf gQ;rhg;
gphpj;jy;
<. uh\;bhpa RaNrth rq;fk; - Nfhy;thf;fh;

myF -7 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; vg;NghJ njhlq;fpaJ ? mf;Nlhgh; 17> 1940
2. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f
m. ,e;J – K];yPk; fytuk; - etfhsp
M. Mf];l; nfhil - ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
,. gphptpidj; jPh;khdj;ij - Nfhtpe;j; gy;yg; ge;j;
<. ,e;jpa Njrp ,uhZtk; - Nkhfd; rpq;
 9

3. fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO ahUila Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;jJ?

ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
4. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f
m. mnkhpf;f FbauRj; jiyth; - v/g;b &];nty;l;
M. rPdf; FbauRj; jiyth; - \pahq;Nf N\f;
,. gphpl;b\; gpujkh; - tpd;];ld; rh;r;rpy;
<. [g;ghd; gpujkh; - Nlh[h
5. Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ve;j Mz;L fhq;fpu]pypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;lhh;? 1939
6. kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfspd; “nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb” vd ve;j epfo;tpd;NghJ miog;G
tpLj;jhh;? nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;.
7. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ gk;ghapy; ,ufrpa thndhyp
epiyaj;ij elj;jpath; ahh;? c\h Nkj;jh
8. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtg;giltPuh;fs; rhh;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thjhbath; ahh;?
[t`h;yhy; NeU
9. 1942,y; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;jpahtpd;
murgpujpep ahh;? ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG.
10.$w;W : nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhis milatpy;iy.
fhuzk; : mg;Nghija gphpl;b\; muR fLikahd mlf;F Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
tpil : $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tps;FfpwJ.
11. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; ve;j ehl;L cjtpAld; epWtg;gl;lJ? [g;ghd;
12. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; ngz;fs; gilg;gphptpd; ngah;
[hd;]p uhzp gilg;gphpT
13. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; jw;fhypf murhq;fj;ijr; Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; vq;F
Vw;gLj;jpdhh; ? rpq;fg;G+h;
14. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtg; gil kPjhd tprhuiz vq;F eilngw;wJ?
nrq;Nfhl;il> GJnly;yp
15. 1945 ,y; rpk;yh khehl;ilf; $l;ba murgpujpepjp ? Ntty; gpuG
16. 1946 ,y; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; ahUila jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
[t`h;yhy; NeU
17. rhpahd thpirapy; mikj;J tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f
i) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLjy;
ii) ,uh[h[p jpl;lk;
iii) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; kPjhd tprhuiz
iv) ,uhay; ,e;jpah flw;gilf; fyfk;
 10

18. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfspd; rhpahd thpiriaj; Njh;T nra;f

i) Mf];l; nfhil
ii) jdpegh; rf;jpahfpufk;
iii) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; kPjhd tprhuiz
iv) Neub eltbf;if ehs;
19. ,e;jpah; iffSf;F mjpfhuk; khw;wg;gLk; vd mwptpj;j gphpl;b\; gpujkh; ahh;?
fpskz;l; ml;yp
20. gphpl;b\hh; ve;jf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw KbT nra;jdh;?
[_d;> 1948

myF -8 fhydpaj;Jf;Fg; gpe;ija ,e;jpahtpd; kWfl;likg;G

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T
nra;f
m. N[tpgp FO - 1948
M. rh; rphpy; uhl;fpsp/g; - vy;iy tiuaiw Mizak;
,. gry; myp - khepy kWrPuikg;G Mizak;
<. NeU FO mwpf;if - 1928
2. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fhythpirg;gb mikf;fTk;.
i) NeUtpd; jiyikapyhd ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;.
ii) ,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; Fwpj;j ml;ypapd; mwptpg;G
iii) nksz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;.
3. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpr; rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
m. rPdkf;fs; FbauR - [dthp 1> 1950
M. ghz;Lq;khehL - Vg;uy; 1955
,. Mrpa cwTfs; khehL - khh;r; 1947
<. mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - ngy;fpNuL
4. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfspd; rhpahd thpiriaj; Njh;f
i) murikg;G eph;zar; rigapd; $l;lk;
ii) rPdkf;fs; FbauR
iii) NeU- ypahfj; myp fhd; xg;ge;jk;
iv) gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;if
v) rPdhTld; ,e;jpah Nghh;
 11

5. kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l ehs; ?

