UNCLASSIFIED

AD 259814
ßepAoduced
by tke

ARMED SERVICES TECHNICAL INFORMATION AGENCY

ARLINGTON HALL STATION
ARLINGTON 12, VIRGINIA

UNCLASSIFIED
NOTICE: When govenanent or other drawings, speci-
fications or other data are used for any purpose
other -chan In connection wltti a definitely related
government procurement operation, the U. S.
Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor any
obligation iihatsoever; and the fact that the Govern-
ment may have formulated, furnished, or in any way
supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other
data Is not to be regarded by Implication or other-
wise as in any manner licensing the holder or any
other person or corporation, or conveying any rights
or permission to manufacture, use or sell any
patented invention that may in any way be related
thereto.
 !

"^

o
ft OEPAltrrMENT OF TMC NAW
05

DAVID liruoR Mooa BASIN

<M

>o
J
'■'•''■'■'■

THE PERFORMANCE OF A FÜLLT SUBMERGED PROPELLER

QQ IYDROMECHANICS IN REGULAR WAVES

CD

C/)
c-> by
AERODYNAMICS |

o H J.E, McCarthy, W„H. Norley and G.L. Ober

ft $ 1 I ft
STRUCTURAL
MECHANICS
1
"
-;
9i
o \

APPLIED HYDROMECHANICS LABORATORY

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT
MATHEMATICS S
May 196l Report lM+0

PIWC-TMB-6««« (R«v. 3-58)

THE PERFORMANCE OF A FULLY SUBMERGED PROPELLER

IN REGULAR WAVES

By

J.ii. McCarthy, W.H. Norley and G.L. Ober

May I96I Report ikhO

BM 0O9 01 01
 TABLE OF CONTEiraS

Page

ABSTRACT 1

INTRODUCTION 2

EQUIPMENT AND TEST PROCEDURE 2

RESULTS k
DISCUSSION 6

THE PRACTICAL PROBIEM 9

CONCLUSIONS 11
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11

REFERENCES 13
APPENDIX - Determination of a Wave's Mean Orbital 14
Velocity in Way of a Propeller

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Page

Figure 1 - Drawing and Propeller Dimensions 19

Figure 2 - Schematic Drawing of Test Setup 20

Figure 3 - Propeller Characteristic Curves for Uniform 21

Flow

Figure 4 - A Sample of Oscillograph Records of Propeller 22

Performance in Waves

Figure 5 - A Sample of Propeller Performance in Waves 23

Figure 6 - Measured Percentage Changes in Propeller Thrust, 2k

Torque and RPM (Relative to Average Values) at
Crest or Trough Plotted Against Average Speed
Coefficient (jm)

Figure J - Faired Curves of Percentage Changes in Propeller 25

Figure 8, Thrust, Torque and RPM (Relative to Average
Figure 9^ Values) at Crest or Trough Plotted Against Aver-
age Speed Coefficient (J )

Figure 10 - A Sample of Propeller Thrust and Torque Coef- 26

ficients for Crest and Trough of e Wave, Plotted
' AgäiiTBt Speed Coefficient (J).

Figure 11 - A Sample of Propeller Thrust and Torque Coefficients 27

for Crest and Trough of a Wave, Plotted Against
Advance Coefficient (j )

. Figure 12 - Propeller Thrust and Torque Coefficients for 28

Crests and Troughs of all Waves, Plotted Against
Advance Coefficient (Ja)

Figure 13 - Schematic for Propeller in A Trochoidal Wave 29

Figure lk - Coordinates for Propeller Disk 30

Figure 15 - Mean Orbital Velocity below Crest of Trochoidal 31

Wave

Figure l6 - Mean Orbital Velocity below Trough of Trochoidal 32

Wave

ili
 NCMENCIATURE

a Wave Height at Surface = 2r0

b- „ Blade Section Length at 0.7 Radius

u. f
1.
d Distance between Surface Orbit Centers and Still Water Level = T1" n.0

Propeller Diameter

Propeller Efficiency T V^ _ ^fc J

2-n-Cprvv K<* I'

f Frequency of Encounter of a Propeller and a Wave Traveling in

the Same or Opposite Direction = V — ^w

h Distance from center of Surface Orbit Circle to that of the

Orbit Circle Belonging to any given Subsurface

h Distance from Still Water Level to any Point Below the 3urface

J Speed Coefficient Based on Carriage Speed = V-

J
a Advance Coefficient in Waves Corrected for Mean Orbital Velocity =. Vok-

IL. Thrust Coefficient = —

Ta _ .

K_ Torque Coefficient = Q =-;■

n Instantaneous Revolutions per Unit of Time

P Propeller Pitch

p Distance of Propeller Shaft Centerllne Below Still Water Level

Q Torque

R Propeller Radius
Rp Reynolds Number = b,, ^ VV^ + Co.7 ^-no, p) ^
e ü
-' v
r Orbit Radius of Surface Trocholdal Wave
o
r Local Orbit Radius of Trocholdal Wave

IV
Subscript c Crest

Subscript m Average of Crest and Trough

Subscript t Trough

T Thrust

v Local Orbital Velocity at a Point in the Propeller Disc

V Mean Orbital Velocity over the Propeller Disc

V Speed of Towing Carriage

Va Speed of Advance =- V ± Tr

Vw Wave Celerity = / "h 9r

A Wave Length

V Kinematic Viscosity

P Density

^4> Polar Coordinates of a Point in the Propeller Disc

 ABSTRACT

The performance of a l6-lnch, 6-bladed propeller

In waves was determined experimentally, and the records
of the time-dependent fluctuating propeller forces are
analyzed in this report. Various wave lengths, wave
heights, and frequencies of encounter were investigated
with the propeller advancing normal to the wave crests
at each of two fixed shaft centerline submergences.

The results indicate that the orbital velocities

of the waves have a significant effect, causing fluctua-
tions of the advance coefficient and corresponding fluct-
uations of the thrust and torque coefficients. The local
advance coefficients have been determined by calculating
the mean orbital velocities of the waves in way of the
propeller disc from ttocholdaLwave theory. The thrust and
torque coefficients for the propeller when operating below
wave crests and wave troughs have been plotted against
their local advance coefficients, and the results are found
to be In good agreement with the open-water characteristic
curves for the propeller In uniform flow. It is concluded
that the performance of a propeller in waves may be predicted
from a quasi-steady state analysis.

In addition, a general expression for a wave's mean

orbital velocity In way of a propeller disc, for various
depths below the crest and trough, is determined for a range
of waves normally encountered at sea. Non-dimensional plots
show mean orbital velocities in a wave crest and wave trough
for ratios of propeller centerline submergence to wave length,
and propeller diameter to wave length.
 IMTRODUCTION

Seaworthiness and ship performance in waves have, over the years,

received considerable research effort. ' ' ' Because of the interest
in the overall seagoing qualities of a ship, attention was directed to
the propeller performance in waves . A project was initiated in February
1957 to evaluate the time dependent propeller forces while operating in
unsteady flow as obtained by tests in waves.* It was desired to acquire
fundamental information on propeller action in waves for the improvement
5
of propeller design. The wave making facility and equipment available
at the David Taylor Model Basin were suitable for the project. In the
tests undertaken, measurements were made on a time basis of the propeller
fluctuating thrust, torque and rpm and the location of the propeller in
the wave. The forward speed of the propeller was held constant for each
run.

