Elementary unctions

Functione

5. Mapping By

5.0. Introduction
bilinear
trainsformations
d proved th
and
of
the properties and straight lines.
lines. In this
have studied
In chapter 3 we
Circies and straight
lines are mapped
into circles
the complex plane chapte
curves and
regions in
how various
introduced in chapter 4
we describe
functions of the straight lins
elementary analytic of the image
curves

with the study the

Generally we begin transformation.
Since any line in system

and y =
cunder a conformal image
curves also form an orth
in the system y=cthe
orthogonal to any line yy
and= v(t, y) then the
given inthe form u u ,
system. Ifthe transformation is the equations u u ( C ,
y) and v = p e
c is given by
imageofthe straightline x= of the image curve y being takenna
This can be thought of as the parameteric equation
s

the parameter of the image curvw

we oblain the equation
If we eliminate y from the above equations
in terms of u and v.
The image of y = c may be determined in the same way.
Similarly we may considerthe curvesu (x, y) =ci and v(r. y)=2 in the z-plane
These are the preimages ofthestraight lines u=c and v= c2 in the w -plane. They
are also orthogonal and are called level curves of u and v.

5.1. TheMapping w =.
We note that this transformation is not l - 1, since the complex numbers z and t
,have the same image. However it is onto. Any non zero complex number w has o
pre-images, namely the two values of w.
dw
Now =
2: which is not zero
dz when z # 0. Hence u =is conformal at all poina
except the origin.)
Let z= x +iy and w =u+iv
In Cartesian coordinates the transformation
becomes
u+iv=(x+iy) =(x- y) +2ixy.
u =x-y- andv (1
Let
=2xy
z= rel" and w =
pe'9
In polar coordinates the transformation
becomes peierPe
Hence the transformation
p=rand p=29 .. (2
doubles the argument.
w =
2 squares the
distance
sdnce ofof aa point from the origin
p
and
 Mapping By Elementar Functions 119
We now discuss how curves and
proceed to discu

using (1) or (2).

rmation w =z
regions are transformed
sfoaofthe line x C, c#0is
sadns

image
ofth =
under the
he
ating y between these two given by =- y and u
equations v=2cy.
Eliminatin

g
v=-4c
which is a
parabola
Wege

with v e r t e x (,0) focus at the origin and the

gative xis as the axis of the parabola as
in the
figure
shown

S ilarly the image ofthel =C, c#0

ven by u cu + ) which is a
with
p a r a b o l a
vertex
-c,0), focus at the
ginandhavin u - axis in the positive direction ori-
-plane
s the axis or the parabola. wplan
Inparticular the y axis, x =
0, is mapped into
negati u-axisin the w plane. u
=-y and
a v = 0 which is the

Similarly the x axis, y -

0 is =
mapped
into=and v 0 which is the
=

positive
1-axis in the uw plane.
The infinite strip given by (x, y)/a<
r<b and a, b are positive real numbers)
is mapped into the region bounded by the
parabolas

P-4a (ua) -plane -plane

-4b-(u - b') as shown in the f

Therectangular region {(x, y)/a xb and c y d is mapped into

into
the
the
Tegion bounded by the four parabolas u=-4aua~; b
= 4c(u + c); u 4d(u + d-) as shown in the figure.
=

y=d

2-plane w-plane
120 Complex Analysis

four parabola. The repion .

to which
bounded by these onch th
There are two regions
determined locating the image of
by
any
one of he g
rectangle is mappedcan be the
of the rectangle.
Veni
The region Re z where a> 0
a

IS mapped into the region

bounded by the
and not
parabola v = -4a-(u - a )
containing the origin.
Since z and -z have the same image under
the transformation w = z, the region
Re z<-a is also mapped into the same
region as that of Rez >a where a>0.
1-plane W-plane

Hence the infinite strip

(x, y)-a <I<a and a > 0)
is mapped into the region bounded by the parabola v =
-4a-(u -
a ) and containi
the origin as shown in the
figure.