[dthp 30 1948.
6. Me;jpu khepy Nfhhpf;ifapid Kjd;Kjypy; vOg;gpath;.
gl;lhgp rPj;jhuhikah
7. murikg;G eph;zar; rigapy; Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jth;.?
[t`h;yhy; NeU
8. gp.Mh; mk;Ngj;fhiu ve;j njhFjpapypUe;J Njh;e;njLg;gijf; fhq;fpu]; cWjp
nra;jJ? gk;gha;
9.$w;W: uhl;fpsp/gpd; vy;iy tiuaiw midj;J tifahd Kuz;ghLfisAk;
nfhz;bUe;jJ.
fhuzk;: Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; mJ midtuhYk; xUkdjhf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
tpil : $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
10. murikg;G eph;za rigapd; Kjy; $l;lk; vg;NghJ eilngw;wJ?
brk;gh; 9> 1946
11. murikg;G vg;nghOJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ? etk;gh; 26> 1949
12. nkhopthhp mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Kjy; khepyk; ? Me;jpuh

myF -9 Xh; Gjpa r%f-nghUshjhu xOq;fikit vjph; Nehf;Fjy;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;:
1.gpd;tUtdtw;iw fhythpirg;gLj;Jf
i)[kPd;jhhp Kiw xopg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;
ii)mjpf tpisr;riyj; jUk; tPupa uf tpijfspd; gad;ghL
iii)jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; epy cr;rtuk;Gr; rl;lk;
2.,e;jpa murhq;fk; rkjh;k tifahd Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf cWjp G+z;Ls;sJ.
3.,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; KjyhtJ jpUj;jk; vg;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ? 1951
4.nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilf; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f.
(m)njhopy; Nkk;ghL nfhs;ifj; jPh;khdk; - 1956
(M),e;jpa mwptpay; epWtdk; - 1909
(,)kfyNdhgp]; - ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk;
(<)KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; - 1951-56
 12

5. epy rPh;j;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; jkpo;ehl;by; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf vg;NghJ

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? 1972
6. G+kpjhd ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpath; tpNdhgh ghNt
7.$w;W: [kPd;jhupKiw xopg;G mjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpy; xU gFjpiaNa vl;baJ.
fhuzk;: gy epyr;Rthd;jhuh;fs; Fj;jifjhuh;fis ntspNaw;wp epyk; mth;fsJ
Rafl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; Ntshz;ikapy; cs;sjhf chpik Nfhhpdh;.
tpil:$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
8. njhopy; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ?
1951
9. kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;Gr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ? 2005
10. ve;j Mz;L ,e;jpa nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; fLk; neUf;fbiar; re;jpj;jd?
1991
11. kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;Gr; rl;lk; (MGNREGA)
vj;jis ehl;fs; Ntiytha;g;ig xU jdpegUf;F toq;FfpwJ? 100
12. lhl;lh mbg;gil Muha;rr
; p epWtdk; vg;NghJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ? 1945
13. 1951Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; nray;gl;ld? 5

myF 10 etPd cyfk;: gFj;jwptpd; fhyk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;
1.fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ Rje;jpukhd th;j;jf efuk; ,y;iy? nrapd;l; gPll
; u;]g
; u;f;
2. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ rkaj;ij ,uz;lhk; epiyf;F js;spaJ? kWkyh;r;rp
3. fPo;fz;l Nghg;ghz;lth;fspy; ,j;jhypa kWkyh;rr
; pf;F Mjuthfr; nray;glhjth;
ahh;? %d;whk; ghy;
4.ntspehl;L epWtdq;fSf;F vtUila ntw;wp nghpJk; Cf;fk; je;jJ?
nfhyk;g];
5. $w;W: fhfpjk; fp.K (ngh.M.K) ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhtpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
fhuzk;: efUk; mikg;gpyhd mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij n[h;kdp fz;Lgpbj;jJ.
tpil: $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
6. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ kWkyh;rr
; p fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU Nahrid my;y?
murpy;yh epiy
7. etPd nray;Kiw mwptpaypd; je;ij vdf; fUjg;gLgth; ahH;? Nuh[h; Ngf;fd;
 13