EQUIPMENT AND TEST PROCEDURE

A l6-inch six-bladed bronze propeller (Propeller 36V3) was tested

in waves and in uniform flow. Figure 1 shows the drawing and dimensions
of the pz'opeller.

For the tests in waves, the TMB 35-horsepower dynamometer was

used for measuring the instantaneous torque, thrust, and rpm- A wave
height probe was used to measure the instantaneous height of waves in
the -plane of the propeller. This equipment together with Sanborn record-
ing Instruments were installed on Carriage II of the deep bfisin Which has
a wave making facility. Instantaneous total wave height and total rpm,
together with the fluctuating components of thrust and torque were recorded

* A preliminary report on the findings of the project was presented by

W.H. Norley in a paper, "Propeller Performance in Unsteady Flow," given at
the American Tewing Tank Conference held at Berkeley, California on 31 Aug 1959
on the Sanborn Recorder. The steady-state portion of thrust was recorded
separately thus increasing the sensitivity for measuring the fluctuating
value.

The tests in waves were run with the shaft centerllne submerged
18 inches and 21 inches below the still water surface level. Wave lengths
for both depths were kO feet, 30 feet, and 20 feet. The nominal wave
lengths, wave heights, and carriage speeds were as follows:

.
Wave Length ( A) 20' 30' kO'
Wave Height (a) 6" 6" 9" 12" 12"
*/A 1/kO I/60 ±/ko 1/30 1/40
Carriage Speed (V) 8 ft/sec 8 ft/sec 6 ft/sec 8 ft/sec 8 ft/sec
8 ft/sec
10 ft/sec

The minimum immersion to the propeller tip is 0.271) and occurs in

way of the wave trough for A = 30 ft, a = 12 ins., p = 18 ins.

A train of waves was set up in the basin in a direction opposite to the

direction of motion of the carriage, A sketch of the propeller test arrange-
ment is given in Figure 2. In the region of the basin where the waves were
the most uniform, transient records were obtained for wave height, thrust,
torque, and RPM. All recording pens were lined up together on the same
time base so values could be easily obtained from the records for any phase
of a specific wave.
The tests in uniform flow (i.e., without waves) were run using the
35-horsepower dynamometer, at a constant rotational speed of 15-2 rps at
various carriage speeds, with the propeller shaft centerline submerged one
and a half feet and four feet. Three separate uniform flow tests were run
for the propeller on different dates. Because of scatter between the perfor-
mance results for the propeller from each test, the curves were faired with
most weight placed on the 8 April 1958 test, which was run at the time of
the wave tests.
 RESULTS

The results of the propeller characterization in uniform flow are

presented in Figure 3- A sample of the oscillograph records of perfor-
mance of the propeller in waves is shown in Figure k. An example of
propeller performance given in terms of the usual nondimensional coeffi-
cients is shown in Figure 5, where the coefficients have been evaluated
from the original continuous records at 0.2 second intervals.

As indicated above the propeller and waves were traveling In opposite

directions of motion. An examination of the records indicated that the
maximum thrust and torque occurred while the propeller was belcjw the troughs
of the waves, and the minimum thrust and torque occurred while below the
crests of the waves. In most cases, the maximum rpm was obtained below
+
the crest and he minimum rpm below the trough. The frequency of fluctua-
tion ( -t = Yjt ^w ) in the measured quantities was very low, i.e.; it
rangad from 0.5 to 1 cps. For the example shown in Figure k, the measured
magnitude of fluctuations was as follows: At the operating J^^J^^ .^1
"V,D )
of 0,723, a + 10.5 percent variation in thrust relative to the average
thrust, +5*5 percent In torque, and a + 2.5 percent variation in RFM was
obtained.

In Figure 6 all the test results for fluctuating thrust, torque and
RPM are plotted against average speed coefficient JL, C^rw- —— ; • The
fluctuating thrust, torque and RPM are plotted as percentage changes rela-
tive to the average values. It is seen that the percentage changes in
thrust and torque tend to Increase exponentially with Inciteaping average
speed coefficient, and the precentage change in RFM tends to increase
linearly with increasing average speed coefficient. It should be observed
that in Figure 6 the results for both the 18 inch and 21 inch propeller
submergences have been plotted together. Ideally there shoiild be a
difference in the values of flucuating thrust, torque, and RPM for dif-
ferent propeller submergences. Figure 6, however, indicates that the
difference in propeller submergence was not appreciable enough to signi-
ficantly change the fluctuating quantities measured.
 In Figures J, 6 and 9 faired curves for the test results shown in
Figure 6 are plotted against average speed coefficient. The faired results
shown indicate that the percentage changes In the propeller Ss thrust and
torque increase with:

(1) Increasing average speed coefficient (Jm)

(2) Increasing wave height-propeller diameter ratio (—rp)

(3) Decreasing propeller speed-wave celerity ratio (—=—)

w
(k) Increasing wave height-wave length ratio (—^-)
A

These results are interdependent and are in agreement with existing propeller
theory and trpcholdal wave theory. One further characteristic of a propeller
in waves which is not Indicated from the test results is that the percentage
changes in thrust and torque decrease wdth Increasing submergence of the pro-
peller. As mentioned above the range of submergence depths at which the
propeller was tested was not great enough to show this.

Nondlmensional thrust and torque coefficients were evaluated for the

crest and trough positions and were plotted over the range of speed coeffi-
cients tested, where speed coefficient (J- _^— ) was based on carriage
rn D
speed and instantaneous RFM„ Tne average of several instantaneous values
was used in determining these coefficients. An example of such performance
curves is shown In Figure 10. The results shown in Figure 10 are for a
40~foot wave with a height o^ 12 Inches and a wave velocity of 8 fps. The
propeller shaft centerline was submerged 18 Inches below the still water
surface level. This is a typical example of the results obtained for every
wave condition.

Additional analysis of the test results showed that It was possible to

correlate the thrust and torque coefficients in the crests and troughs by
plotting them against advance coefficient, ( J^ = ^ - ^ ) i.e.; advance
coefficient accounts for the effect of the orbital velocities of the waves.*"
Figure 11 shows the results given In the preceding figure when thrust and

* Details of computing the mean orbital velocity are given in the Appendix.
5
and torque coefficient are plotted against advance coefficient. In addition,
the thrust and torque coefficients for uniform flow have been included for
comparison.
The results of all tests were then similarly plotted and are shown
in Figure 12 for the propeller in t he below crest and trough position for
all wave-« conditions. (The advance coefficients are corrected for mean
orbital velocity of the waves). As before, the uniform flow performance
curves are Included.
In Figure 15 and Figure l6 the mean orbital velocities in way of the
the propeller disc are plotted for the propeller operating below crests and
troughs. The plots are nondlmensionalized and are based on a derivation
given in the Appendix.

DISCUSSION

In calculating the advance coefficient for a propeller below the

crests and troughs of waves, the mean orbital velocity has been taken to
be the "mean" over the entire propeller disc (See Appendix). The true
"mean", however, if calculated for an instantaneous position of the pro-
peller blades, should take into account the orbital velocities only in
way of the propeller blades, and not over the entire propeller disc. Two
approximations are introduced by calculating the "mean" over the entire
propeller disc;
1. The effect of hub radius is not included.
2. The effect of the number of blades is not included.