(-a,0) (a,0)
X

2-plane
w-plane

(e,0 The infinite

strip ((x. <r<
mapped onto the interiory)/0of the parab
ol
-4a-(u-a) with a
thenegative real axis from
cut along
-oo to
shown in the
T-plane
figure
w-plane
 Mapping By Elementary Functions 121
first quadrant in the z plane is
The

into the upper alf plane in the w

m a p p e d

plane.
point in the first quadrant
For ifis any
t/2
arg
then0S 2 arg z T
0 argw
=
(by (2)) so
T.
0arg u
that, Z-plane
Hence
u lies in the upper half of the w- w-plane

plane. (refer hgure)

the uPper half of the z
Consequently
the entire w
plane is
P l a n
mapped into - plane.
lower half of the z plane is
Also the
into the entire w plane. -

mappe
jon (re"/a <0 <B} is mapped
The regio
into the region pe" |2 28) as
Z-plane w-plane
Ontan shown in the hgure.
of the transformation
The level curves

n=are given by x 2xy c2 (from (1))

-

yi =
C1 and =

lines x
represents a family of hyperbolas with the straight
y =

Here y C1 =
with
andx=-y as asymptotes. 2ry c2 represents a family ofrectangular hyperbolas
=

of hyperbolas are orthogonal to each

coordinate axes as asymptotes. These two systems
other as shown in figure.

Lhp
e aai

ol Exercises under w
origin and radius
r mapped Dy
circle with centre < 1 Is
image of the 0<n/4, r
e sector 0<
2. into which the
circular
Crgion
thetransformation =
 2 plane
-

o f the
quadrant

122 C o m p l e rA n a l s i s

in
the
first
b
(whereere a>bb>0
region jz=
the and
of = a
transformation
zl of the t

Discuss
the and
the circles
to the
i n t e r i o r

tnangle
3. by
the
axes

w =2 c o r r e s p o n d

and y
= nder the
bounded transformation which =I
x
plane 0.
underthe
-
=
w
in the the
lines y bon
region
4
Find the formed by in the
w
- plane
plane region
u
the z
-

in square t r a n s t f o r m a t i o n

transformation w =2
plane ofthe
in the z = 2 underthe
and v
Find the
preimage
v
= 1,
= 2,
5.
lines u
= 1, u
by the

Answers.
u p p e r halc
b- in the
r <1. = a and |wl =

0<0 <7/2, circles wl

2. between the semi
3. annularregion and
another in the thind
plane. o n e in
the first quadrant 1,x- y?
in the z
-

plane, x- y =

two domains
5. The
he rectangular hyperbolas
quadrantbounded by
ry 1/2 and xy =1.
=

z" where n is a positive integer

5.2. The Mapping w =

at z = 0.
d we note that the mapping is conformal at all points except
Since =
na
dz
in the z
Further, every non zero complex number w in the u plane has preimages
n -

plane which are given by the n values of u'/".

In terms of polar coordinates the transformation becomes pel=r"el so that
p =r and p = n6 +2rT where r e Z.

From this equation we obtain the following.

1. Any circle with centre the origin and radius r is
at
W-plane with centre at the origin and radius mapped into the circle in u

2. The region r"

(re" /a <8 <B) is mapped onto {pe/na
<p <np}
In
particular the region {re" /0<0< 27/n) in the z
1W-plane. plane is mapped into the en -

Further the region

ofthe plane. (re'/0<6<n/n} in the z -

plane is mapped into the half

upper
5.3. The
Mapping =e w

w =
isconformal at all points
since
plane. dz =e isis never zero for any point in
point in the 3
 Mapping By Elementary Functions 123

tz=X
x+iy and w = pel9
oel9 = e = eely
and y= p.
Hence p e
theseequations we obtain the following results.
From

The line y=c 1s mapped intothe ray p = c the origin being excluded

The line X C1s mapped into the circle

p=e

3. The
rectangular region bounded by
a x <b,c y s d is mapped into
theregion bounded by e" <p < e and
O|
csp< d. The image region is bounded 7-plane w-plane

by circles and rays as shown in the figure.