8. kdpjFyj;ij rkakuG my;yJ mjpfhuk; %ykhf Ml;rp nrYj;jhky; fhuzq;fs;

%yk; Ml;rp nrYj;jNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpath; ahh;? Nuh[h; Ngf;fd;
9. JUf;fpah;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghhpy; Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspd; cjtpia ehb ,j;jhypf;F
nrd;wth; ahh;? NkDty; fpiurhnyhu];
10.$w;W: fypypNah fypyp Njthya tpNuhj Nghf;Ff;fhf fpwpj;jt jpUr;rigahy;
tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;.
fhuzk;: #hpaid ikakhf itj;J Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd vd;w Nfhgh;epf]pd;
R+hpaikaf; Nfhl;ghl;il mth; Vw;whh;.
tpil :$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
11. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ rhpahd mwpf;if my;yJ mwpf;iffs;?
mwpf;if II:Jg;ghf;fpfs; kw;Wk; ntbkUe;J %ykhf fly; gad Mgj;Jfs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;ld.
mwpf;if III:fpwpj;jt rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk; Mh;tk; Gjpa epyg;gFjpfis fz;Lgpbg;gjpy;
Cf;fk; je;jJ.
12. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ ypahdh;Nlh lhtpd;rpapd; xtpak; ,y;iy? kNlhdhTk;
Foe;ijAk;
13. Nghg;ghz;ltuhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nuhkpy; cs;s nrapd;l; gPl;lu;]; Njthyaj;ij
etPdkakhf;fpath; ahh;? ikf;Nfy; MQ;rpNyh
14. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ rhpahf nghUj;jg;gltpy;iy?
Nuh[h; Ngf;fd; - nlf;fkuhd;
15.$w;W: JUf;fpa ntw;wpfSk; fhd;];lhd;bNehgpspd; tPo;rr
; pAk; fpof;F gFjpf;F xU
fly; topj;jlj;ij fz;Lgpbf;f Cf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
fhuzk;: fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; Njitfs; mjpfhpj;jjhy; fly;top
thzpgj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j INuhg;gpa ehLfs; tpUk;gpd.
tpil :$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
16. nkfy;ydpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF ve;jf; fg;gy; jpUk;gpaJ? tpl;Nlhhpah
17. ];ngapDf;fhf nkf;rpNfhitf; ifg;gw;wpath; ahh;? n`h;dd; fhh;l]
; ;
18. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; vl;lhk; n`d;wpahy; Nkyhjpf;fr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L
vJ? 1534
19. $w;W: nfhs;is Neha;ff
; hd fhuzq;fis tpsf;f Kbahjjhy; nfhs;is Neha;
Njthyaj;jpd; epiyia gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ
fhuzk;: Nghg;ghz;lthpd; mjpfhuk; ngUk; rthy;fis vjph;nfhz;lJ.
tpil :$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
 14

20. Vohk; fphpNfhhpahy; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig eltbf;iffspy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp

itf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpahsh; ahh;? Mwhk; n`d;wp