The first approximation is Justified if the hub radius is small in

comparison to the tip radius. For the propeller tested the hub radius is
20 percent of the tip radius, and the cross sectional area of the hub repre-
sents only 4 percent of the total disc area. It is evident then that the
first approximation introduces a negligible error into the calculated mean
orbital velocity.
The second approximation for calculating instantanteous advance coef-
ficient can be justified only when a propeller has a large number of blades
since only then would the blades approach the condition of working over the
entire propeller disc at any given instant below a crest or trough of a
6
wave. The second approximation^ however, is valid when calculating the
mean advance coefficient, regardless of the number of blades, for all
possible blade positions of a propeller when working below a crest or
trough. For propellers with a large number of blades the mean and in-
stantaneous advance coefficients will be nearly identical but it is noted
that for a small number of blades the Instantaneous values could be
greater or less than the mean value. Further, in order for a mean advance
coefficient in a wave crest or trough to exist, the time for one complete
revolution of the propeller must be equal to or less than the length of
time that the propeller is operating below a wave's crest or trough. In
this case the propeller blades would sweep over the entire disc area when
below a crest or trough and the mean orbital velocity to the propeller blades
would then be the "mean" over the entire disc area. For trochoidal waves
the crests and troughs are relatively flat, and it can be assumed that a
propeller will pass below them for a finite length of time.

Since no record of the instantaneous position of the blades was made

for each Instantaneous thrust and torque measured it was not possible to
calculate the corresponding mean orbital velocity at each blade. Instead,
average values of the thrust and torque measured at the crests and troughs
for each test condition were adopted and mean orbital velocities over
the entire disc were assumed to be valid in calculating an advance coeffi-
cient to correspond with each mean thrust and torque. In all tests run for
this report the time for one complete propeller revolution was less than the
length of time that the propeller operated below a crest or trough*. Hence,
the calculation of a mean orbital velocity over the entire propeller disc
does Justifiably correspond to a mean propeller thrust or torque, and the
second approximation is valid in analysing the test results.

It is interesting to note from Figure h (a typical example of data

taken) that the instantaneous thrusts and torques measured below crests and
troughs do not vary significantly, due to the large number of blades (6)
for the propeller tested. For a three bladed propeller:the variations would
be more appreciable.

* For example see Figure 5» The time duration of a crest or trough is

approximately 0.2 seconds. For the propeller operating at 8 rps, l/8 ^ O.^.
7
 It Is evident from Figures 4 through 10 that waves can have a
significant effect on the thrust and torque developed by a propeller,
causing fluctuations of the advance coefficient and corresponding
fluctuations of the thrust and torque. As can be seen from Figures 11
and 12, the thrust and torque coefficients for the propeller in waves
agree well with the uniform flow (steady-state) results, when plotted
against advance coefficient ( VJQ_ = V_t_i£ ) where advance coefficient
/w D
takes into account the orbital velocities of the waves in way of the
propeller disc. The greater scatter at high Ja values is probably due
to reduced sensitivity in the dynamometer readings taken at low thrust
and torque values.

The results indicate that, within the range of the test condi-
tions, thrust and torque developed by a propeller operating below a
wave crest or trough can be estimated from the uniform flow propeller
performance curves, This means that a quasi-steady state calculation
of fluctuating thrust and torque for a propeller in waves will give good
predictions, and that unsteady effects may be neglected- It should be
noted that the frequencies of encounter of the propeller and waves in
the tests undertaken were low (0.5 to 1=0 cps) and that only within a
Vw
low range of frequencies of encounter (-|> = ^ - ) do these tests
justify neglecting unsteady effects in calculating thrust and torque
fluctuations. It is further noted, however, that in most practical
examples the frequency of encounter will fall below 1.0 cps.

It is evident from Figure 12, that even at high slip values

(low Ja) there is no breakdown in propeller thrust or torque, indicat-
ing that propeller immersion was sufficient enough to avoid cavltatlon
and air suction effects discussed in References 1 and 7 • The tests
reported here, then,are for the case of the truly fully-submerged pro-
peller.
While it is true that the experimental results were obtained only
for the case of a propeller traveling opposite to the direction of travel
of a wave, it Is logical to assume that the general conclusions arrived
at based on these results apply equally to the case of a propeller travel-
ing in the same direction as the direction of travel of a wave. However,
8
 In considering each case proper attention must be paid to the relative
direction of the propeller and the direction of the mean orbital velocity
of the wave at its crest and trough.

THE PRACTICAL PROBLEM

Let us consider the following practical problem for the prototype

of the propeller tested for this report, where the wave characteristics
are:
a . . . 20 feet
= -O5O
400 feet
= .050
20 feet

For the prototype propeller assume:

D = „025
D = 10 feet . . . —^-
RPM =180
V = 21.70 fps
J = .723 (design advance coefficient)

From Figure 15 and Figure l6 or from Equation (l8) of the Appendix we

may determine the mean orbital velocity (v) of the wave crest or trough
in way of the propeller:
AT,
Crest: = .Okl vc = 4.65 fps

Trough: = .05J vt = 5.79 fps

The advance coefficient (J^= V± M" ) may then be calculated for the
n\ D
crest and trough positions of the propeller, when the propeller is advanc-
ing normal to the wave crests. Referring to Figure 13 it is evident that
when the propeller is traveling in the same direction as the direction of
wave travel:
9
 Crest: Ja = V- ^r.

Trough: Ja = V + V*

And when traveling in opposite directions:

Crest: Ja = )LtJits,
^w D
Trough: Ja = y - Kr^
/y\ D
The following tables present the values for the advance coefficient
in this example, together with Km> KQ, and propeller efficiency (a) as
obtained from the characteristic curves for the propeller in uniform flow
(Figure 3)' The percentage thrust, torque and efficiency fluctuations
above and below the still water values are also tabulated

Table 1
Propeller Traveling in Same Direötlon as Wave

J Ja Kt Kq
Still Water: •723 .723 .210 .0356 .680
Crest: •723 .568 .285 .0456 .565 + 36^ +28^ -17^
Trough: .723 .916 .109 ,0217 -735 -48^ -39^ +8$

Table 2
Propeller Traveling Counter to Direction of Travel of Wave
J J K
a ^ q e Al^ £jC
Still Water: .723 .723 .210 .0356 .680 is
Crest: .723 .878 .130 .0246 .7^3 -38^ -31^ +9^
Trough: .723 .531 .303 .0480 .533 +kh$ +35^ -22^

In the above example PPM is assumed to remain constant. The test

results given earlier indicated that RPM fluctuations of up to about + 3%
occurred for the model propeller in waves. It is believed, however, that
for a fully-submerged prototype propeller, where the mass momente of iner-
tia are large for the propeller, shafting, and machinery, the RPM fluctua-
tions would be reduced to such an extent that changes in RPM may be neglected

10
in estimating fluctuating thrust and torque.

In the tabulated results given above it is interesting to note that

the percentage changes in thrust, torque, and efficiency relative to the
still water values, vary in magnitude and sign according to the relative
directions of travel of the propeller and wave. The maximum changes in
thrust and torque, relative to the still water values, occur in the wave
trough for the case of the propeller traveling in the same direction as
the wave.

The example worked above assumes the following:

1. The propeller runs at constant submergence below the still

water surface.
2. The plane of the propeller disc remains normal to the still
water surface.
3. The wave which passes the propeller is trocholdal.
h. The propeller remains fully-submerged.