0 and 0 y<T
4. The semi infinite strip x
is mapped into the semi
circular region given by
shown in the
0<p l and 0 p <T as

figure. not
0 is
is never zero the point
=
w
Since e
w-plane included in the image in
the w plane. -

z-planc

0 andy = r in
The infinite strip
bounded by y =

onto the upper half plane

the z -plane is mapped in the
as shown
Im w > 0 in the w -

plane
figure between the straight lines
Further the strip the entire
0 and y = 2r ismapped onto Z pia w-plane

y =
axis.
W- plane
with a slit along the positivereal

Solved Problems
lines () y =
0,
transforms of the
= e discuss the
w
1. Under the mapping 27.
Problem
37/2 and (v) y
=

7, (iv) y =

2T in the w-plane.
=

h y =
T/2, (ii) y = 0 and y
=

between y
Also find the
transforms ofthe region where w
= pe'v
= e and o =
y
p
to the two equations
w = e is equivalent
oution. in
o=
andz=x +iy. is given by theequation
0 in the z-plane
x-axis y
=
u-axis in the w-plane.
() Lhe image of the represents
positive u-axis.
equation is the positive
w-plane. This 0, which
into the ray o
ne =

The x-axis is mapped

 124 Complex Analysis

Its image under w pt Is give

=e
given
=

parallel to the X-axIS,

7/2 is a straight line

() y=
which represents
the positive v-axis.
by the equation o=
which is the negative -av:
T is mapped into the ray o = T is.
(iii) The line y =

37T
ray o= which is the negative u-axis
(iv) The line y = i s mapped into the

277 which is same as o = 0

mapped into the ray o
=

(v) The line y = 2T is

observe that the infinite strip bounded by the

By the results (i) to (V) we lines
the origin win
T is mapped into the entire w-plane excluding
y 0 andy
= =
witha
slit along the positive real axis.

Exercises
1.
Find the image ofthe infinite strip 0
side of the x-axis under w = e.
y T, -00 0o on the negatiw

2. Find the image of the straight line y = mx +c under the transformatior-

w = e

Answers.
1. Unit semi circle p =
1; 0<0 <T

5.4. The Mapping w =

sinz
Let w= Sin z
dw
Then
cOS z =0 provided z
dz
=

=tnT, n eZ.
.The mapping w Sin z =
is at conformal all
Let z= x+ points except at z- =
iy and w = u + iv
tnT where n E
Then u + iv
sin z =
=

sin(x+iy) Sin xcosh y +i =

cos x sinh y so that

sin XCosh y and u=
We first determine the cOs Sinh y
Case
images of vetical lines
i.
=0. c
Then x =c where
y axis is x=0
mapped onto the and hence u
0.
-T/2 c<T/ =
U- Hence axis. under the given transforma tion t
 Mapping By Elementary
Functions 125
ii. 0 <C<T/2
C a s e

The lineX=C 1s maped onto the

curve whose
equation is given by
usinc cosh y and v =
cos c sinh y
climinating y between these equations,
Elimi (2)
using the identity
cosh y-sinh y =1, we get sin
u2
-=l
c COS c ..3)
This is a hyperbola with vertices (t sin
Since cosh y > 0 for all y and
c, 0), eccentricity cosec c and foci (E1,0).
sin c > 0 for 0< c < I /2 we have u> 0. (from (1))

The image of the line x =

cwhen
0<c</2 in the z- plane is the right
hand branch of the hyperbola given by (/2,0) (0.0)
(2) in the w plane as shown in the
figure.
2-plane w-plane

Caseii. -7/2 <c<0

In this case the image of the line
(-T/2,0) x =c is the left hand branch of the
hyperbola given by (3) as shown in the
figure.
I-plane w-plane

Case iv. c = T/2

The image of the line x =
T/2 is given by the
coshy and v = 0. (from (1))
cquations u =
(L.0)
Further coshy 2 1 for all y.
of the
iencethe image of x =7/2 is the part
-axis u 1as shown in the figure. -plane w-plane

cosh(l-y) the image of X =7/2 is traced twice.