myF 11 Gul;rpfspd; fhyk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;
1. tl mnkhpf;fhtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; FbNawpa INuhg;gpah;fs; Mq;fpNyah;
2. epA+ Mk;];lh;lhkpw;F epA+ahh;f; vd; kWngah; R+l;lg;gl;lJ.
3. $w;W: Mq;fpNyah; ehtha;r; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpdh;
fhuzk;: fhydp ;ehLfspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; Mq;fpNyaf; fg;gy;fspd; %ykhf
kl;LNk Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gijr; ,r;rl;lk; fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ.
tpil:$w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
4. $w;W: 1770,y;; ,q;fpyhe;J Njapiyiaj; jtpu Vida nghUl;fspd; kPjhd
thpfis uj;J nra;jJ.
fhuzk;: fhydp ehLfspd; kPJ NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth thptpjpf;Fk;
chpik Mq;fpNya ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jNt
Njapiyapd; kPjhd thp jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
tpil:$w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
5. gh];ld; NjePh; tpUe;J epfo;T 1773 ,y; eilngw;wJ.
6. $w;W: [hh;[pah jtpu Vida fhuydpfisr; Nrh;e;j gpujpepjpfs; nghWj;J
nfhs;sKbahjr; rl;lq;fs; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfhhpdh;.
fhuzk;: mJtiuapYk; Mq;fpyg; nghUl;fisg; Gwf;fzpg;gJ vd fhq;fpu]; KbT
nra;jJ.
$w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
7. fPo;f;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; vJ/vit rhpahdJ /rhpahdit
$w;W I:1776 [{iy 4,y; gjpd;%d;W fhydpfSk; ,q;fpyhe;jplkpUe;J tpLjiy
ngw;wjhf mwptpj;jd.
$w;W II:Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ijj; jahhpj;jjpy; jhk]; n[gu;rd; kpf Kf;fpag; gq;fid
tfpj;jhh;.
tpil: ,uz;Lk; rhp
8. mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghhpy; Mq;fpy gilfSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpath; tpy;ypak;
N`hNt
 15

9.fPo;f;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; vJ /vit rhpahdJ /rhpahdit?

$w;W I: gpnuQ;R tptrhapfs; gz;iz mbikfsha; ,Ue;jdh;
$w;W II: thuj;jpy; rpy ehl;fspy; tptrhapfs; jq;fs; gpuGf;fSf;fhfr; rk;gsk;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Ntiy nra;jhf Ntz;Lk;
10.nld;dp]; ikjhd cWjpnkhopf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;w vjpg;Gf;Fj; jiyikNaw;w gpuG
kpuhG Mthh;.
11. $w;W: tsh;e;J nfhz;bUe;j G+h;\;thf;fs; jq;fs; r%fj;jFjpf;F epfuhd murpay;
mjpfhuk; Ntz;bdh;
fhuzk;: murhq;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw Ntz;Lnkd mthfs; tpUk;gpdh;.
tpil:$w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
12.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfisg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
(m)khz;nl];fpA+ - rl;lq;fspd; rhuk;
(M)thy;lh; - gjpdhd;fhk; Y}apapd; fhyk;
(,)gaq;fu Ml;rp - N[Nfhgpah;fs;
(<)[hd; yhf; - rl;lq;fspd; rhuk;
13. gh];by; rpiw jfh;g;G 1789> [{iy 14 ,y; ele;jJ.
14.gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; NghJ mwptpf;fg;gl;l kdpjd; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; chpikfs;
gpufldk; ngz;fisj jtph;j;Jtpl;ljhy; mjd; Nky; xypk;Ng b Nfhn[]; mjpUg;jp
nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
15. gjpdhwhk; Y}apapd; mjpfhuG+h;tkhd trpg;gplkhf ,Ue;jJ. bA+nyh;];
16. i`l;b njhlf;fj;jpy; nrapd;l; Nlhkpq;Nfh vd mwpag;gl;lJ.
17.nkf;rpNfhtpy; Gul;rpf;Fj; jiyikNaw;wth; kpFty; `ply;Nfh
18.mh;n[d;bdhit tpLjiyailar nra;jth; rhd; khh;lb
; d;
19. khd;nr];lh; efuk; „fhl;ld;nghyp];‟ vDk; Gidg; ngaiug; ngw;wJ.
20.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfisg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;
(m)ikf;Nfy; ghuNl - kpd;rhuk;
(M)vypah];N`hNt - ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
(,)ePh;r; rl;lfk; - Mh;f;iul;
(<)ePuhtpg; glF - uhgh;l; Gy;ld;
 16