None; af these conditions is necessarily fulfilled for a propeller

operating behind a ship in a head or a following sea. A ship in a head or
following sea will pitch and heave and the submergence depth and inclina-
tion of the propeller will be continuously changing. Further, the ship,
in close proximity to the propeller, may alter the trocholdal wave. Ship
wake may also have a significant effect. In addition to these considera-
tions for the case of a propeller behind a ship, it must also be remembered
that in actual cases the propeller may not always be fully-submerged, and
that air suction by and cavltation of the propeller may occur. For measure-
ments in waves of changes in actual ship propeller torque and RPM. in the
behind condition the reader is referred to Reference 8.

11
 CONCLUSIONS

1. Waves can have a significant effect on the instantaneous thrust and

torque developed by a propeller, causing fluctuations of the advance
coefficient and corresponding fluctuations of the thrust and torque.

2. For wave crest and trough, a correlation of experimentally measured

open water propeller thrust and torque coefficients with advance coeffi-
cient, taking proper account of the mean orbital velocities of the waves,
is in good agreement with the uniform flow characteristic performance
curves for the propeller.

3. For the low frequencies of encounter of a propeller and waves, unr-

steady effects may be neglected in calculating the instantaneous thrust
and torque of a propeller in a wave crest or trough. A quasi-steady state
calculation, based on the uniform flow characteristic performance curves
for a given propeller, may be made to estimate the propeller's instantane-
ous thrust and torque when operating fully-submerged in a wave crest or
t rough.

h. In the case of a propeller operating behind a ship in waves, further

work should be done to determine the effect of ship motions on fluctuat-
ing propeller forces, the effect of the ship on the ideal trochoidal wave
assumed to exist at the propeller disc, and the effects of propeller,
shafting and driving machinery on RPM fluctuations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Credit for the development and application of the Instrumentation

and for the testing is given to Goodwin Ober and James Peck. Jakob
Auslaender formulated the equations and programmed the calculation of the
mean orbital velocities over the propeller disc area. Other members of
the Propeller Branch contributed help to the experimentation and data
reduction.

12
 REFERENCES

1. Baker, G.S., Wlgley, V.^.,"Model Screw Propeller Experiments

with Mercantile Ship Forms," Trans. INA, Vol tXV, 1923-

2. Kent, J.L., "Propeller Performance in Rough Water," Trans. NECI.

Vol. LIV, 1938.

3. Tanaguchi, K., "On the Tank Tests of Fishery Boat Models in

Waves," Nagasaki Experimental Tank Laboratory, Report No. 317^ 10 Nov. 1958-

k. Orvig, J ., "On the Bropulslon of Ships at Sea," Norwegian Ship

Model Experimental Tank PublleaMiWl No . 52, Sept. I958.

5. Brownell, W.F. et. al., "A 51-Foot Pneumatic Wave-maker and a

Wave Absorber," TMB Report 105^ (August 1956).

6. Santore, G.L., "Dynamic Calibration of 35-HP Propeller Dynamometer,"

TMB Report 805 (February 1952).

7. Kempf, G., "The Influence of Viscosity on Thrust and Torque of

a Propeller Working Near the Surface," Trans. INA, Vol 76, 193^.

8. Kovalenko, N., " Issledovanlettzmenenila Krutiashchego Momenta

Grebnogo Vinta Pri Kilevoi Kachke Sudna," Morskoi Flot, August i960.

9. Rossell, H. and Chapman, L.B., "Principles of Naval Architecture,"

Vol II, Chapter 1, SNAME 1939

10. Bromwich, T.J., "An Introduction to the Theory of Infinite

Series," London, Macmlllan and Co., 19^-9•

11. Grobner, W. and Hofrelter, N., "Integraltafel Bestimmte Integrale,"

Vol. II, Vienna, Springer-Verlag, 1950.

13

N
 APPENDIX

DECZERMINATION OF A WAVE'S MEAN ORBITAL VELOCITY IN

WAY OF A PROPELLER

In an open water test of a propeller in still water the speed of

advance is simply the carriage speed. When^ however, the open water tests
are run in waves the speed of advance of the propeller is modified by the
orbital velocities of the waves. Therefore, in order to determine the
mean speed of advance of a propeller in waves at any given instant the
mean orbital velocity of the wave in way of the propeller disc must be
determined.

In all tests carried out for this report the direction of motion
of the carriage towing the propeller was counter to the direction of
travel of the waves. (See Figure 13). Based on trochoidal wave theory,
it is evident from Figure 13 that in way of a wave crest the velocity of
advance of the propeller will be greater than the carriage speed, and that
in way of a wave trough the velocity of advance of the propeller will be
less than the carriage speed. If v is the wave's mean orbital velocity
integrated over the propeller disc and V the carriage speed it follows that
the velocity of advance of the propeller (V0) will be given by:

V^= V ± A? (i)

(where v is positive at crest and negative at a trough for a propeller

traveling counter to the direction of wave travel.)

In the following derivation the wave mean orbital velocity will be

taken as
is the mean volumi
volume orbital velocity Of the wave Integrated over the
propeller disc. Hence, K -JTT

where v is the local wave orbital velocity at a point in the propeller

disc, and the other symbols are as defined in Figure lU.
 From trochoidal vave theory'
r
2.Tr
AT =
- J
% n. (»)
where, r = local orbital radius
A = wave length
■X-
Substitution of (3) into (2) yields:

(4)
^
In order to integrate equation (4) r must be found in terms of P
and 4) . From Reference 9:

where, r0 = orbit radius of surface trochoidal wave

h • depth from center of surface orbit circle to that of the
orbit circle belonging to any given subsurface.

If subscripts c, t, denote crest and trough respectively, from Figure 9:

hc = h0 + d + rc

ht = h0 + d - r
t
-■zsC-k.-KO
If we let A = ^e from eq

^o A e 7>
(-7)
*-* = A e ^^

Let ö<e. =
7.

Z-ir
^ '
7\

* Strictly speaking v should be determined by Integration from hub to

tip of the propeller. The above simplification is Justified when the
hub radius is small compared to the tip radius.

15
 Then, rv.
/W • Ae'
(a)
>T-. = Ae
Equations (8) are identical except for subscriptj hence, temporarily
drop the subscript and let
X = Ac< ; ^ = n-
A
and obtain:
H. =
Equation (9) can be solved for S, and yields a series solution

H, = X 3 X
00
Si
Ck.O
% = kl
X (^ < ir) Oo)
-lirCA.+ A')
The maximum value of X occurs when C is a maximum, or when
(h + d) approaches a minimum The minimum value for (h + d) for a pro-
peller which is always submerged occurs when F ■•♦ 0 and r0 -♦ 0, noting
that d= TT/L z9 (see Figure 13)• Hence:

ß — O

Therefore:
X
n-. —>» o 7^

but, Z-n- /i«, <^ e for convergence

or, <L. ^.OSäS for convergence

This condition is met for all waves In this report, and is satisfied for
the highest waves, where ^5 = -OT-S is generally assumed to be the maxi-
mum value possible.

