Complex Analysis

158
+ re")| If(20)
we have
|f(zo
Also from () and (2)
If20+re")\d® 27|f20)

ISco I 0 +re"jde

| ISco +re")\de
get |f(z0)|=
From(3) and (4)
we

27|f(20)=| 1fc0 +re")\de

i s colde = Ifc0+re'")lde

fco)-1s(20 +r"jde =0.

Since the integrand in the above expression is continuous and non- negative we have
I S 0 - IfE0 + re")) = 0
(ie)If(zo)l = If(:0 + re") for all : in the circular dise l - zol<r
(ie) 1f(zo = If()| for all : in the circular dise.

f) is constant in a neighbourhood of zo.

Since f(:) is continuous it follows that
f() is constant throughout
contradiction.
f D.Hemt
.' The
the theorem.
maximum of |SE) is no attained at any of the intenor po

Solved Problems

Problem 1. Evaluate using Cauchy's integral formula

T dz where C is lzl =4.

 Complex integration 159

Solution. S z ) = 2 + 5 is analytic inside and on Izl = 4 and z = 31

lies inside it.

By Cauchy's integral formula 2i d dz= f(3) =

3 +5 = 14.

2. Evaluate where C is the positively oriented circle lzl= 2.

problem
1
Solution. 2-1 (z +DG-7*2(T-z4T)
C

flt)=z is
analytie and 1, - 1 lie in the interior of C.
formula
fzdz
z-2if(1) =2ni.
By Cauchy's integral z- 1

Also zdz
7LT27if(-1) = -27
C

-je-)i)=27ti.

lz il 2.
dz where C is positively oriented circle
- =

em 3.3. Evaluate
Problem Evaluate2 +4
1
Solution. 2i)
2 +4 (z+2i)(z
-

(by partial fraction).

-2+2
dz = 27ie'
have
M,Zi lies inside C and by Cauchy's integral formula
we

C
2-2
e and on C.
is analytic inside
Also-2i lies
lies outside C and hence
z+2i

ce by Cauchy's theorem J + z t = 0 .

C
44 e d z =( 2 r i e 2 - 0 ) =

C
 Cnmlex Analvsis

Problem 4. Evaluate sin 72 +cos 72dz where C is the circle Ie-1

J (-
1-2) where Cis the circle I:| 3. =

Solution. By partial fractions

(z-1D(2 -2)2-2
Let f(z) =sin 7z2 + cos 7z2. Then f(z) is analytic inside and on C and the
points
and 2 lie inside C. Hence by Cauchy's integral formula,

d=27if(1)
2ti (sinr +cos t)
= -2Ti

Similarly=2d: 27if (2) =

= 2ri(cos 47 + sin 47)

= 27Ti.

Hence
(z - 1)(z - 2)
dz = 2ni -(-27i) =4ti

Problem 5. Let C denote the boundary of the square whose sides lie along the lines
= +2 and y = £2 where C is described in the positive sense.
z dz COS Z
Evaluate()4Tand(i) z(z2+8)
C
Solution.
f zdz
(i) 2z+1

=
5(27i)(-5) (by Cauchy's integral formula)
-Tti
2
COS 7
(ii) Let f(z) = z The points where f(2) is not analytic are ti2/2 and these
+8
points lie outside C. Hence f(z) is analytic inside and on C.
 Complex Integration 161
R
By
Cauchy's integral formula
COS

ds= dt =2mif0) =2ri(-

: dz
problem 6 . E v a l u a t e

(9- z2) (z+i) c 1s the circle lz| 2

=
taken in the
Sense.
positive
., Let f() =

2 early f(2), is analytic within and

on C.
Cauchy's integral formula
By
dz
(9-z2(z+i) C

= 2rif(-i)

27ti

Exercises
z dz
. Prove that 2ri where C the
2-1 is positively oriented circle lzl = 2.
C

2. Evaluate
where C is |z- il=2 in the positive sense.
3. Evaluate
where C is the circle of radius 1 with centre at

() i and
(i) z=-i

4Evaluate 2
COS TZ
dz where C is a rectangle with vertices at ()2 ti, -2i
and
(i)-i, 2-i,2+i, i.
Show that sint ift> 0 and C isthecircle ll
= 3.
162 Compler Analysis

6. Evaluate where Cis the circle |z - 1|= 4.

7. EvaluateSin 3z
where C is the circle lzl = 5.
z+T/2
C
dz
8. Evaluate where C is
z-3-i

(i) the square bounded by the real and imaginary axis and the lines x =
and y = 1
(ii) the rectangle bounded by the real and imaginary axes and the lines x =4
and y 3 described in the anti-clockwise direction.
=

9 Evaluate dz
where C is () lal = (Gi) lzl= 5
2 (2-1)
10. Evaluate 2 dz where Cis( lzl = (i) ll =2.
3-Z
dz
11. Evaluate where C is() lzl = 2 Gi)|z - 1|=5
z(2-1)
dz
12. Evaluate where C is
z2(2+4).
C
3
i) zl = 1 (ii) lz -2i=3

(iv) lz +2i| = 3 (v) zl =3.

z dz
13. Evaluate the integral where Cisthe circle lz-2 =2.
C

14. Evaluate (z+4)dz where C is

C
2+22 +5
i) lal = 1 (ii) |z +1-il =2 i i ) |z+1+il = 2

: dz
15. Evaluate where C is the circle |z| = 2.
(9-z2)(z+ 1)
C
dz
16. Prove7+1 = 0 where C is the positively oriented circle |zl =2.
 Complex ntegration 163

A n s w e r s .

-2i
3 . ) r(cos 1 +i sin 1) (i) =r(cos 1 i sin 1) 4.i)0i) -ri 6.
8.i)0(ii) 27i 9.(i) -2ti (Gi)0 10.(i) 2i (ii) 0 11.i)-27i (i) 2ni
7. 27Ti

T i) 0 (i) (3+5
(ii) 0 (iii) 2r (iv) -27 (v)0 13. 14. r
12. 0

(ii)
T(2-S)
2
15.
Higher Derivatives
6.4.
of all orders. It
we shall prove that an analytic function has derivatives
Inthis section is again an analyne
that the derivative of an analytic function
follows, in particular,
function. D. Let C be any
which is analytic in a region D. Let z e
Consider a function f(z) contained in D. By Cauchy's
the circle and its interior is
circle with centre z such that
formula we have
integral

f2)2i C

to prove that f'(a) 2Titz)?*

=

We now proceed
f ) Td.
(2) =7T
andin general f 2TiJ ( -z)+l
curve C
inside and on a simple closed
Theorem 6.12. Let f
be analytic

inside C. Then f(2) 27i = d -z)

Let z be any point C

we have f(2)= .;
formula
Proof. By Cauchy'sintegral C

Se+h)-f)_,
h
hf($)
h)(E
-

z)]
L
-

-z
h2t
C