myF 12 INuhg;ghtpy; mikjpapd;ik

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;
1.neg;Nghypad; Kjd;Kiw ehLflj;jg;gl;L rpiw itf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vy;gh MFk;.
2. gpupl;b\;> ngy;[pa kw;Wk; gpu\;af; $l;Lg; gilfshy; neg;Nghypad;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l thl;lh;Y} mikag;ngw;w ,lk; ngy;[pak;
3. $w;W: fw;gidthj Nrh\yp];Lfs; cw;gj;jpf; fUtpfisg; nghJtpy; nfhz;l
khjphp r%fq;fisg; ghpe;Jiuj;jdh;.
fhuzk;: mth;fs; tWikAk;> Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lKk; xope;j Nrh\ypr r%fj;ij
tsh;njLf;Fk; njhiyNehf;Fg; ghh;itiaf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
tpil: $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
4. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopq;rq;fq;fSf;F rl;l mq;ff
P huk; toq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1824
5. fPo;f;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfspy; rhpahdtw;iw njhpT nra;Jg; nghUj;Jf
(m)Gjpa fpwpj;jtk; - nrapd;l; rPNkhd;
(M)v epA+tpA Mg; nrhirl;b- ,uhgh;l; Xtd;
(,)nut;A+ L g;uhf;u]; - Y}ap gpshq;f;
(<)kf;fspd; gl;lak; - tpy;ypak; yntl;
6.khh;fR
; k; Vq;fy;Rk; jq;fspd; fk;A+dp];l; Nkdpng];Nlh vd;w E}iy 1848 Mz;by;
ntspapl;ldh;
7. $w;W kf;fs; chpik rhrd ,af;fk; xU fytuNkh> Gul;rpNah my;y.
fhuzk;: mJ njhopyhsh; th;f;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,af;fkhFk;.
tpil:$w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW
8.rhrdj;Jtthjpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w nra;jpj;jhs; tlf;fj;jpa el;rj;jpuk;
MFk;.
9. neg;Nghypad; Nghdghh;lb
; d; kUkfdhd Y}ap neg;Nghypad; R+bf; nfhz;l gl;lk;
%d;whk; neg;Nghypad;
10.Nfhl; nl yh Ner;rh; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; vl;bad;-Nfg;hpay; Nkhuhyp Mthh;.
11. $w;W: Njrpathjpj;jpw;F 1848Mk; Mz;L jdpj;Jtkhd ntw;wpfs; fpilj;j
Mz;lhFk;.
fhuzk;: rh;thjpfhuk; kiwe;jJ Nghd;w gpk;gk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ.
tpil:$w;Wk;> fhuzKk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
12. ,uz;lhk; rh;tNjrk; ghup]; efhpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
13. ,sk; ,j;jhyp ,af;fk; 1831 Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
 17

14. ghh;kh> nkhbdh> l];fdp Mfpa gFjpfs; nghJthf;nfLg;Gf;Fg; gpwF gpal;khz;l;-

rhh;bdpah ,uh[;[paj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;lJ
15. “,U cyfq;fspd; ehafd;” vd nfhz;lhlg;gl;lth; fhpghy;b Mthh;.
16. M];jphpah> gpu\;ah ,ilNa VO thug; Nghh; ele;jJ
17. gpuhq;Nfh- gpu\;ag; Nghh; cUthff; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ vk;]; je;jp MFk;.
18.n[h;kd; Njrj;jpw;F njhlh; nrhw;nghopTfis toq;fpath; J.G./gpf;l; Mthh;.
19. $w;W: /gpf;l; n[h;khdpah;fspilNa Njrpathjj;ij Cl;bdhh;.
fhuzk;: /gpf;l; ,sk; ,j;jhyp ,af;fj;ij Nrh;e;jth; Mthh;
tpil:$w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW
20.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfspy; rhpahdtw;iwj; njhpTnra;J nghUj;Jf.
(m)nkl;lh;dpf; - M];jphpa-`q;Nfhpapd; gpujk mikr;rh;
(M)gj;jhk; rhh;y]; - gpnuQ;R kd;dh;
(,) fpuhNkhd;l; - gpnuQ;R ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;rh;
(<) rhh;y]; My;gh;l; - gpal;khz;l;- rhh;bdpahtpd; Ml;rpahsh;