16
 From equation (lO), Substitute £, = ÜL and obtain
A
JL. = A k
4_^i) " • X^ CiO
From Figure 10,
CJ=
JL0 « f ~ ? ^ ^
Hence,
•^C-f - ('"'-.4.4-^ 0*)
^ A '
where - denotes crest and + denotes trough
Substituting (12) into (ll):
^e-^ct-f-*^^k 0^

Fro» Reference 9 we obtain:

J = -rr n.^

Letting,
^Ck) . ^S iUt!)
b w = [^^.e-^t^T]^ ^y
we obtain:
-^
k»'
- f ^e^'^* (1+)

Substituting (l4) Into (i+):

e z-n
1 -^Cl«:^ pco«^!
^
^Ko.
- #
v[W
-TAK-. H Iw^e l- le-o
ia4> ^c^) Os)

Let 4>= V+TT 3 cos ct> = - cos T , and

The solutions for the integrals within the brackets are identical, and
given In Reference 11 , p 1^5, equation (156):

Hence:
I 04 :,
? $ Z w °[t^f] f^ '
Aj-

1
A EL
^

17
where^
2^

/Y\= o
Substitute ^C\c) and -l^u.) and let

A
& a 2TWU0 (f A
and obtain:
T-^v
e> [*&]k y
k-i
AT [g^^ Cn)
^
/V\=. c> AA 1 ^/V\ + \") 1
where - B is at crest and + B is at trough:

Equation (ij) was programmed on an IBM 70^- computer and the results
are shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16 for the non-dimensionalized mean
orbital velocities at crests and trough of trochoidal waves. The results
are plotted for ^ •=. o to ex , .OS, jg. =■ .OIS to Jg. • .600 and P g. e3
A
to D - .^S . ^ ^ ' ^ ^

The series solution for the mean orbital velocity given in equation
(17) converges very rapidly. In expanding the series solution, terms of
x y
the type B E will appear. If all BX E^ terms, where ^•■•-Mr > s
are
neglected, the following approximate solution is obtained:

T-TT
Cia)
1 ( & t ZB' 12 e^ ) -<- E
4
2. 4 IT- J
where the - Is at crest and the + is at trough.

For the range of parameters given in Figure 15 and Figure 16, the approxi-
mate solution (l8) is in excellent agreement with the exact solution (17)-

From Figure 15 and Figure 16, It may be noted that as .ß. —♦ O the
mean orbital velocity rapidly approaches the value of the local orbital
velocity at the centerllne of the propeller. For -r— <» .05 the mean orbital
velocity is approximately equal to the local orbital velocity at the pro-
peller centerllne.

18
 PROPELLER 36U3

NUMBER OF BLADES 6
EXP.AREA RATIO.... 0.992
MWR 0.32U
BTF(AT 0.3R) 0.043
P/D (AT 0.7R) 1.033
DIAMETER 16.000 ins
PITCH (AT 0.7R) 16.528 ins
ROTATION R. H.
TEST n 15.2 rps
TEST Va 6.1 - 22.9 fps

TESTED FOR BUSH I PS

DESIGNED BY TMB
TMB DRAWING P-36U3

Figure I Drawing and Propeller Dimensions

19
 \\\\\\is\\\V\
\

0)
\ CO

V)
tt)

c:
3C

O
o

K
o
CO

- -'
 IT Eim B' r UU
h'f4-H ■ tt-HTil hi

o
o

("mi) XN3IDIJJ3OO anouoi ONV 'O) AOHHomi '(^x) iNaoujaoo isnttai

21
 79.7 lbs.-'
98.5 lbs

■263.3 in-lbs —i
235.2 in-lbs—.

Wave Length:
40 ft.
Wave Height:
r2 in.

8.5 RPS

8. 1 RPS _

Figure U * Sample of Oscillograph Records of Propeller

Per foTn\ance in Waves

22
 pu.B £ * ^^t Ol ' ^>l
-4 (0 o o 2
Ö 0 0 Ö 0
CM

r ■ ^

i
1
1
r
I
/ O
i
f /• ~t \
(M en
>
i
1 \
3;
L 00
• r e
t T
\
1 1
I \
o
c
„1 ■ •>
n3
1 ■^ E:

/ / \
1 1
1
T
A
1
1
't
_
(fl
-o
f
0)
Q-

<D
( \ 0 "
Jo ^ i» (>J

J\ \ /
o
u
10
(D
CL
O
1-
o_
^ Si
A / o U
■<

«*~
o
/ £
\ (U
\ / cO h
v» Ü E
\ / re
\ \
1 i f ^ -4

\ P d
\ 1 lO
/ «t (D
/
f N\ O

1
n
Ll_

; CM
r O
1 / 1 \

li —«*— W — J
\

25
 s +5

JJJS |-14HJ__<K . S eg
« a
-pN

siiiii»
• r-t
??s T> a)
\ a bO

o-v
m "-i:
oK.
«v- a
<D
cc
-ö
a>
,. u- 4J4-|--i---i--i--' I'O'S 3

;C *iii
»x
»s
izta muu _^
&
U
o
■p
-^
o
+'^.^7 —pa-H-i J E-<
p,
^ ■p XJ
8 >=>»
4f44-l-f-f 03
d
60
• s
4 _J -.-•^ .-^':..L„-" ^ o
J3 f-
rri-H CH E-H

'6 -'0 T71! (H t<

"x 1
aq
0) O
.-<
H +»
- 1—I
: -ff ■Vi. T V
V ID m
77?
1 ^s

>. - 1
■
- h
+-
CD —
n.
r-f-t-- --• Q
cu
O
h
<D
U
CJ

: - -i
5»
ttf
PK

t-H-i4-+-f-- a
+J
CO ^-^
t -
«; •H F=
" " * ' I"" Nj TTr4 J J J J

„, • pi
4-- ^j^
%
i !
-—f-
■-»j----
T
j-fg ooi »f^rf ooi £0
m
M
a
to
a)
3
t-5
^-^
■P
Ö
T ^. ^o
l r-t

• . 4 -V a <D (1>
1- ja > •rH
_.L ! 1 \ 1
o Ü
I- I- I a> •H
i 1
I 1 ■ I i ■ ■ ^ i-4- a) M <M
«
' 'JJi " J ' J—'—: W)
(0
+J
h
o
<M
0)
o
'0 -'C 'l »'l ,0.
i- r :-t-
>■
d > o
• -x a) «!
V -d
u o »
£ *r
, X
1
. (D 4-3 o
Cu
_ in j : s ----- j- -t
Sw
v.
\ "d
(1)
>
Mi
CO
■^ Si -J—j jtrri: t J—r

r v •i&H
D -rH (D
o ia
o t--
J ■--- -— o» t, J-> W
eT
^nl« I 't-'c CC cfl
<» - 3
-— f7 »
m
crt
r-l
o
h
<D
i Si i i i . i.ri
-i 0)
S
« >
<!
m -
X -—$ Tl s
»i-^ >^ - \
■ : TT •s
4
■-

j T "" *^
1 -- -- M

ir."!;
:

ooi
.■
\ '«
1 i
i
1
1

1 " i__i
J JJ J
J J .