ce coshy =
Case v. c =-1/2 is the part of the u - axis v S-1, traced
line -/2
s case the image of the
x =

twice.
 Complex Analysis
126
conclude
that
we
cases
above
From the
infinite strip
semi
the
0
-1/2sx s 7/2, y 2 (n/2.0)
(R/2,0) o
halfof
the u wplane
onto the upper plane

is mapped the figure.

shown in
plane 2 0 as
v
half of the strip
in the z
plane the left half
of the strin strip in the
right
first quadrant of the
Further the w

onto the
plane is mapped second quadrant of
the w - plane. x coshe.
0 is given by u=sin
-

into the c and

plane is mapped horizontal line y = c Where c #
The image of the
V= cOSX sinh c. we get
x between the above equations
Eliminating

with centre (0, 0).

u =1, which is an ellipse
sin hc

<T.
This ellipse is described once when -T

equations u= Sin x and v 0.

by the
=

The image of the line c = 0 is given

Since | sinx|< I for all x it follows that
the image of the x - axis is the portion of the

u -axis with -1<u <1

Therectangularregion-T x T and
C Sy Sc2 where c> 0 1s mapped onto
the region bounded by two confocal ellipses
(-R.0) (7,0)
as shown in the
figure. DF
The boundary of the -plane w-piane
rectangle is mapped
into the closed curve
consisting of the
boundaries of the two ellipses and
the axis from
part of B
u-
C' D' traversed twice.
The rectangular region-7/2xSI/2
and 0 y <cis mapped
elliptic region as shown in the onto a semi
figure. DE
-plane
F
W-planc
5.5. The
Mapping w =cos z
Since cosz =
sin(z+T/2) the
w=
Hence
sin Z where
Z=z+7/2 transformation w =cos z is same as the ation
u=
COS 2 is the transfo
composition
transformation Z= z+ 7/2 which of the
Hence the images is
of the a translationtransformations
to
w
Sin z d
results for u sin region w = the right through 7/2
=
cosz can be units
obtained from the ing
correspo
 TheMappin w = Cosh
Mapping By Elementa Functions 127
50
d W =c o s h z .

sinhsinh z 0if z 0,
=
=

Then dz Ti, £2Ti,... (i.e.) if z =

nai
nz
The mapping is conformal at all
points except z
when n e Z.

Letz
x+iy and u = u iv =
coshz
=
nai where n e
Z
w = COsh z> w =
cos iz
w =cos i (x + iy)
=Cos(ix y) -

w =
cos ix cos y + sin ix sin
y
w =
cosh x cos y +i sinhx sin y
u+iv = COsh x cos y + isinhx sin y

u =
cOsh x cos y (1)
V =
sinhx sin y. (2)
When y=0, we have u= COshx and v =0. Further image of (0, 0) = (cosh0, 0) =
1.0)and when x>0, 1s cosh x <o. Thus the positive real axis is mapped ontothe
nterval (1, oo).
When y= k we havve
u = COsh x cos k

and v= sinh x sin k.

Since coshx- sinh- x =

1, we get
2
u
sin k
=1.
COsk

onto the hyperbola

k, where k # , is mapped
e tne straight line y
=

cos-k sink
onto the ellipse
where k # 0, is mapped
ularly the straight
aight line x =k,
= I
sinhk
cosh k
from the
OW sin(iz + T/2). be
obtained
Cosh z COsiz=
w
= coshz can

Hence image under the

transformation

= sin g. sinh z can

eh age
w =
under w
esponding
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

results for the images of

regions = sinz.
hence the w
Also and
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

o be =sinh h z - isin(iz) results for

the

obtained from
the
orresponding
 128 Complex
Andbysis

wcosha
t r a n s f o r m a t

the
under
Exercises lines
following
y=7 fe =0.
the image
ofthe ( c ) y = - / 2
(d)
Find
1.
the se
(a)y=0
b)y=1/2 COsh2
maps semi-infinite
the
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
w

onthe st
quadrant uant u0, v
Show that
the z-plane infinite
infinite strip 0 S rS T/2,,
r 2 0 , 0 y S 7 / 2

the w-plane.
(Hint: w =
in
sin z maps
the semi
str
2-2
onto the first quadrant)

Answers,

I. (a) The segment oftheu-axis 2 1

b) The v-axis
(C) The v-axis
(d) The segment of the u-axis u - 1
(e) The segment ofthe u-axis -1 <us1.