myF 13 – Vfhjpgj;jpaKk; mjd; jhf;fKk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. n[h;kdpapd; Kd;Ndwp te;Jnfhz;bUe;j gilfis gpuhd;]; ntw;wpfukhf jLj;J
Njhw;fbj;j Nghhpd; ngah; vd;d? khh;Nd Nghh;
2. „murpd; jilaw;w‟ (Laissez Faire) vd;Dk; gjj;ij cUthf;fpath; nfsu;Nd
Mthh;.
3. An Inquiry into the Nature and cause of the Wealth of Nations vd;w E}iy vOjpath;
Mlk; ];kpj; Mthh;.
4. ,q;fpyhe;J 1833 Mk; mz;by; jilaw;w tzpff; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wj;
Jtq;fpaJ.
5. $w;W : gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ ghjpapy; gy ehLfs; kpif
cw;gj;jpahy; gpur;ridfis vjph;nfhz;ld.
fhuzk; : kpifcw;gj;jp> ehLfis Gjpa re;ijfisf; fz;Lgpbf;f
mOj;jq;nfhLj;jJ.
tpil :$w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
6. 1879 Mk; Mz;by; n[h;kdp fl;lz rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.
7. rPd-[g;ghdpag; Nghh;–f;Fg; gpd; \pkNdhnrfp xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
 18

8. Nghh;l;];kTj; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLk; nghUl;L kj;jpa];jk; Ghpe;j ehL mnkhpf;fh If;fpa

ehL MFk;.
9.ve;j ehL 21 epu;g;ge;jq;fis Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rPd Fbaurpd; jiyth; Kd;
rkh;g;gpj;jJ? [g;ghd;
10. yz;ld; cld;gbf;if> 1913I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L my;Ngdpah vDk; GJehL
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
11. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; ve;ehL ikaehLfs; rf;jpapy; mq;fk; tfpf;ftpy;iy?
khd;bePf;Nuh
12. ghhpir neUq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;j jhf;Fjiy czh;e;J gpnuQ;R muR Nghh;bahf;];
gFjpf;F efh;e;J nrd;wJ.
13. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; nth;nra;y;]; xg;ge;jj;jpd; gFjpahf fUjg;glhjJ vJ?
lhd;rpf; Nghye;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
14. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; rhpahfg; nghUj;jg;glhj xd;iwf; Rl;Lf.
<. gpnu];l; - ypNlht;];f; cld;gbf;if- %d;whk; mnyf;]hz;lh;
15. $w;W : gd;dhl;L rq;fk; mjpfhuj;ij nray;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.
fhuzk; :“$l;Lg; ghJfhg;G” vd;w nfhs;ifia nka; tof;fj;jpw;Fs; eilKiwg;gLj;j
Kbatpy;iy.
tpil :$w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy
16. $w;W : cyifNa fLikahf ghjpj;jg; nghUshjhu ngUke;jk; Nrhtpaj;
u\;ahit ghjpf;ftpy;iy.
fhuzk; : epyk; r%f cilikahf mwptpf;fg;gl;l Vio kf;fSf;Fg; gphpj;J
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
tpil:$w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ
17. gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; nghJ nrayhsuhd vhpf; l;uk;Nkhd;l; gpupl;ld; ehl;ilr;
Nrh;e;jth; Mthh;.
18. gd;dhl;L rq;fk; 1949 Mk; Mz;L fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
19. `pl;yiu n[h;kdpapd; gpujk mikr;ruhf epakpj;jth; ahh;? thd; `pz;ld;gh;f;
20 KNrhypdp Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpa gj;jphpf;ifapd; ngah; ahJ? mte;jp
 19