^ M' -Hi} o«,

ii t J^\
. - r
\ :>'
0)

3
«0

i 3—J JJJ.' J .' ; 3—r*"

l!-M -? ^ - k ^ -"

24
 U

r fc

S 05
P4
K *
a >
C8

(D
0
a<
»-s *« X »* ^ u
o cd
3 S 5 Ä S
T" P ffl.1. :i; :::: rr — r T— cfl
ra
1i
wp rn TTT m —~ — '—
:
ff\I\\
""■ ""■

:; am M :
Iffl : • —
• :; :: :: ...:

ti
Fit ; a)
ÖS | : ;:!s:
:;; :: : i: iilj : N
N s
\
:
" ■A
0 S +3

11
::■■'

si n^ - h
■
+-■•
: :" ': -" ^ A
:: :. N \\ \ c H
0
^1
■■
Sä
i~ v.
*
■ ■ *\
■t ox
t£ PH
!SK tjj.
* If fe
-■-

r-
1
* lO • JC
;ii| :^ |ji \ 1 \^A r-l bD
—
■;

- i o <b ■\
> \ \\ .... - s
i - r-l
H •* in ^ ;
^
Y -■

(U
3
o
"^ "' • > ::t;
\\ ■
Ö. h
Cd|< o| Q V E o
' :.:. r- ■
H
vy\ \ \\ 10
"3

\a ■
■■■
\U PM
o
':; \\ \| V ß
t -H
\l d to
' u ■ -— ■
- 05 a)
1 + \\\ .n <D h
: E- 1 71 K W3 C,J
Ö
_ _ _^ L 1 iliiiiliili ililliin 1 ^ _L_ J (0 4-:
V-i f« »-! »--'>-.•
J3 CO
o o O
5 S § S 8 ^. <o n - 0
m
60 a)
cö

[3 CO
(P
o
>
03
bD
a, cfl
t-.

>

> Cn
c^
c;
o o
o
■xi
a> -n
CD
■r-l a. o
cfl PS

25
 0.8,

V« 8 fps
a=l2 inches
2 0.7 A = U0 feet
P = I8 inches
z • TROUGH
bi
O CREST
I 0.6 n i ii n i ii err
U 8 ApriI 1953;
O 4-1-
U
o.s
3
o
at
o
0.4 a
a
z
< 3j:

0.3

u
u. 0.2
ui
ou

0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4 O.S 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 I.I 1.2
SPEED COEFFICIENT J

Figure 10 A Sample of Propeller Thrust and Torque Coefficients

for Crest and Trough of a Wave, Plotted against
Speed Coefficient (Jl)

26
 0.8
mmmiim
V- 8 fps
o a=l2 inches
- 0.7 7k=U0 feet
Pal8 inches
TROUGH
UJ
o O CREST
? 0.6 i i i 11 ri i 11 11 r
UNI FORM FLOW
o i 11 i i i i rn m 11 11 11111
u
::!iE Ö ApriI 1959
o.s
UJ
SO
o
HE
o
0.4

*ll
0.3

w
o
t 0.2 :5EC
ÜJ
o :^;
u f=Si
?l
0.1
::!iE ?!r
;HI
ttttttb
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 o.d i.o i.i 1.2

ADVANCE COEFFICIENT Ja

Figure If A Sample of Propeller Thrust and Torque Coefficients

for Crest and Trough of a Wa ve , PI o 11 ed against
Advance Coefficient (Jfa)

2?
 Pi
• • • • • •
o e e o o e
D
' JK>I) iMioijjaoD anoiioi onv (*>•) maiaujac» isnaiu
28
29
 r S t i 1 1 ^ ^ t e r J^e v e 1

^
(?'4>)
\. I
_ J_

K
f" rope

igure I ■; Coordinates for Propeller Disk

-o
0. 06 I , IM Mli I i i ■ 1I M
I r i i I I i 1 i 1. I M ! j !
, 1 !
- „. ... £)/^ ^0.0
T\ /^ — r\ f\ I
! i i .i f
..,,.......,„ I . __. _. ., j 1 1
III 1 D/A = o.r25 'I r
i I 1 '
o
i 1 1 . "n /A — n ^n
0. 05
i i ' I ! I >
I-- : ]i I! I
I
■-
-,..-...,- iX^ yl
- X-^y
<v^r H^
■ ! >f,5ri1
i ■ ■ - - •ä/'I L,
■ M^ . ' ■ W)Ayv^ts \s
<>'
0. 04 i ■-
H
'■ 17-^^ +- ^ f T F".VT^> o^k
i _i ..^ ^__ ^.. ^ .i f ' ^ _+_ yL icU jJo'^T
Ml j 1 > >*> 1 ■ vr
v ■j "■ "" " ' "" """ " ' ' "' ' " AV u''*:jrt\ l L
i '1 v n^x 'T^X i 'f
1 ^ # ^ ^J-Tl J' i?
^n /'S/ ^>r
! ' y''5/ "i-^^ L-l- .Sf^l
1 /^^ vK^ y-^<\
, ^ v^ T><
L/ -^ < 4' M'^V \
0. 03
1 S>T
zy . sf
3* ^
tVr
J"
1 i
/i>^ ^1? '^^^ i 1 -r
i : i '/Y 'vr s'sy "^>
! y's't* <Z$r o^n
Kj^ - s"^ * *%£ ^ <■ '^f*^
X/ffl jS&^\ \s s ?T .y^ Ä^
/ «lirT ^^ J^rfi Sk"^
o. o; uL'^S rf^T r^ £!! !i ^i ^^
IV "^iT yt^l J^" tJ^ \ ^ '&
*fs. r\ ^r\ <*& \ ^^ -4 ^
}/jS /[& ■ ytj^rf '^L?'
! > y*M^jin S&r S's &^
yb Tjf\%£ *i\ 1 * 'v?^^
y>jr ^f J& * L^ 3^^^
; ^ ^jjjl M._> ^^ j-'^l^r*
/sJs,J\.'2sr J^tf^^ ' n- 'Vi '^_—-H
$yr\& ^ J-«: ^^1 T / N^laiirT*'"** "l
0.01 jrf {SCy^ ^ZPT ' ■,,^'' -r"^-^!-
! {^»Jj^i
j jffiiirjtr
^ß\^
■ JLJI^T L^-i-- iJ*- **
-^ci-rT^
f 1
df$&r ^r^ ^■-^*~*~~~'
' w0&r\'LdP <&■ '^0^m00'^

^^p^^^^C" , -|f i.i-fefe-^

^^^—^-|--f - " " ■' ii , ,, ,
f . 1 T "^ "^ l"K ; 1 1".
0. 01 0.02 _a_ 0.0 3 0. 04 0. 05
7\

Figure 15 Mean Orbital Velocity below Crest

of Trochoidal Wave.