5.7. The Mapping w

We observe that the function
is defined for all z #0 and
du
d0

-1=0
The
mapping is conformal at =tl.
We use
cartesian coordinates all points z # 0, 1,-1,
Let for
=
u+iv and w and polar
z=r(cos+isin ). coordinates for z.

u+iv=cos 6+i
sin@)+(cos-i sin )
cos and y
sin
 zl= 1
Mapping Elementary ctions 129
U n i t
c i r c l e

cle we haver = 1
For
t h eunit
ofthe unit circle and hence (1)
The
image
is the line becomes u= =
cos 6 and
-plane
and this line
segment descrihed twice as
is
6 segment-1ulo
varies from
on the u
0 to 2.
v = 0.
axis in the

mecircle 12=
T h ec i r c l e
and à +1
uation ofthe image of the circle
1z| = Ais
given by
-
cos

sin where 00 2T.

ainating 6 between these
E l i m i n a t i n g 6 two equations we get
u2 2
. (2)

Equation (2) represents an ellipse with semi majoraxis semi minor axis

2
:eccencricy 1/ and foci (t1,0).

We observe that the image of the

circle |z| =
(à+) is also the same as the ellipse
given in (2). l is mapped conformally
lzl where , >
Theregion bounded by Aconfocal
< <

ellipses
theregion bounded by the
two

2 = 1 and

The ray =a where 0<a <T/2

where 0 < a
< T/2 is given by
a
the ray 6
=

cquation of the image of (3)

sina
cOsaand =5 v

two equations
we get
Eliminating between these
(4)

cos esin =
a1 with foci
at uw =+l.
plane
in the w-
This epresents ah hyperbola
 130 Conplex Analyste

1s actually
the right hoe
nd branch ots
<a<1/2 theimage
Since 0 when 0
hyperbola
- 18s
imageof the
ray 6
Similarty the hyperbola
branch of the
the left hand
<6 <B
the wedge bounded a -plane
Hence the image of

where 0 a, a/2 is the region of the

B <

branches lying to
the right
by the two w-plane
imaginary axis of
the hyperbolas

= I as shown in the figure.

o = l
andCos2 sin B
0 and
7/2 is given by the equations
u = v =

The image ofthe ray =

This represents the complete imaginary axis in the w-plane as r varies from 0to

Hence the region given by a < 0 < t/2

is mapped conformally onto the domain
bounded by the imaginary axis and the
branch of the hyperbola on the right as
shown in the figure.
The
image of the ray 6 = 0 is given by Z-plane
theequations u= and v
=0.
We observe that >I for all w-plane

values of r and hence the

the image
image is the part of the u-axis u> 1. As
is
segment described twice. r varies from 0 to

Since the ray 6= a

cuts each circle r =l
which are two families of ellipses and orthogonally in the z plane, their img -

W-plane. hyperbolas also form an

orthogonal system the

Exercises.
1. Show that the
z
=iy (0 SySM/2)transformation w coshz =

2 Show that the onto the segment 0maps the segment

onto the first transformation w sin uslof theu -axis.
quadrant of w-
the z maps the region 2
Show that
onto the
the
region u transformation w
sin z
plane. 0IS1
4 Prove that
the der
2 0 and
indicate the mapps the egion
region 0 r < 7/2.y2
mapped onto the uppertransformation corresponding parts
w= e the parts of
of the boundaries
half plane 0 in
the w infinite strip 0 y
u <
-

plane.
 Mapping By Elemenary Functions
that the semi infinite 131
pro
Prove
k with strip
circular disk
that centre 0 and x<0, 0<ysris
that under
the radius 1 under the mapped
Pped onto
onto upper ser
upper se
-1/2 2,0y transformation transformatiation wsin
sin z t
<kis z
mapped oato the upper half the rectangle
half of
of the
= 1. r
the ellipse
ellip
Showthat under the transformation
=z+- the upper sem
centre 0 and radius 1 is
mapped onto the lower halfPper semicircalar disk with
plane