myF -14 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhydpa ehLfspy; mjd; jhf;fKk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. fPo;fhz;gdtw;Ws; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; cUthf vJ fhuzkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy?
fhydpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l Njrpa tpLjiy ,af;fq;fs;.
2. nfy;yhf; - gpiuahz;l; xg;ge;jk; 1928 Mz;by; ifnaOj;jhdJ?
3. $w;W : MAjf; Fiwg;G khehL gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jhy; n[dPthtpy; elj;jg;gl;J.
fhuzk; : gpuhd;Rf;F rkkhf n[h;kdp jsthlq;fis nfhz;bUf;f Kay;tJ
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhf Njhd;wpaJ.
tpil : $w;Wk;> fhuzKk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
4. rPdhtplkpUe;J kQ;R+hpahit [g;ghd; ve;j Mz;L gilnaLj;J ifg;gw;wpaJ? 1931
5.gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kbtpy; INuhg;gpaf; fz;lj;jpw;Fs; njhopw;Jiwapy;
typikahd rf;jpahf n[h;kdp ehL cUthfpapUe;jJ.
6. nth;nra;y;]; xg;ge;jj;jpd; ruj;Jfspd;gb [dthp 1935,y; rhh; gFjpapy;
nghJthf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w KbthDJ.
7.$w;W : ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; fhyj;jpy; Nghh; Kiwfs; nghpJk;
khw;wkile;jpUe;jd.
fhuzk; : mfopg; Nghh;Kiw xJf;fg;gl;L tpkhd Fz;LtPr;R gpugykhdJ.
tpil : $w;W> fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
8. n[h;kdp 1939,y; Mf;fpukpg;G jtph;gG
; xg;ge;jk; xd;iw u\;ah ehl;NlhL Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lJ.
9. Ngh;y; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;Ftjw;Fj; jpl;lk; tFj;jth; ahkNkhNlh Mthh;.
10. FbauRj; jiyth; &];nty;l; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fld;- Fj;jif Kiw Njhoik
ehLfspd; tsq;fisg; ngUf;fp> mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd MAjq;fisAk;>
ntbnghUl;fisAk; toq;Fjy; tifapy; cjtpGhpe;jJ.
11. mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;bd; gilfis Mf];l; 1942,y; grpgpf; gFjpapy;
jiyikNaw;W topelj;jpath; nkf;Mh;jh; Mthh;.
12. [g;ghdpa flw;gilia mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;bd; flw;gil Njhw;fbj;jik kpl;Nt
NghupyhFk;.
13. n[h;khdpag; gilfs; Kjy; gpd;dlitr; re;jpj;jJ vy; myhkpd; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
MFk;.
14. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;Wk; Nghl;];lhk; khehl;bd; mwptpg;Gfspy; mlq;fhj xd;W vJ?
l;hp];bia A kz;lyk; vd;Wk; B kz;lyk; vd;Wk; gphpg;gnjd;whdJ. A kz;lyk;
,j;jhypf;F nfhLf;fg;glTk;> B kz;lyk; ANfh];Nyhtpahtpw;F toq;fg;glTk; KbT
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 20

15. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfspy; Nruhj xd;W vJ?

ghrprthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F ntw;wpia toq;fpaJ.
16. fPo; nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gitapy; rhpahd ,izfs; vJ?
1. n[duy; b fhy; - gpuhd;];
2. N`y; nryh]p - vj;jpNahg;gpah
17. gpuhd;]; ,uz;lhk; mgpdpg; Nghhpy; gq;nfLj;jJ rka nray;ghLfSf;F
mDkjpNfhUk; nghUl;L
18. kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; fhyk; 1912 Mz;L tiu ePbj;jJ.
19. ];ghdpa – mnkhpf;fg; Nghh; fpA+gh rh;ri
; ria Kd;dpWj;jp 1898Mk; Mz;by;
eilngw;wJ.
20. $w;W : gpypg;igd;]; 4 [_iy 1946 Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyaile;jJ.
fhuzk; : mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;bd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPohd njd; fpof;F Mrpa
cld;gbf;if mikg;gpy; gpypg;igd;]; ,ize;jJ.
tpil: $w;W> fhuzk; rhp> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.

myF 15 - ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpe;ija cyfk;