31
u u
- ' " , i i M 11 n i I N M |
r"! /-i
D/A -o.o it Z
>
D/A = 0. 125 -44
I ~ ^' 2
n /A
/"x - U,
n '"i cr n
«io0 / J .
n nr __ — — ^ ^ _?^*
r^

^4^
. .t J}?JL
0 /
r
~ .> ^
v o*^ ^~
.17*% ZI Z
ivrv? z ^?
1 . ^VyT /T Z>
o n "^ . . . . .,..,,...,_., / 5/ > 1i >y
7 ^ Zf J-, ^^
'i y rpy -
7 I* <x ^y
~--'-zzzz/~{t-~^£zzzl
7 Z v A^ ^ 7
J7 // / xy 2 .?
*jy?&. ?\'?
T S? t- /.Y c^o.?.
O 04-' ._i_XX A /*- ~zro\Z--
Iiv//
>> v' 7/ Z1^
-^v^ ir^y
— i - -i^/y / ,/ ~'\\S
v i - - - u it z zz z ik
n■ "■ ~ "■■ ■■■■' ■ ■' ZL/442Z 7 -7
^ Ag ii
'/7? .7 ,5^-7 .7*1- .r1'
r. r.r, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ v\/A \/\ y* \ \'\ \'r\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \jr\ ^A
i ~ f,'/yzt ,7 tzy yzy j,*^^~
7sZ ^^"Är
r f // "y7 <? S'?4?^ _. " ^jZYStiz
Mv^Sf'
t /CJL-
'T/XT*
j .y l1T7'47 ^^^
y ^ ?1?* xsf S£*
^ ' / ^ ^ ^* ■?[ *^ *'**
0 0° ■■■■-■■■ .... . ,. , , /\A' / Jf '2s} r £*
.^^^
^ # j'tr s*]* r[ LX' . ^
Zl&^*rs 1* ■^-Ä ^
/ i s'f S ' \ , *&
i i i M i i i i i i M ijryw\ ur\\\\ M^I M I I M M M M I M I I M I M I
¥Jf\' ^,L/^/r J" J*?'\ | iJ -
//nX ^ ^^ ? £^ ■ T""" ^ o^S-r
f rwQr f ^ -«- ^^
j f\Sjr]£f '£'& - '"pMta**"^
n ni ,v/$f\_jr 2 — -- "C*" l*-"-
i zzs4%tt-^JtVi j -^ss^^-'in—-II-I-"
f^pt^mt— ____gBjS:S? = --- j- -
:ziiiimil mil F/A=O.5O
o :-||^=;--!-::::::|:

0. 03 0. 04 0.05
0 0. Ol 0. 02 _a_
A
Figure 16 Mean Orbital Velocity below Trough
of Trochoidal Wave.

32
 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION

Copies
10 CHBUSHIPS
3 Tech Info Br (Code 335)
1 Tech Asst (Code 106)
1 Prelim Des (Code ^20)
2 Mach Sei & Res (Code 436)
2 Pro, Shaft, & Bearing (Code 6hk)
1 Laboratory Management (Code 320)
2 CHONR
1 Library (Code 7^0)
1 Fluid Dynamics Br (Code ^38)
1 CDR, USNOTS, Pasadena Annex
1 DIR, USNRL
1 SUPT USNAVPGSCOL
10 ASTIA
1 ADMIN, Maritime Adm
1 0TS, Dept of Commerce
1 0 in C, PGSCOL, Webb
1 HD, Dept NAME, MIT
1 DIR, ORL, Penn State
1 HD, Dept of NAME, Univ of Mich
1 DIR, Inst of Engin Res
Univ of Calif, Berkeley k, Calif
1 DIR, Davidson Lab, SIT, Hoboken, N.J.
1 SNAME, 74 Trinity Place, N.Y. 6, N.Y.
ATTN: Librarian
1 George G. Sharp, Inc., N.Y.
1 Gibbs & Cox, Inc., N.Y.
1 Electric Boat Div, General Dynamics Corp,
Groton, Conn
1 Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co,
Newport News, Va
1 New York Shipbuilding Corp, Caraden, N.J.
1 Central Tech Div, Bethlehem Steel, Ship Div,
Quincy, Mass

J3
Dr. H.W. Lerbs, DIR, Hamburgische Shiffbau-
Versuchsanstalt, Bramfeider Strasse l6k,
Hamburg, Germany
SUPT, Ship Dlv, Natl Phys Lab, Teddington
Middlesex, England
Prof L.C. Burrill, HD, Dept of Naval Architecture,
Kings College, Keweastle-upon-Tyne, England t
DIR, Nederlandsch Scheepsbouwkundig Proefstation,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Dr. Eng. Tatsuml Izubuchi, Secretary, Shipbuilding
Research Association of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
HD, Dept of Naval Architecture, University of Naples,
Naples, Italy
Director Prof. Dr. Ing. Weinblum, Institute fur
Schiffbau, Lammersleth 90, Hamburg, Germany

3h
 03

I F
,0
G
•-»ES . o
2 J5 2

es a ~O
o -c S 2 £ o.
£ « J. 9
, H , « . . . , , H . eo . , . .
J M -sa > ij (M "^ a s >•

«El»
^ CJ 3 G. > O Ui 0)
-5 '•sei ■"OS;
öl sills I Cj ^ oS # >
£ »

S _• < a, ~
■ S I8
■J
Q *
u *•& as •S B 8 S « 8» , Q *
ao«_ Sj c m
c >•£ = ä|a s
OS ^
w S 2
- ©^(««4-CB^SoO
^ -5
^ ca 2-
w
5 S [0».^3J
■Srg •- i «
«IB
• i I
S .3
S Ö -S S o ^ 2 o m
u
s o -g.
ca u - °-m<=.2c«0.2o*
a« & • e
tfi ^ &
2 >i • 5 §
« S ^ = " S -a
- i-J
M(
-C > ■-^1111*11
W -5" •f= -o © S L. e8 a>
C CO §:
^ « 1 .BIc "«
£» CO c s s «^-f ^ ri § s ^ "J
^ -i
W «
"^ nj Cj U
< . ■ . m .t 'S _ -» .ft ■'

M U Si
< <-> "•r
5 ,£ "S o-12
es _e ff, —
^J o
.^ K- H eo S ■
s £ M e «-s -^
v. -^ -S ^ &£$ i-f
J >. o § - -^ s s « J

u sO .R*
5 « u r> 4 8 • -S H w * e
os O OJ cr
Ss
|g ij ae O M
L-J »So. Iu XI
9
OS ^ q k b
O Di SB -
ao
0
« o M 2o © CL
"5.«
OJ .
5? flj C at -t, W) feh
IB a>
u
c
o .8 a, OS •
Bd «J
fl -II: I .111
^ " c ,§ 11 •; I a j :g
Pa > o rJ'
£'
V a o cu a xi cr # , oJ O
8 B

a |
i -
9 O
ft. S ^ . w ft. s
■ ; -^ S3 o

III I"-d0
JO m J»

ill ^?i
&< 9 IS 56 a JR O t* a. g a. 2* ass 5 c*
^ CM -a a >

« V 3 tf ft
* 2 3 * > ,
o a:
o II 5 >
O
£ < 8-> s * is» ■> S » £ S 2 8$
Q
ä§
J ,!
.8 E OL
&ia
1 ft. Sj
a * .S E e i _
"S « 5

O £» i • \Zt »•^a
eg - 1fö «| 3
as -as E X 0
•
h -Q « A S
M ■5 o
-C i ° E 3
s "c .5■ fc ■» -1o
I: s-
t; &■ K c I2 • 0
o S 8 0 0
9
T:
03
■-i g
3
CJ
a' g

r- <-J "^
' .
3
11 '"'
X5

li I' f I f I "IJ
u
C
at E ol 'S « w
c « >
S
= S
C 'S o
«s. J: -o
>
1 3
P aö cs

^J § 4 a
X « ^ c
sa O
"£'■2 £ § fc,jQ
e © £ k. « a> •5 c _
&*{ eg«! ^j =i K eC
s s
:
ft 111 « £ Ü £ S -g
o; ; 8
S £. i-i
M © .
b '• •f I £ .
o E ^i ■ -S I
?i
*?
5a
3 -K
S 'S ** a

. *
-s -^ c S
■ E
S c "o « ^: ». ^
a. * .t; o .5 §
~ 06 i
s

■K.M
S a; z 5
- O ■K.MÖ O »'S *
o a. a: • ft o c. o: .
f f S>« I
IJ ! f ■o — « ;
S > F fi C
3 « > a- ^
O — = o ft. 5 S 81
_J
 « " s
I» is ^m
ill!fill 5Ü
si* s
ar|| iff f| &
11
«•2.2 a.^-i-l S3 11 a iI.I-ir.«1 s^ P
w S- f a ■
sIff-
s s ap ? Sf
' £ 5 tSLa * e "
a &- a S. °- S $ ^
If f •!&*! af
an-- «2. a-gg-.».
|3.|S|
a, 5 g g M

ill I ? o i- 2. ?

Slfs-I
TO
a Cm «<
® » „.
S. ? Z- s 3-

t S S.| S.
e «
-§
* S S r-l
2 e ® =■ £.

4?
^ ?-■ 5. B. 5n
to a

S^ «

s|rw3g»s«£
S » i, a -a o^s'g • -

* ^ < -5
2.S92S ^c^®

E
5. a s p o ,_ 5 o

ibiifri
Iff- s 2.» ? Sg:
-"-*S,f|l|f
"•«rJ«tai
, • 1E
&? §"S fa. <
la0-3 ss 2p o£-
I § s § -1!« 3
ss 53 •^ •
5-
|||2
oa
• 9 "S
llffr
O o o
CD ■ S 3-
5?°-£
< g < i"S S S *
fi ■?
^^ ° f 1 S: = 3
» «••
o T S * I»!
if I»2-
5 ^^ 5 5 ^
I w o ^
112- «11 r ?
i a i r| I .
r» o ^
0
o r3
"til
s ft 3 • S S:
* U c-. ■
.T — «
■ ~ •
iHf
-r-.
•5 ?|
 00
23
3-
.o H

7 s
25 |
III u o -o OS
aAOob
a to

o.
o-c feg
,-; ^ 2; O cA
■" a d >•
—— —' M 1-4 j-J ^
B

,
i i
o
Ä C X
> 0) 3 Oi
J a
a_

IK _•
a, as 6^o B 9 8
• a
s » _
c ^: a
■5 E

•55 ^•-■aj So».2

If fi E
so -s S^.S-S'SJ So^.2
3 2 if
^ = =, "&
en
ist CO-*-* m S W 'R E«^^

4»31> flea
s | 52 5 I -s^g-s^-afi §
- f! ^ " ^ ^ = ^
.=w0 2w
W -j "^
~ c ü
"^ ° mOJ ^
o cJ 'S ro '« W -^ =o
$ Is o rj L oa

ill' o s s P -sie

H
Ö
o a. OS
OS

2 o
l-'

,
§»£.*.^o.a §"§
ill;
■wH» O
§ü 'C •© a j= ^. -S
s ft
&.»» a o .s
3 Ö .« I 8 i2

u N9 ,2 ft. a; .
-o J c: Q-.s "S 8 Si « 8 3.* 8
O
o H
si
ts
a. S
3 3^»
o ft, g g e1 s

CG
es

2 is e
I
OH

^ B . o
— -- .2 -O
* ^ * -i S
I! I 3 5" .«
u o -o OS
; O cA
ä "a *
cp jo "3
°:
3
1 ^ö«

. H
r4 ' QJ ^ H-J J ^J
DQ
CJ P
'S g gg-gls P 2
SC S
6^
-r » o.^ ..a . a s -o JD

w -
£3 ■SB||asafs^
§1. US • -s 'S J £o».£
ao-s.
ca u i- S* 1J i oJ
^Kc:.2ico.2°e c 0 ^ TO S W -TT c u-
11 f ■ »^ * ^ M = .2 O o

llii Iff U!
Pit
» © Ä C

I5JI
H ■■ ■ • _5
=1 =
6b S
0
=■ ^I
'S IJ „ so
liijillill
-Bias-
"o 5 c s
Jii.. s s ^^
ogt.-ccc-3S:£'^
o-E^S5»S»fc .
ag_Q.*2 o.s p o g
61
1

-D B J -
Q. = = £ at a £ v: i I • fi .0 a. a: . 2 ».
I*«l
O 5. S
«B » « I • g a
 l ä s J M 2S■

n S o , 1 o
' a- 2 ED M CT"

e o —. - M £* a a o o

3=10.3
3 Q- 3
9 S # 9
""ö"S=--

"i § f § • B-gS I
■s er• s
S 3-g 2:

* rs •< fills
n * S- -» n
A M (P o en
—.0(0—- S 3 °
® " • 5 ^T*
a ST-CR *<
CfQ ft d — ■
00 » as » <
•I § P ^ o
s» * I 2. °ra -"
K « 5 — S^
"O <5 -- S « <T,
5 ^ -
5' S' 5- 3
£3 § 3 9t»2 3X • £. :3
»» c
S 3 3.g »
W « O g "'

«2- ^ S" -e TO18

2

$ S
I I 11 8--I • « f I fl|i||?*ll
A * s- a.
ar»» «^§ a-»
«_ rro
-1 2 IK
3»«M3gSS«E.
|?S-s»ls!|a
S M ^ «
cr 3

o o ; E. i g ^ ? S.
■7 ? * „ s. =. s. - ■
3 g »^
» S 5 S ^. _ ^ §■ H g £. § " !S ¥ ST O- . .
* 2 " s » s~ a 5=2.s 2-^rs-i ^f
"T- CO "

" 2 ^ 2 «• S'm a * e
* ^- ST m 8> O
§-i^ls
3 8 "3 2
<: r*
; IQ ft
§
S » 'S. 5 ^2. Ti Ä <B
^ 3 « c- £.
Q "■ *=
B

■ o. a
2 _ &§ 5'« to c. » 0 2 o
? S" ^ 2
a 3 a a. 3
S S ft 9
■7 CP r* So
'S § 3 § o & s. Ö -
*
or,
* ® ® S 3.1 • f
^ § § =
S o i. 9 "o >» » 2. ^i
Ö9-39
o 2,
» 3-g 2: a. o =2 ? s- cr
■ ^
•^ 5-
« era is
3» c*
S" o B. 2. •
3 is
§ <-»
te c*
3 M« S li g. g. r
i *»s«
* 7 9 9<
■15
a
B f _ » 5
,,
' o ^ g -: p -c o 'y.
? S ^ i
A n 9 O CO
° ? - s- =' _ n 3 2,
(B ■"• 5 p*
3 ET. 0<J *<
TO <S <S —■ » n g " * 7q 9 A — 1» o g o *
"D?* SO -O >S a
35-3 o
■9 2. ■ ■* * 3 8-3^
S » * ■?
ED
» ii 5* 'S
5« =
® 5 =: ?
2 -■ s g D
i" §■ S 25'
!S* & ■
-§ 8-a = n' „ S- 3
* "
Is sr ft • * ^
i 3 S g § 3 £. 5:3 S-a
i 3 *"8^-3
i 3 5-g f 5 cm 0m3 v.I
< —• -a t
to 5 -t
a i § I ft 3 « O Q -"
W
I i' s -
■2 ? & §-^ p
7£ B 9
« >« M ■ a