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk; :-
1. 1947,d; ,Wjpapy; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; nry;thf;fpypUe;J
tpLgl;bUe;j xNu ehL nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpah
2. $w;W : ];lhypd; rh;r;rpiy xU Nghh; tpUk;gp vd tpkh;rpj;jhh;
fhuzk; : fk;A+dprj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfs; $l;LNur Ntz;Lnkd
rh;rr
; py; Kd;djhf miog;G tpLj;jpUe;jhh;.
tpil: $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
3. gdpg;Nghh; vDk; nrhy;iy cUthf;fpath; [hu;[; Mh;nty;
4. $w;W : khh;\y; jpl;lj;ij “lhyh; Vfhjpgj;jpak;” vd Nrhtpaj; ntspAwTj; Jiw
mikr;rh; ,fo;e;jhh;.
fhuzk; : Nrhtpaj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; khh;\y; jpl;lnkd;gJ mnkhpf;fhtpd;
nry;thf;ifg; gug;Gtjw;fhd R+o;rr
; pNa MFk;.
tpil: $w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
5. khh;\y; cjtpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; INuhg;gpag; nghUshjhuj;ij kWfl;Lkhdk;
nra;tJ
6. l;&kd; Nfhl;ghL fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapLtJ
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
 21

7. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;iw fhythpirg;gb xoq;F nra;aTk;. 1.Nel;Nlh> 2.rPl;Nlh>

3.nrd;Nlh> 4.thh;rh cld;gbf;if
8.fk;A+dp];Lfspd; nry;thf;ifj; jLg;gJ ghf;jhj; cld;gbf;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf
,Ue;jJ.
9. nygdhdpy; mnkhpf;fh jiyapl;lij <uhf; vjph;j;jJ.
10. “ %d;whk; cyfk;” vDk; gjj;ij cUthf;fpath; My;gpul; rhNt Mthh;
11. nghUj;jpg; ghh;j;J> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilfspy; rhpahdijj; Njh;T nra;f
m. ,e;NjhNdrpah - Rfh;Ndh
M. vfpg;J - fkhy; mg;Jy; ehrh;
,. fhdh - Fthkp Ef;Ukh
<. ANfh];Nyhtpah - bl;Nlh
c. ,e;jpah - [tfh;yhy; NeU
12. mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Kjy; cr;rp khehL ngy;fpNuL-y; eilngw;wJ.
13. $w;W : gd;dhl;L rq;fk; xU Njhy;tp vd;gij ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; ep&gpj;jJ.
fhuzk; : kw;nwhU Nghh; Vw;glhtz;zk; jLf;f xU rf;jptha;e;j mikg;ig cUthf;f
Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij jiyth;fs; czh;e;jdh;.
tpil: $w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
14. If;fpa ehLfs; rig 1945 mf;Nlhgh; 24 ,y; 51 cWg;gpdh;fSld; cUthdJ.
15. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspy; vf;$w;Wfs; rhpahdit ?
$w;W 1 : If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Njhw;wk; gdpg;Nghhpd; njhlf;fj;Jld; xUq;Nf
eilngw;wJ.
$w;W 2 : gdpg;Nghh; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Nghh;fs; epfohky; jLg;gjpy; I.eh rig Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;wpaJ.
$w;W 3 : ghJfhg;G rigapd; epue;ju cWg;gpdh;fs; njhlh;Gila gpur;ridfspy; I.eh
rig nksdkhd ghh;itahsuhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
tpil: Nkw;$wg;gl;l midj;Jk;
16. R+a]; fhy;tha; nrq;fliy kj;jpajiuf; flYld; ,izf;fpwJ.
17. I.eh rigapd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsh; bhpf;Nt iy ehh;Nt Nrh;e;jtuhthh;.
18. $w;W : 2017,y; gphpl;ld; INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpypUe;J ntspNa nry;tjhf (Exit)
mwptpj;jJ.
fhuzk; : gphpl;ldpd; ntspNaw;wk; gpnuf;]pl; (Brexit) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpil: $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
19. fpsh];eh];l; Fwpg;gJ xspTkiwtw;w ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia
20. Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; brk;gh; 8>1991 ,y; rpjWz;lJ.